黄胸蓟马对香蕉的危害及其防治

１９９６～１９９７年在香蕉花期调查结果表明,黄胸蓟马在广州地区香蕉园中普遍存在,香蕉花感虫率达１００％,平均每花苞感虫８２．８头。感虫数与花苞着生高度有关,以高度１２０～１４０ｃｍ的花苞感虫数最高,以后随高度的增加剧减。黄胸蓟马只危害稍开和已开的第１至第４苞片内花段,且虫口数由外向里递减。园中杂草有助于蓟马对香蕉花的危害,平均每花苞虫口数多杂草蕉园比管理精细的无杂草园多３．６倍。室内药效试验结果表明,毒死蜱、乐果、丁基克百威和灭多威对黄胸蓟马有很好的毒杀效果,氯氰菊酯和顺式氯氰菊酯效果不理想。     

Ecological pest management and control by using allelopathic weeds (Ageratum conyzoides,Ambrosia trifida,and Lantana camara) and their allelochemicals in China

The development of pest management and control is striving toward a future of sustainable agriculture. Weeds cause serious problems in agricultural ecosystems and attempts to control them have met with limited success. However, many weeds are allelopathic; that is, they can produce and release allelochemicals to interact with other plant competitors and to attack microbes or insect and other animal predators. These allelopathic weeds and their allelochemicals may be put into use for ecological pest management and control or employed for other uses. Currently, little attention has been paid to how allelopathic weeds and their allelochemicals potentially can be utilized as an important part of pest management and control in agricultural ecosystems. This review outlines recent research regarding the potential for pest management and control by allelopathic weeds and their allelochemicals by studying the cases of Ageratum conyzoides, Ambrosia trifida, and Lantana camara and provides examples of allelopathic weeds and their allelochemicals that have been incorporated into ecological pest management and control in China.     

Agronomic techniques to controlLobesia botrana

The grapevine mothLobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a key pest of grapevines in Greece. As part of a broader study on integrated pest management, the effects were investigated of different cultural methods on the establishment and survival ofL. botrana, specifically: application of different nitrogen levels (30 and 100 units of ammonium sulfate or 70 units of Agrobiosol); summer leaf and shoot pruning; application of growth regulators (Regalis, prohexadione-calcium; or Falgro, gibberellic acid). There were significant differences among the three levels of N application. The lowestL. botrana infestation rates were found in plots treated with 30 units of (NH₄)₂SO₄ and plots that received some summer pruning. Following the application of plant growth regulators, the lowestL. botrana infestation levels occurred in the plots treated with Regalis or Falgro at the manufacturers’ recommended concentrations. On vines where growth regulators had been applied, the clusters had fewer berries than those not treated with growth regulators. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting June 11, 2008.     

Modelling regional level spatial distribution of aphid (Lipaphis erysimi) growth in Indian mustard using satellite-based remote sensing data

Abstract

We developed a procedure for preparing a model for mapping spatially distributed zones of aphid pest (Lipaphis erysimi) outbreaks at a regional level. This study employed near-surface meteorological parameters derived from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Television and Infra-Red Operational Satellites (TIROS) Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) data and field observations of disease infestation. The study area comprised three sites representing semi-arid and sub-humid regions of dominant Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.)-growing regions of India. A model based on TOVS-derived cumulative surface air temperature and minimum specific humidity (SpH) was developed to estimate the date of ‘aphid onset’ (first appearance), date of peak infestation and location of severity with respect to aphid population density. Aphid population growth rate during the linear growth phase between aphid onset to peak was computed using SpH-weighted temperature and dates of sowing of the crop (crop age). Sowing dates of mustard crop, of northwest India, were obtained from spectral growth profiles derived from time series remote sensing (RS) products of the SPOT-4 VEGETATION sensor. Estimated dates of peak aphid infestation and peak population showed a strong match with the observed data. The location of peak aphid population density was depicted in each spatial grid of 25×25 km² for parts of northwest India. The simulated aphid population build-up and date of peak population density was validated with observed data for an unknown site in the Sriganganager district, Rajasthan state, India. Comparison of predicted dates of attaining peak aphid population with observations showed a deviation of ±7 days. After validation, the regional level model was applied over a large area of a mustard-growing region for varying dates of sowing, surface air temperature and specific humidity, to show the spatial distribution of aphid growing severity zones (population density) and to predict dates of severe aphid infestation (peak population) at each grid level in the region.     

Abundance of Rhamphicarpa fistulosa in rainfed lowland rice fields in the Savannah region of Togo: Moderate influence of physico-chemical characteristics of soils

Rainfed lowland rice fields in northern Togo are increasingly infested by the facultative hemiparasitic weed Rhamphicarpa fistulosa that is widely reported throughout sub-Saharan Africa to be one of the most damaging weeds in rice fields. In this geographical area, some studies have shown that soil characteristics may influence the presence and/or the level of infestation of some parasitic weeds, but none have been conducted on R. fistulosa. Based on surveys conducted in northern Togo over two years in 66 lowland rice fields, we characterised the level of infestation of R. fistulosa as well as physico-chemical characteristics of soils. We highlighted that fields with medium-to-high levels of infestation of R. fistulosa (more than 5 plants per m²) were mainly characterised by a coarser soil texture, a higher potassium content and a higher pH, while fields without R. fistulosa were characterised by a lower proportion of silt content. In contrast, the level of infestation of R. fistulosa appeared only marginally influenced by soil organic carbon and nitrogen in our study. Considering these results, options to modify the main physico-chemical characteristics of soils that influence the level of infestation of R. fistulosa are likely difficult to implement. In order to continue rice production in these lowland fields, we suggest several measures to better manage R. fistulosa seedbank and development.     

Damage pattern and status of the leaf miner Aphanisticus aeneus Kerremans (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in Saccharum spp.

Biology, damage pattern, incidence levels and status of the leaf miner Aphanisticus aeneus Kerremans (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) were studied in accessions of Saccharum spp. Egg, grub and pupal periods of the miner lasted 6.0 ± 0.8, 18.5 ± 1.9 and 7.0 ± 1.3 days, respectively; adults lived for 8–10 days. The grub tunneled the leaf on the lower surface just above the epidermis forming a linear channel; infested tissues showed brownish discoloration. The extent of leaf miner attack among the 331 accessions of Saccharum spp. ranged 4.00%–76.47% on cane basis and 7.14%–100.00% on leaf basis; the mined leaf area ranged 3.22–11.00 cm². When the accessions were grouped on the basis of an infestation index developed with the above three parameters, 267 occupied very low category, 51 were in low category, 11 were in moderate category and 2 were placed in high incidence category. All accessions showed miner attack in at least one study year. Within each of the four Saccharum spp., accessions differed significantly among the three study years for all infestation parameters. Among the four species, while S. robustum accessions recorded significantly highest infestation index, the other three species remained on par.     

über das Auftreten der Lapplandschabe (Ectobius lapponicus [Linné 1758]) in Geb?uden

In Germany, the dusky cockroach (Ectobius lapponicus [Linné, 1758]) lives in woodland. Dwelling of these insects which are not considered a pest, in buildings is an extremely rare observation. In early summer of 2000, several areas of a forest hospital were found to be infested withEctobius lapponicus. In contrast, the German cockroach (Blattella germanica [Linné, 1767]) had not been found in that, hospital for years. In the light of the literature available, an attempt is made to provide a survey of infestation of buildings with the dusky cockroach.      

Studies on the apple fruit moth,Argyresthia conjugella Zeller (Yponomeutidae: Lepidoptera): Identification,distribution and extent of damage in India

Abstract

A fruit‐damaging insect on apple in the Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh has been identified as the apple fruit moth/miner, Argyresthia conjugella Zeller, a common pest of apple in Asian, European and American countries. It seems to be native to India, where its primary host, the sorb tree, Sorbus aucuparis Linn. is present. Studies on the distribution and extent of damage during 1983 and 1984 revealed that the pest was distributed in the Kinnaur district at altitude between 2445 to 2900 m and in yearly isotherms of 0 to 10° C. The damage varied from zero to above 50%. Its spread to other apple growing areas of the state is unlikely due to unsuitable agroclimatic conditions.     

über das Auftreten der Lapplandschabe (Ectobius lapponicus [Linné 1758]) in Geb?uden

In Germany, the dusky cockroach (Ectobius lapponicus [Linné, 1758]) lives in woodland. Dwelling of these insects which are not considered a pest, in buildings is an extremely rare observation. In early summer of 2000, several areas of a forest hospital were found to be infested withEctobius lapponicus. In contrast, the German cockroach (Blattella germanica [Linné, 1767]) had not been found in that, hospital for years. In the light of the literature available, an attempt is made to provide a survey of infestation of buildings with the dusky cockroach.     

Weeds as hosts for new crop pests: the case of Protortonia navesi (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae) on cassava in Brazil

Weeds may serve as reservoirs for new and invasive insect pests. The cassava root scale ( Protortonia navesi ) is a recent pest in the Brazilian 'Cerrado' that causes qualitative and quantitative damage by sucking plant sap. Recently, field surveys revealed that many common weeds in this region act as host for P. navesi in cassava fields. In a discrete survey, 15 weed species were identified that were hosting P. navesi . Among these, 13 species occurred during the cropping season and five were observed 4 months after cassava harvest. Eight months after harvest, only cassava volunteer plants were found to be hosting P. navesi . This survey provided a real example of the problem created when weeds host new crop pests. The management of weeds (including crop volunteers) needs to be considered as part of generalised pest management and pest invasion prevention schemes. Effective weed management can be a means of limiting the survival of new pests and the re-infestation of susceptible crop species in subsequent years. Simple studies like this point to a practical need to create greater collaborations between pest management researchers working within discrete pest categories.     

Ophelimus maskelli (Ashmead) et son parasitoïde Closterocerus chamaeleon (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) au Maroc

Leaf galls causing severe damage were observed on Eucalyptus camaldulensis in the Gharb‐Maâmora region in 2002 due to Ophelimus maskelli (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) reported for the first time in Morocco. Since then, this pest has spread to other eucalyptus stands nationwide. During field investigations, the authors noted that the degree of infestation of Eucalyptus camaldulensis differs from one region to another and were classified on a three‐level scale: low, moderate or high. The study of the life cycle of the insect in the field and in the laboratory revealed the presence of two generations per year. This work has shown that Closterocerus chamaeleon (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a parasitoid used successfully in other EPPO countries as a biological control agent, is present in Morocco. The rate of parasitism was very high, which consequently resulted in the lack of damage caused by the gall pest on Eucalyptus camaldulensis in Morocco.     

Estimation of rice yield losses due to the African rice gall midge,Orseolia oryzivora Harris and Gagne

Abstract

The African rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzivora Harris and Gagne (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), is an important pest of rice, Oryza sativa, in Burkina Faso as well as other countries in West and East Africa. In spite of its importance, little is known regarding the relationship between gall midge populations and grain yield losses. To determine yield losses the gall midge was reared in cages and adult midges were placed on caged plants of the rice variety ITA 123 at different population levels. The seven treatments consisted of different numbers of insects infested on the plants; 0 insect pairs (non‐infested check), and 1, 5, 10, 15, 20 or 25 midge pairs/cage. The loss in yield in relation to the non‐infested control was highly positively correlated (R² = 0.81) with the percentage of gall midge damaged tillers. The infestation by the insect on the plants resulted in the compensatory production of tillers which developed in response to the gall midge damage but the compensation was not sufficient to make up for the loss of yield due to the damaged tillers. Yield loss ranged from 0% in the control to 65.3% in the treatment with 25 pairs of adults. One per cent of tillers damaged resulted in 2% grain yield loss.     

小麦不同生育期地下害虫为害程度与其虫口密度的关系

为明确小麦不同生育期地下害虫为害程度与其虫口密度的关系,采用棋盘式10点取样法,在调查秋播前麦田地下害虫种类和数量的基础上,研究冬前秋苗期和春季返青拔节期地下害虫为害造成的麦苗死亡率。在陕西武功,秋播前麦田地下害虫有20种,其中以金针虫和蛴螬为优势种,分别占地下害虫发生总量的58.66%和21.91%。地下害虫为害引起的死苗现象主要发生在冬前秋苗期,供试5块田的死苗率达4.4%～9.1%;春季返青拔节期的死苗率较低,仅为1.0%～2.3%。相关分析表明,地下害虫为害造成的冬前秋苗期和春季返青拔节期死苗率与其虫口密度密切相关。     

Insect Pests and Mites

Abstract

Weeds are major components of agro-ecosystems and they affect the biology of pests and beneficial insects in several ways; provision of flowers, presence of neutral insects, modification of crop microclimate, production of chemical stimulus, alteration of colonisation background, etc. The more relevant beneficial crop–weed–insect interactions are discussed. The role of weeds in regulating pest populations is illustrated by studies on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cropping systems, in which chemical interactions between Empoasca kraemeri Ross &; Moore and two grass weeds were identified. It is proposed to continue and develop this kind of research in order to incorporate weeds into pest control strategies.     

Comparative effect of integrated pest management and farmers' standard pest control practice for managing insect pests on cabbage (Brassica spp.)

BACKGROUND: Studies were conducted on experimental cabbage plantings in 2009 and on experimental and commercial plantings in 2010, comparing farmers' current chemical standard pesticide practices with an integrated pest management (IPM) program based on the use of neem (Aza‐Direct) and DiPel (Bacillus thuringiensis). In experimental plantings, the IPM program used six or eight applications of neem and DiPel on a rotational basis. The standard‐practice treatments consisted of six or eight applications of carbaryl and malathion or control treatment. RESULTS: The IPM treatments reduced pest populations and damage, resulting in a better yield than with the standard chemical or control treatment. When IPM treatment included three applications of neem plus three applications of DiPel (on a rotational basis in experimental fields), it again reduced the pest population and damage and produced a better yield than the standard practice. The lower input costs of the IPM program resulted in better economic returns in both trials. CONCLUSIONS: The IPM components neem and DiPel are suitable for use in an IPM program for managing insect pests on cabbage (Brassica spp.). Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Efficacy of mating disruption technique against carob moth,Apomyelois ceratoniae Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in pomegranate orchards in Southeast Turkey (Şanlıurfa)

Carob moth, Apomyelois (=Ectomyelois) ceratoniae Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is a key pest in pomegranate orchards in Southeast of Turkey. The pest causes significant damage and reduces marketability of fruits, and is difficult to control with insecticides. Therefore, it is imperative to develop environmentally sound effective alternative management approaches. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the mating disruption technique and determine the appropriate application dose for the management of the pest. The study was carried out in Central and Suruç districts of ?anl?urfa province (Turkey) in 2011 and 2012. SPLAT EC (Specialized Pheromone-Lure Application Technology) trade named dispenser containing 2% Z7, E9-11-dodecatrienyl formate pheromone mimic was applied at 500, 625 and 750 g/ha in three pomegranate orchards in each district. Results indicated that mating disruption technique significantly reduced the pest populations. But effectiveness of the method was less in terms of the damage rate on fruits. Pheromone applied at 500 g/ha was not effective. However, application at 625 g/ha reduced the pest populations to an acceptable level. Thus, the concentration could be considered an appropriate dose for the less abundant pest population within integrated pest management while higher population would require combining the mating disruption method with a bio-insecticide.     

引进天敌防治湿地松粉蚧的展望

一、湿地松粉蚧发生为害概况目前在广东为害的粉蚧,标本经马里兰美国农业部研究中心的昆虫鉴定和益虫引进研究所Douglass R.Miller博士和杨平澜先生鉴定种名为Oracella acuta(Lobdell),英文名为loblolly pine mealybug,中文名直译应称为火炬松粉蚧,杨平澜和胡金林(1990)建议种的中名为“湿地松粉蚧”.可能是这种粉蚧在广东采集于湿地松,以为害湿地松为主,因而命名为“湿地松粉蚧”.因为“湿地松粉蚧”的中文名已传开了,为了说明方便,本文也采用“湿地松粉蚧”的名称.湿地松粉蚧主要分布在美国得克萨斯州到大西洋沿岸各州,如得克萨斯州,弗罗里达州,路易斯安那州,密西西比州,亚拉巴马州,佐治亚州,南卡罗纳州,北卡罗纳州,弗吉尼亚州,华盛顿州.主要寄主植物有火炬松Pinus taeda,矮松P.virginiana,萌芽松(又称短叶松)P.echinata,长叶松P.palustris,湿地松P.elliottii.以为害火炬松为主.     

褐飞虱寄生性天敌两索线虫生活史的研究

两索线虫(Amphimermis sp.)的幼虫寄生于褐飞虱、灰飞虱等害虫的体内,使宿主产生一系列的病理变化,直至死亡。本文较详细地报导了湖北省褐飞虱寄生性天敌两索线虫的生活史。在实验室内用感染期幼虫作感染褐飞虱的试验获得成功。根据该虫的生活史和生态习性,在汉阳县的两索线虫孳生田里,采用与水稻高产栽培相结合的保护线虫措施,可以在褐飞虱中等发生量的年份,有效地控制褐飞虱的危害。