Breeding Cassava for Resistance to Bacterial Blight

Abstract

It is noted that cassava bacterial blight (CBB) has been reported in several African countries and that heavy infection with CBB can lead to total crop failure as most local varieties are very susceptible. The best control method is through varietal resistance. IITA has made progress in breeding for resistance to both CBB and cassava mosaic disease (CMD) incorporating simultaneously other desirable agronomic qualities. The cassava breeding work at IITA since 1972 is then discussed covering tests on a total of 583 cassava families from CIAT, East Africa and IITA for sources of high resistance to CBB, further tests on 748 IITA clones for CBB resistance in a given ecological setting of high rainfall, sandy and acid soil from which the cultivar 58308 emerged highly resistant. Other aspects of the breeding work treated are conditions affecting varietal selection, namely: genetic mechanism resistance: stability of resistance to CBB over time and in different areas in Africa; high heritability; genetic correlation between resistance to CBB and CMD; correlation of CBB resistance with other characteristics such as tuber yield and leaf defoliation; and finally some factors affecting CBB field scores which are time of planting, age of plant and time of observation.

It is noted that the sources of high resistance to CBB identified have been quickly and successfully incorporated into promising cassava clones.     

Bacterial Diseases of Cassava

Abstract

Recent developments on the identities of the causal agents of bacterial diseases of cassava throughout the world are discussed.     

Bacterial Blight of Cotton in Sudan

Abstract

This paper is in effect a summary of three COPR reports (Pope, 1973 and 1974, Pope and Watt, 1975) which is intended to give the reader an indication of possible uses for light hovercraft under field conditions both in the United Kingdom and overseas. Some suggestions are made as to possible uses and various forms of equipment and modifications are described and discussed.     

Genotype × environment Effects on Severity of Cassava Bacterial Blight Disease caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis

Nine cassava genotypes were grown for three years at six sites representing three agro-ecological zones in Nigeria to study their reaction to cassava bacterial blight (CBB), investigate genotype × environment (G × E) interaction patterns for their reaction to CBB, and to identify genotypes with stability to the disease, using the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) statistical model. Environments, genotypes and G × E interactions accounted for 71.8%, 12.0% and 16.2% of the treatment sums of squares (SS), and were highly significant (P<0.0001) for the disease, indicating that genotypes responded differentially to CBB infection across environments. Clones 30555, 91934, U/41044, and 4(2)1425 showed the least CBB disease ratings. Other clones showed erratic and fluctuating reactions to CBB from environment to environment and were thus considered unstable to the disease. CBB was most severe in 1989 (with a mean score of 2.46) and least so in 1990 (with a score of 2.06). The sites with the most disease were Ibadan, Ilorin and Ubiaja (1989), Ibadan and Ubiaja (1990) and Mokwa (1991). Because of the favourable conditions for disease development at those sites, they could be appropriate for screening cassava genotypes for CBB resistance. The AMMI model selected AMMI1 as the best predictor for CBB because it had the smallest actual root mean square prediction difference (0.37646), and explained 90.7% of the G × E interaction for CBB. The AMMI model was successful in selecting the genotypes 30555, U/41044 and 4(2)1425 and the environments Ibadan 1989, Ilorin 1989 and Onne 1990 with stability of reaction to the disease.     

Bacterial Blight Disease of Rice in India

Abstract

A Mycosphaerella sp. distinct from Mycosphaerella musicola Leach has been found in a banana plantation in Zambia and has caused severe losses in the 1973–1974 season.     

水稻对白叶枯病抗性基因的研究进展

概述了水稻抗白叶枯病的机制及抗性基因的研究进展、基因工程育种等。     

Screening for Resistance to Bacterial Blight in Cowpea

Abstract

The evaluation of greenhouse and field screening methods for the identification of resistance to bacterial blight (Xanthomonas vignicola Burkh.) amongst germplasm and breeding lines of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata(L.) Walp.) is described. A stem injection technique and a leaf infiltration method were found reliable under greenhouse conditions while foliar spray inoculation was appropriate for use in both greenhouse and field experiments. A seed inoculation technique for evaluating seedling mortality may prove useful although only one susceptible cowpea accession was used in this study. Since distinct syndromes of bacterial blight (seedling mortality, stem canker and foliar blight) are recognised, it may be advantageous to adopt a different inoculation method for each syndrome to establish the relationship between the resistance of different plant parts within cowpea genotypes. Results confirm the existence of at least two distinct mechanisms of resistance to bacterial blight in cowpea. Hypersensitive resistance was clearly demonstrated in the accession TVu 410 by the leaf injection infiltration method; VITA 3 was shown to possess a field resistance, expressed as reduced and delayed disease development. The probable stability of these mechanisms is discussed with regard to their suitability as breeding objectives.     

我国水稻纹枯病拮抗细菌种类研究

1996～2002年间从浙江、江苏、福建和云南等稻区采集稻种和稻株样本921份，从中分离出11635个细菌菌株，用平板对峙培养法进行了对水稻纹枯病菌的拮抗测试。经致病性测定、菌落形态及部分细菌学特征测定后，选出代表菌株631个连同26个对照菌株用Biolog及脂肪酸分析法进行测试。鉴定出假单胞菌属11个种或型，其中8个种内测到拮抗菌株，平均抑菌率为24．3％；其他非致病细菌14属的25种中13个种内存在拮抗菌，平均抑菌率为14．3％，明显低于假单胞菌属。     

Identification of Pathotypes of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis in Africa and Detection of Quantitative Trait Loci and Markers for Resistance to Bacterial Blight of Cassava

ABSTRACT Cassava suffers from bacterial blight attack in all growing regions. Control by resistance is unstable due to high genotype-environment interactions. Identifying genes for resistance to African strains of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis can support breeding efforts. Five F(1) cassava genotypes deriving from the male parent 'CM2177-2' and the female parent 'TMS30572' were used to produce 111 individuals by backcrossing to the female parent. In all, 16 genotypes among the mapping population were resistant to stem inoculation by four strains of X. axonopodis pv. manihotis from different locations in Africa, and 19 groups with differential reactions to the four strains were identified, suggesting that the strains represent different pathotypes. Four genotypes were resistant to leaf inoculation, and three were resistant to both stem and leaf inoculations. Genotypes with susceptible, moderately resistant, and resistant reactions after leaf and stem inoculation partly differed in their reactions on leaves and stems. Based on the genetic map of cassava, single-markeranalysis of disease severity after stem-puncture inoculation was performed. Eleven markers were identified, explaining between 16 and 33.3% of phenotypic variance of area under disease progress curve. Five markers on three and one linkage groups from the female- and male-derived framework of family CM8820, respectively, seem to be weakly associated with resistance to four strains of X. axonopodis pv. manihotis. Based on the segregation of alleles from the female of family CM8873, one marker was significantly associated with resistance to two X. axonopodis pv. manihotis strains, GSPB2506 and GSPB2511, whereas five markers were not linked to any linkage group. The quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping results also suggest that the four African strains belong to four different pathotypes. The identified pathotypes should be useful for screening for resistance, and the QTL and markers will support breeding for resistance.     

Phylogenetic and Pathotypic Analysis of Rice Bacterial Blight Race 3

Eight Philippine races of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae have been identified based on virulence phenotypes observed on a set of five differential varieties. One of these, Race 3, was found to consist of two phylogenetically distinct lineages based on DNA fingerprinting analysis. To determine, if the two lineages could be differentiated based on host-specificity, 186 strains of Race 3 were analyzed with additional fingerprints and 76 selected isolates with additional differential rice varieties. The strains were separated into 36 haplotypes clustering in three groups (IS1113-B, -C, and -G) at the 75% similarity level. Isolates varied in their reaction to a rice line carrying the resistance gene Xa7, however, the variability was not consistent within lineage. Aggressiveness of isolates belonging to lineage IS1113-B and -G was significantly greater when tested during the dry season than when tested during the wet season. However, no such differences were evident for isolates from lineage IS1113-C, indicating that environmental effects presumably light and temperature are genotype-specific.     

Harpin xoo在水稻中表达提高对白叶枯病不同小种抗性

用剪叶接种法测定10个转hrf1基因水稻株系对15个水稻白叶枯病菌小种的抗性.所有的转基因系对JxOV和PXO79小种的抗性与受体对照相比显著提高,RT-PCR结果显示,在转化hrf1基因的抗病水稻中,信号传导基因npr1表达明显增强,表明转hrf1基因水稻可能通过激发水稻中信号传导基因的表达,提高对白叶枯病菌不同小种的抗性.     

Taxonomic Position of the Causal Pathogen of Bacterial Shoot Blight of Pear

Bacteriological properties and DNA-DNA homology values were compared among the pathogen causing bacterial shoot blight of pear (BSBP) isolated in 1994–1996, Erwinia amylovora isolated outside of Japan, and other Amylovora group bacteria. Bacteriological properties of BSBP strains were identical to those of E. amylovora in the majority of tests, but differed distinctively in several tests, including hydrolysis of esculin and acid production from salicin, etc. BSBP strains differed from the others in the Amylovora group in many other tests. DNA homology among the strains of BSBP ranged from 85 to 103% and from 83 to 110% among strains of E. amylovora. In contrast, the values between BSBP strains and E. amylovora strains were 55 to 81%, while those between BSBP strains and other Amylovora group strains were 42% or less. We consider, therefore, that the BSBP pathogen may well be included in E. amylovora at the species level. E. amylovora, including BSBP strains, however, can be classified into four biovars based on differences in nine tests such as growth factor requirements and crater formation on high sucrose medium. Namely, there are two biovars from Maloideae sources, one from Rubus idaeus, and one from the source of BSBP in Hokkaido. The presence of these biovars suggests a correlation with geographical, serological, and pathogenic differentiations in the species of E. amylovora. The BSBP pathogen in Hokkaido was identified as E. amylovora bv. 4 which is distinct from E. amylovora bv. 1, 2 and 3 isolated in countries outside of Japan. Received 29 July 1999/ Accepted in revised form 12 October 1999     

Identification of Resistance to Common Bacterial Blight Disease on Bean Genotypes Grown in Turkey

Common bacterial blight (CBB) in edible beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), incited Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli, reduces bean yields and seed quality. The main objective of this study was to determine resistance to common bacterial blight in bean genotypes. Twenty-two bean genotypes grown in Turkey including common and snap bean cultivars/lines were collected from different parts of Turkey and tested for resistance against to Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli strain MFD-11. All the common and snap bean lines/cultivars tested were moderately susceptible, susceptible or highly susceptible, except AG-7117 which was found resistant to Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli. This is the first report of a resistance source in a common bean line (AG-7117) against Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli.     

Localizing the Bacterial Blight Resistance Gene, Xa22(t), to a 100-Kilobase Bacterial Artificial Chromosome

ABSTRACT The rice bacterial blight resistance gene, Xa22(t), provides resistance to a broad spectrum of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae isolates. Here, we localize the gene to a small 100-kb fragment of chromosome 11 by a combination of genetic recombination analysis and physical mapping. Mapping was done with two F(2) populations from the cross between Zhachanglong and Zhenzhuai. The first population consisted of 248 random individuals and 404 highly susceptible individuals selected from an F(2) population of more than 2,000 individuals and was used to construct a linkage map around the Xa22(t) locus. For the second F(2) population, 7,680 plants were examined with simple sequence repeat markers flanking the Xa22(t) locus to identify recombinants useful for fine-genetic mapping. Two large-insert bacterial artificial chromasome (BAC) libraries (from cvs. Teqing and Minghui63) were screened with a marker (R1506) which cosegregated perfectly with Xa22(t) in the first population. Restriction mapping of the resulting BAC clones enabled a physical map of the area to be constructed, and subclones from the BAC clones provided additional restriction fragment length polymorphism probes which could be placed on the fine-structure genetic map using the recombinants from the second mapping population. The Xa22(t) locus was mapped to a approximately 100-kb interval delimited by the R1506 marker and a subclone from the M3H8 BAC clone.     

表达Harpin蛋白的芽孢杆菌工程菌防治水稻白叶枯病的研究

本文研究了生防促生芽孢杆菌OKB105、FZB42和以其为宿主菌的可外泌表达Harpin蛋白激发子的基因工程菌OKBHF、FZBHarpin对水稻白叶枯病的防治效果。菌株OKB105、FZB42、OKBHF和FZBHarpin温室防效分别为31.7%、23.6%、43.2%和56.7%;田间防效分别为29.8%、21.8%、40.4%和43.1%,表达Harpin蛋白的芽孢杆菌工程菌的防病效果显著高于出发菌株。两株生防芽孢杆菌及其工程菌对水稻均有良好的促生作用,特别是对水稻植株的生长促进明显,其中FZBHarpin使植株增高达15.86%。田间产量统计结果显示,OKBHF增产效果最显著,为14%,产量达8869 kg·hm^-2。工程菌比出发菌株显著提高水稻抗病性和促进植物生长,在农业生产上具有应用的潜力。     

银杏内生细菌防治辣椒疫病研究

从健康银杏植株叶片中分离到108 株内生细菌,通过平板测试从中筛选获得35 株对辣椒疫霉菌Phytophthora capsici具有拮抗作用的菌株.温室盆栽试验证明,菌株 Zy44、Fy11、Hy7、Hy14 和 Zy25 对辣椒疫病防效显著,其中Zy44 和 Fy11 发酵液在辣椒疫霉菌接种 20 d 后防效分别为 62%和 52.33%;经形态观察、生理生化特征测试、16S rDNA序列和gyrB基因序列分析,鉴定这两个菌株为解淀粉芽胞杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens;其发酵滤液及酸沉淀获得的脂肽类抑菌物质对盆栽辣椒苗疫病的防治试验结果表明,菌株 Zy44 的防效高于 Fy11,且脂肽类物质的防效高于发酵滤液;显微镜观察发现菌株 Zy44的脂肽类抑菌物质可导致辣椒疫霉菌菌丝体膨大, 分枝增多, 成簇状,并显著抑制孢子囊的形成.     

Alternative Route of Infection for Bacterial Seedling Blight of Rice Caused by Burkholderia plantarii

Burkholderia plantarii , the pathogen of bacterial seedling blight of rice, was detected in paddy water. Its concentration rose in July and August. The bacterial concentration in the paddy water was always higher along levees than at distances more than 5 m from levees. Confirmed to be released into water when graminaceous weeds were immersed, B. plantarii survived for at least 4 days at 30°C. B. plantarii was splashed at least 30 cm upward by rain splash in the field. Harvested seeds, which had been sprayed with B. plantarii released from graminaceous weeds at the flowering stage, retained the bacteria. Bacterial seedling blight occurred when the seeds were then sown in nursery boxes. These results indicated that graminaceous weeds growing on levees of paddy fields are a source of infection of the disease and that rice seeds are infected through the paddy water. Received 23 May 2002/ Accepted in revised form 1 September 2002     

猕猴桃细菌性叶枯病生防芽孢杆菌筛选及田间防效

从猕猴桃大田根际土壤和青海牦牛粪中分离到86株芽孢杆菌。平板对峙试验发现其中8个菌株对猕猴桃细菌性叶枯病病原菌Pseudomonas syringae var. syringae的拮抗性能明显。经管碟法复筛,得到2株对病原菌具有显著拮抗作用的芽孢杆菌M24和Q13。田间试验表明,发酵液（109cfu/ml）稀释100倍时喷施,菌株M24和Q13对猕猴桃细菌性叶枯病的防效分别达到85.9%和80.6%,均显著高于95%CT杀菌剂的60.5%防效。2个菌株均具有良好的田间应用潜力。     

Differential Responses to Pea Bacterial Blight in Stems, Leaves and Pods Under Glasshouse and Field Conditions

Resistance to pea bacterial blight (Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi) in different plant parts was assessed in 19 Pisum sativum cultivars and landraces, carrying race-specific resistance genes (R-genes) and two Pisum abyssinicum accessions carrying race-nonspecific resistance. Stems, leaves and pods were inoculated with seven races of P. s. pv. pisi under glasshouse conditions. For both race-specific and nonspecific resistance, a resistant response in the stem was not always associated with resistance in leaf and pod. Race-specific genes conferred stem resistance consistently, however, there was variability in the responses of leaves and pods which depended on the matching R-gene and A-gene (avirulence gene in the pathogen) combination. R2 generally conferred resistance in all plant parts. R3 or R4 singly did not confer complete resistance in leaf and pod, however, R3 in combination with R2 or R4 enhanced leaf and pod resistance. Race-nonspecific resistance conferred stem resistance to all races, leaf and pod resistance to races 2, 5 and 7 and variable reactions in leaves and pods to races 1, 3, 4 and 6.Disease expression was also studied in the field under autumn/winter conditions. P. sativum cultivar, Kelvedon Wonder (with no R genes), and two P. abyssinicum accessions, were inoculated with the most frequent races in Europe under field conditions (2, 4 and 6). Kelvedon Wonder was very susceptible to all three races, whereas P. abyssinicum was much less affected. The combination of disease resistance with frost tolerance in P. abyssinicum enabled plants to survive through the winter. A breeding strategy combining race-nonspecific resistance derived from P. abyssinicum with race-specific R-genes should provide durable resistance under severe disease pressure.     

Genetic Analysis of the Relationship between the Browning Reaction and Bacterial Blight Resistance Gene Xa3 in Rice

The relationship between bacterial blight resistance gene Xa3 and browning reaction was genetically analyzed using F₂ plants from the cross of rice cultivar Kuntulan with Kinmaze. Kuntulan harbors resistance Xa3 and developes a browning reaction to avirulent races of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, whereas Kinmaze has a typical susceptible reaction to all known Japanese races of X. o. pv. oryzae. The F₂ plants were tested for their resistance to avirulent race II strain of X. o. pv. oryzae and the development of browning. Of 337 F₂ plants tested, 251 had resistance to the strain. In all the resistant plants, a browning reaction developed around the point of inoculation. The remaining 86 had a susceptible reaction to the strain without a browning reaction. The F₂ population of Kuntulan × Kinmaze had a clear-cut segregation ratio of 3R : 1S. These facts led to the conclusion that the browning reaction is a pleiotropic effect of Xa3. Received 29 January 2001/ Accepted in revised form 24 April 2001