Peanut stripe virus in Indonesia

During a survey of groundnut in 1986 and 1987 in South Sulawesi, West and East Java and West Sumatra a disease was frequently observed which is characterized by the presence of green blotches. These blotches were either randomly distributed over the entire leaflets or concentrated along the veins; sometimes they were surrounded by light green rings. On the basis of test plant studies, serology and electron microscopy it was concluded that the causal agent of the disease is peanut stripe virus (PStV). This virus has been described for the first time in the USA in 1984. Some potyviruses described earlier in Indonesia, viz. groundnut mottle-y and peanut mottle virus (PMV) probably are also PStV. The similarity of symptoms caused by PStV and peanut mottle virus was the reason why blotching on groundnut in Indonesia was ascribed for many years to PMV.As PStV causes severe yield losses, further research is being done on the epidemiology of the virus, on yield loss assesment and on testing breeding lines of groundnut for resistance.Samenvatting Tijdens een inspectie in 1986 en 1987 in Zuid Sulawesi, West en Oost Java en West Sumatra werd in aardnoot (Arachis hypogaea) veelvuldig een ziekte aangetroffen, die opviel door donkergroene vlekkerigheid. De vlekken waren onregelmatig over de bladeren verspreid of kwamen voornamelijk voor rond de nerven. Soms waren de vlekken omgeven door een lichtgroene ring. Op grond van symptomen op toetsplanten, serologische verwantschap en elektronenmicroscopische eigenschappen werd geconcludeerd, dat deze ziekte veroorzaakt wordt door het peanut stripe virus. Dit virus is voor het eerst beschreven in 1984 in Amerika. Dit is de eerste officiële melding van het virus in Indonesië.Enkele eerder beschreven potyvirussen van aardnoot in Indonesië, groundnut mottle-y en peanut mottle virus (PMV) zijn waarschijnlijk ook PStV. De gelijkenis van de door PStV and peanut mottle virus veroorzaakte symptomen heeft ervoor gezorgd dat de vlekkerigheid op aardnoot in Indonesië jarenlang aan PMV werd toegeschreven.Aangezien PStV veel schade veroorzaakt, wordt verder onderzoek gedaan aan de epidemiologie van dit virus, aan het oogstverlies en aan het toetsen van aardnootlijnen op resistentie.     

几种重要花生病毒研究新进展

 花生病毒病是影响花生生产的重要病害。近10年来,花生矮化病毒(PSV)、花生条纹病毒(PStV)和番茄斑萎病毒属(Tospovirus)病毒分子生物学研究进展,极大地丰富了对上述病毒基因组结构、遗传变异、进化的认识,以及病毒种、亚组和株系的科学划分。对PSV来说,提出了2个亚组的划分,而我国PSV株系血清学和RNA3全序列的分析,明确它们独自构成第3个新的亚组。对我国和东南亚国家PStV株系CP基因序列同源性的分析,说明在这些国家和地区PStV是单独进化的,形成不同症状类型的株系。Tospovirus属病毒分子生物学研究的深入使得该属病毒从番茄斑萎病毒(TSWV)1种增加到13种,其中侵染花生的病毒达5种,分布于不同的国家和地区。     

感染花生条纹病毒(PStV)后花生生理生化性状变化的研究

 研究表明,花生接种条纹病毒发病后叶片的光合强度、叶绿素含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性明显下降,而过氧化物酶(POD)活性却显著提高。高感花生品种白沙1016上述指标的变化幅度较大,发病植株叶片中POD同功酶出现了4条健株中没有的新带,迁移率分别为0.67、0.73、0.80和0.89,而原有的迁移率为0.38的1条谱带变弱消失,发病后SOD同功酶谱带数没有显著变化。     

芝麻上花生条纹病毒的发生规律

ＥＬＩＳＡ和生长法检测结果表明,芝麻种不种传ＰＳｔＶ,感染ＰＳｔＶ的花生是芝麻黄花叶病毒病的主要初侵染源。桃蚜、豆蚜和大事蚜能传播芝麻上ＰＳｔＶ,传毒率分别为３７％、１９．３％和１３．８％,而经为０。黄花叶病害流行程度肥芝麻生育期蚜虫发生量互作作用影响。芝麻黄花叶病害年度间流行程度差异大,发病率与６月下旬７月上旬平均气温、降雨量及雨日在。芝麻苗期至蕾期为感病生育期,进入开花后期,芝麻对ＰＳｔＶ 表     

山东花生花叶病毒的研究

 从表现生长抑制和花叶病状的花生叶分离到一种花生花叶病毒(PMV),可通过汁液和桃蚜(Myzus Persicae)传播,它的寄主范围包括豆科和非豆科植物,和花生斑驳病毒不同。病毒的体外存活力4-5天,致死温度40°-50℃,稀释终点10^-3-14^-4;用氯仿澄清,聚乙二醇沉淀和差速离心可部分提纯。病毒颗粒长约725毫微米,沉降系数173S。在感病的心叶烟(Nicotiana glutinosa)叶细胞质中可见典型的风轮状内含体,表明PMV是马铃薯Y病毒组的一个成员。     

Isolation and characterization of a novel potyvirus tentatively named Ornithogalum virus 2

A novel potyvirus, tentatively named Ornithogalum virus 2 (OV-2) because only its nucleotide sequence of the coat protein gene has been revealed, was isolated for the first time from Ornithogalum thyrsoides. OV-2 had a flexuous particle (700–740 nm in length) and was sap and aphid transmissible. The virus had a narrow host range; of 36 test plants in 12 families, only O. thyrsoides and O. dubium were infected. Because the virus caused characteristic stripe mosaic on O. thyrsoides, we propose Ornithogalum stripe mosaic virus (OrSMV), instead of OV-2 for the proper name of the virus. The nucleotide sequence data reported is available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under accession number AB271783.     

Identification and characterization of a potyvirus causing chlorotic spots on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phalaenopsis</Emphasis> orchids

A putative virus-induced disease showing chlorotic spots on leaves of Phalaenopsis orchids was observed in central Taiwan. A virus culture, phalaenopsis isolate 7-2, was isolated from a diseased Phalaenopsis orchid and established in Chenopodium quinoa and Nicotiana benthamiana. The virus reacted with the monoclonal antibody (POTY) against the potyvirus group. Potyvirus-like long flexuous filament particles around 12–15 × 750–800 nm were observed in the crude sap and purified virus preparations, and pinwheel inclusion bodies were observed in the infected cells. The conserved region of the viral RNA was amplified using the degenerate primers for the potyviruses and sequence analysis of the virus isolate 7-2 showed 56.6–63.1% nucleotide and 44.8–65.1% amino acid identities with those of Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV), Beet mosaic virus (BtMV), Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) and Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV). The coat protein (CP) gene of isolate 7-2 was amplified, sequenced and found to have 280 amino acids. A homology search in GenBank indicated that the virus is a potyvirus but no highly homologous sequence was found. The virus was designated as Phalaenopsis chlorotic spot virus (PhCSV) in early 2006. Subsequently, a potyvirus, named Basella rugose mosaic virus isolated from malabar spinach was reported in December 2006. It was found to share 96.8% amino acid identity with the CP of PhCSV. Back-inoculation with the isolated virus was conducted to confirm that PhCSV is the causal agent of chlorotic spot disease of Phalaenopsis orchids in Taiwan. This is the first report of a potyvirus causing a disease on Phalaenopsis orchids.     

Characterization of a novel potyvirus tentatively named <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ornithogalum</Emphasis> virus 3, successfully isolated from <Emphasis Type="Italic">O. thyrsoides</Emphasis> co-infected with two other potyviruses by single-aphid inoculation

A potyvirus tentatively named Ornithogalum virus 3 (OV-3) was successfully isolated by single-aphid transmissions from O. thyrsoides mix-infected with OV-3, Ornithogalum mosaic virus (OrMV) and Ornithogalum stripe mosaic virus (OrSMV). OV-3, a flexuous, rod-shaped particle of ca. 690 nm, was sap and aphid transmissible. The virus had a narrow host range and caused necrotic mosaic on O. thyrsoides under cold conditions. We therefore propose the name Ornithogalum necrotic mosaic virus (OrNMV) for OV-3. A synergistic increase in symptom severity was apparent on O. thyrsoides mix-infected with OrSMV/OrNMV, but not with either OrMV/OrNMV or OrMV/OrSMV. The nucleotide sequence data reported is available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under accession number AB282754.     

Fourth International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry,Zurich, July 1978

Soybean Rust. By Kenneth R. Bromfield. American Phytopathological Society, Monograph no. 11, 1984, pp. 65. ISBN 0–89054–062–4. Price $10.50 (A.P.S. members $ 8.00).

Plant‐Microbe Interactions. Volume 1. Molecular and Genetic Perspectives. Edited by Tsune Kosuge and Eugene W. Nester. New York: Macmillan, 1984., ISBN 0–02–949470–2. Price $38.00.

Coffee Rust in the Americas. Edited by R. A. Fulton. American Phytopathological Society, Symposium Book No. 2, 1984, pp. 120. ISBN 0–89054–064–0. Price $18.00 (APS members $14).

Acarology VI, Volume 2. Edited by D. A. Griffiths and C. E. Bowman. Proceedings of the VI International Congress of Acarology held at Edinburgh University, Scotland, 5–11 September 1982, pp. 647–1296. Chichester: Ellis Horwood Limited. ISBN 0–85312–604–6. Price £49.50. (Distributed by John Wiley &; Sons Ltd.)

Index Phytosanitaire 1985: France, Afrique Méditer‐ranéenne et Tropicale. Association de Coordination Technique Agricole. Price 98 f (in France), 91 f (overseas, without tax).     

Tenth Commonwealth Entomological Conference

Abstract

Seeds of 22 rice strains carefully selected for resistance by continuously testing under high gall midge pressure at Cuttack (Orissa) through 1979–198’ and three such strains from Raipur (Madhya Pradesh) were assembled along with susceptible standard Jaya and were simultaneously tested at both locations (Cuttack and Raipur) against the Asian rice gall midge Orseolia oryzae Wood‐Mason in wet season 1985. Eighteen entries proved resistant at both locations. While Asha, Usha and Samrudhi were resistant at Raipur and susceptible at Cuttack, Shakti IR.36, IR.50, Daya and Pratap were resistant at Cuttack and susceptible at Raipur, based on which characterization of the Cuttack (Orissa) and Raipur (Madhya Pradesh) gall midge biotypes was proposed. In gall midge biotypes testing, meticulous selection of only such entries with consistently proven resistance to gall midge at least at one location, carrying forward seed from resistant plants only each season under high gall midge pressure (with 100% seedling/hill infestation in oft repeated susceptible check) and classification of test entries at the strain's level either as resistant or as susceptible without scope for the third ‘moderate’ category to intervene, generally ignored by earlier workers, were stressed.     

Molecular and biological characterization of two potyviruses infecting lettuce in southeastern France

Several potyviruses affect lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and chicory (Cichorium spp.) crops worldwide and are important constraints for production because of the direct losses that they induce and/or because of their seed transmission. Here, the molecular and biological properties are described of two potyviruses that were recently isolated from lettuce plants showing mosaic or strong necrotic symptoms in an experimental field in southeastern France. The first potyvirus belongs to the species Endive necrotic mosaic virus and is present in a large number of wild plant species, especially Tragopogon pratensis. It is unable to infect lettuce cultivars with a resistance to Turnip mosaic virus that is present in many European cultivars and probably conferred by the Tu gene. The second potyvirus belongs to the tentative species lettuce Italian necrotic virus and was not observed in wild plants. It infected all tested lettuce cultivars. Wild accessions of Lactuca serriola, Lactuca saligna, Lactuca virosa and Lactuca perennis were identified as resistant to one or the other potyvirus and could be used for resistance breeding in lettuce. No resistance against these two potyviruses was observed in the tested Cichorium endivia cultivars. In contrast, all tested Cichorium intybus cultivars or accessions were resistant.     

New potyvirus isolated from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryptotaenia japonica</Emphasis>

 A potyvirus, for which the name Japanese hornwort mosaic virus (JHMV) is proposed, was isolated from Japanese hornwort plants (Cryptotaenia japonica) with mosaic disease symptoms. The virus was used to inoculate mechanically 34 plants belonging to 33 species of 10 families. Of these species seven from two families were infected. Faint chlorotic spots appeared on the inoculated leaves of Chenopodium quinoa and C. amaranticolor, but no systemic infection occurred in these plants. JHMV systemically infected only Umbelliferae plants; they did not infect 26 other species in eight families. JHMV was transmitted in a nonpersistent manner by aphids (Myzus persicae). The virus was a flexuous rod-shaped particle about 750 nm in length. Sequencing the nucleotides in the 3′ terminal region of JHMV revealed that the coat protein contains 280 amino acids with a molecular mass of 32.2 kDa. The nucleotide sequence of the coat protein of JHMV had the highest similarity with that of Zantedeschia mosaic virus (83.3%) compared to those of other potyviruses (57.0%–64.9%). An antiserum against JHMV reacted strongly with JHMV and weakly with Potato virus Y. These results indicate that JHMV is a new potyvirus. Received: September 9, 2002 / Accepted: November 7, 2002 RID="*" ID="*" The nucleotide sequence determined in this work appears in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank nucleotide sequence databases with the accession number AB081518     

利用小RNA深度测序和组装技术鉴定紫藤花叶病病原

<正>RNA沉默(RNA silencing)是一种在真核生物体内普遍保守的基于核酸序列特异性抑制基因表达的调控机制[1]。2009年Kreuze等[2]发现病毒特异的小RNA(small RNA,sRNA)在序列上是重叠的,因此推测通过深度测序技术获得的大量sRNA序列能用来组装病毒的基因组并用来鉴定和发现新病毒。利用sRNA深度测序技术已在作物和昆虫上鉴定发现多种病毒[3、4],但在木本植物上还未见报道。     

Characterization of a new potyvirus isolated from peanut (Arachis hypogaea)

During a survey of viruses of peanuts in South Africa a mechanically transmissible virus was isolated from a plant exhibiting chlorotic ringspots and blotches on the leaves. Typical potyvirus-like flexuous particles were detected by electron microscope examination. Pinwheel-shaped and laminated inclusions in ultrathin sections, reaction with a monoclonal antibody directed to a potyvirus common epitope, a single 33 kDa coat protein and aphid transmission using Myzus persicae all confirmed that the virus was a subdivision II member of the Potyviridae. Host range studies suggested that the virus was none of the previously reported potyviruses of peanuts or of subdivision II potyviruses. The serological relationships of the virus were studied using a range of 17 antisera to potyviruses in ELISA and immunosorbent electron microscopy (ISEM). The isolate reacted weakly with antisera to plum pox virus and bean yellow mosaic virus in ISEM only. Nucleotide sequence of a 624 bp DNA product was obtained following immuno-capture with a potyvirus common epitope antiserum, cDNA synthesis and PCR amplification with potyvirus specific primers which amplify the 3' untranslated region and a part of the coat protein gene. The sequence was only distantly related to a number of potyviruses, whether amino acid or nucleotide sequences were used for comparisons. It is proposed that the virus be named peanut chlorotic blotch virus and be accepted as a new member of the genus Potyvirus in the family Potyviridae.     

Significance of the heterologous encapsidation of zucchini yellow mosaic potyvirus in transgenic plants expressing plum pox potyvirus capsid protein1

Transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants expressing the coat protein of an aphid-transmissible strain of plum pox potyvirus (PPV-D) were infected with an aphid non-transmissible strain of another potyvirus, zucchini yellow mosaic potyvirus (ZYMV-NAT). Non-viruliferous Myzus persicae could acquire and transmit ZYMV-NAT from these plants but not from infected N. benthamiana control plants (not transformed, or transformed by the vector alone). Immunosorbent electron microscopy experiments using the decoration technique revealed that ZYMV-NAT virus particles in the infected transgenic plants expressing the PPV coat protein could be coated not only with ZYMV antibodies but also, on segments of the particles, with PPV antibodies. This suggests that aphid transmission of ZYMV-NAT occurred through heterologous encapsidation, and reveals a potential risk of releasing genetically engineered plants expressing viral coat proteins into the environment.     

A potyvirus isolated from solanaceous hosts

A potyvirus was isolated from Datura stramonium, Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) and Solanum nigrum in the Yemen. It was transmitted mechanically and by Myzus persicae in a non-persistent manner. Its flexuous rod-shaped particles had a mean length of 719 nm and some of its pinwheel inclusion bodies in infected Nicotiana clevelandii leaves were unusual in that they were dichotomously branched. The virus infected various solanaceous species, but the symptoms it induced were distinct from those of pepper veinal mottle (PVMV) and potato Y viruses. Its particles were purified from N. glutinosa and their coat protein had an atypically high molecular mass a potyvirus of 41·5 kDa. They showed a distant serological relationship to those of PVMV and potato virus V in ISEM decoration tests, but did not react with antisera to particles of any other potyvirus tested. The virus has been tentatively named tomato mild mottle virus.     

Influence of an m-type thioredoxin in maize on potyviral infection

Expression of many host genes can be altered during virus infection. In a previous study of sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) infection in maize (Zea mays), we observed that expression of ZmTrm2, a gene encoding thioredoxin m, was up-regulated at about 10 days post-inoculation (dpi). In this present study we determined that ZmTrm2 silencing in maize by virus-induced gene silencing significantly enhanced systemic SCMV infection. In contrast transient over-expression of ZmTrm2 in maize protoplasts inhibited accumulation of SCMV viral RNA. Furthermore, we found that in inoculated Nicotiana tabacum leaves transient expression of ZmTrm2 inhibited accumulation of the RNA of tobacco vein-banding mosaic virus (TVBMV), a potyvirus infecting dicotyledonous plants. Interestingly in ZmTrm2 transiently expressed N. tabacum leaves, we detected by semi-quantitative RT-PCR a reduced level of the mRNA of class I beta-1, 3-glucanase (GluI), a protein known to have a role in cell wall callose deposition and viral movement. Our data indicate that the maize ZmTrm2 plays an inhibitory role during infection of plants by SCMV and TVBMV.     

Sequence of the 3′-terminal region of the RNA of a mite transmitted potyvirus fromHordeum murinum L.

The 3026 nucleotides upstream of the 3-polyadenylated tract of a mite transmitted virus fromHordeum murinum L. were cloned and sequenced, and portions of the sequence were expressed inEscherichia coli. Sequence comparisons with wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), Agropyron mosaic virus (AgMV) and Hordeum mosaic cirus (HoMV), three mite transmitted potyviruses, and potato virus Y (PVY), the type member of the genusPotyvirus, revealed that the virus is probably a potyvirus, but distinct from WSMV, AgMV, HoMV, and PVY. Serological tests further demonstrated these differences and that the virus is serologically related to another potyvirus, brome streak mosaic virus (BrSMV). We conclude that the virus should be named as the Hordeum isolate of BrSMV.     

Ninth Commonwealth Conference on Plant Pathology

Abstract

Data on shoot borer, Chilo infuscatellus Snell., infestation and granulosis virus infection were collected from sugarcane planted during early and late main seasons and special season on 45, 60, 75 and 90 days after planting. The shoot borer infestation varied significantly among seasons of planting and age of the crop. It was low in March‐April planted crop compared to December‐January and special season planted crops owing to higher rainfall. The infestation was more on 45 and 60 days old crop compared to 75 and 90 days. The seasons of planting, age of the crop and stage of the host larva failed to have any significant influence on the virus infection.