不同龄期的益蝽对粘虫的捕食功能反应

益蝽Picromerus lewisi Scott是一种重要的捕食性昆虫,为探究其控害潜能,在实验室条件下研究不同龄期的益蝽对粘虫的捕食能力。选择饥饿24 h的3、4、5龄益蝽若虫和成虫对不同密度的3龄粘虫进行捕食量测定试验,试验结果为3、4、5龄益蝽若虫和成虫的日平均捕食量分别为3.33、4.23、8.00和6.50头,每个龄期的捕食功能反应都符合HollingⅡ圆盘方程,其攻击率分别为1.036、0.742、1.445和1.422,处理猎物的时间分别为0.313、0.158、0.112和0.135 d;试验中发现益蝽偏食活猎物。结果表明利用益蝽进行生物防治时,选择5龄若虫,控害效果最好。     

Field efficacy of three insecticides against cabbage stink bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) on two cultivars of white cabbage

Abstract

In 2002 – 2003, three insecticidal substances were tested for their ability to reduce the damage inflicted on plants of white cabbage by cabbage stink bugs, Eurydema ventrale and E. oleracea (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). The two cultivars of cabbage tested were: the early cultivar, ‘Tucana F₁’, which requires about 60 days from transplanting to harvest, and the mid-early cultivar ‘Hinova F₁’, which requires about 120 days. In a field experiment, the growth and damage on cabbage plants sprayed with malathion (two sprays), potassium soap [potassium salts of fatty acids] (five sprays), and refined rape oil (five sprays) were compared to the growth and damage on unsprayed plants. Potassium soap and refined rape oil are considered to be environmentally friendly insecticides. In 2002, plants of the cultivar ‘Tucana’, that were treated with malathion had the highest plant weights [PW], head weights [HW], HW/PW ratio, and the lowest number of frame leaves. In the drier year of 2003, there were no significant differences in damage between the three treatments for either cultivar, except during the last assessment done on 13 August. In 2003, plants of ‘Tucana’, treated with potassium soap, had the highest PW and HW. The significantly lowest PW and HW values were recorded from the untreated plants. For the cultivar ‘Hinova’, the PW and HW were heaviest from the plants treated with malathion. In both years, the HW/PW ratio of Hinova (mid-early cultivar) did not differ between treatments, while the plants of ‘Tucana’ (early cultivar) treated with malathion had the highest ratio. Of the three substances tested, malathion was the most effective at reducing the damage on white cabbage plants caused by cabbage stink bugs. However, in an attempt to reduce the use of synthetic insecticides, instead of malathion, we recommend the use of refined rape oil (49 EUR/ha), as it is as effective as potassium soap (81 EUR/ha), but much cheaper.     

河南北部稻蛀茎夜蛾为害夏玉米苗初报

在河南省新乡市发现夏玉米苗受稻蛀茎夜蛾为害,本文首次报道了该虫在中国黄淮海夏玉米区发生及对夏玉米苗的为害,并简要描述其为害特点以及生活习性。为进一步研究其在夏玉米区耕作制度下的生物学特性及防治技术提供重要基础。     

Toxicity of biorational insecticides to Helicoverpa spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and predators in cotton field

Field trials on upland cotton (Gossypium hirstum L.) during its reproductive phase were used to assess the toxicity of several biorational pesticides and chemicals to Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and H. puntigera Wallengren, as well as major predators at Dalby, Queensland, Australia. Moderate rate-dependent control was obtained in plots treated with neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) seed extract-azadirachtin (Aza) at rates of 30, 60 and 90 g/ha. Plots treated with Talstar EC (bifenthrin) applications achieved the best results, followed by treatment with alternation of chemicals (methomyl, bifenthrin, thiodicarb and endosulfan) and biorational insecticides (neem oil, azadirachtin and Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki var. Berliner). Predators, including lady beetles, lacewings, spiders and predatory bugs, were insensitive to Aza, tooseendanin (Tsdn) andBT applications. In contrast, chemicals were very destructive of predators. All treatments provided some protection from infestation of H. armigera and H. puntigera. The effect of Aza on Helicoverpa spp. was reflected in a relatively higher yield of seed cotton harvested from Aza-treated plots compared with the control, but chemical control achieved significantly higher yields than any other treatment.     

RH—2485对棉铃虫的室内药效试验

利用Rohm and Haas公司1996年推出的一种非甾醇类蜕皮激素竞争物RH-2485,用点滴法和喷雾法对棉铃虫防治效果进行了室内研究。结果表明,RH-2485可以引起棉铃虫非正常蜕皮。用25、50、100和150mg/L的RH-2485异丙醇溶液对2龄幼虫进行喷雾,阳性反应率为43.6％～94.9％。用RH-2485异丙醇溶液对6龄初蜕皮幼虫(进入6龄不超过1h)进行点滴,剂量为1、30、60、100和200ng/头,24h后阳性反应率为0～83.33％,而15d后的最终反应率为15.38％～96.67％。研究结果显示RH-2485对棉铃虫有显著引起非正常蜕皮的作用,可用于棉铃虫田间防治试验。     

Effect of pretreatment with piperonyl butoxide on pyrethroid efficacy against insecticide-resistant Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Bemisia tabaci (Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae)

Pyrethroid resistance in B-type Bemisia tabaci Gennadius and Australian Helicoverpa armigera Hübner field populations is primarily conferred by esterase isoenzymes which metabolise and sequester pyrethroid insecticides. It has been shown previously that pyrethroid resistance-associated esterases in H. armigera are inhibited by the insecticide synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) over a 22-h period. It is demonstrated here that similar inhibition can be obtained against B-type B. tabaci. Small-scale field trials showed excellent levels of pyrethroid control when insects were pretreated with PBO and then dosed with pyrethroid during the time of maximum esterase inhibition. These results demonstrate that PBO can restore pyrethroid efficacy in the field against both B-type B. tabaci and resistant H. armigera.     

河南北部稻蛀茎夜蛾的发生规律研究初报

随着全球气候变暖,昆虫分布及越冬地域也在发生变化。稻蛀茎夜蛾Sesamia inferens(Walker)的越冬北限在20世纪80年代被认为不过北纬34°线,近年发现该虫在更北的黄淮海夏玉米-小麦轮作种植区新乡市(北纬35°)发生为害,为该种植模式下发生的新害虫。为了准确监测,科学、有效地制定该害虫的防治对策,本研究对河南北部地区稻蛀茎夜蛾的发生为害规律及生活史进行了初步调查。结果表明:稻蛀茎夜蛾可以在小麦-玉米轮作的条件下顺利完成生活史,其中在河南新乡该虫为害穗期玉米并顺利越冬的事实是首次报道。应用灯光监测并结合田间幼虫调查发现,当地稻蛀茎夜蛾一年发生3代。越冬代幼虫化蛹后在4月中下旬开始羽化,羽化的成虫在小麦或早春玉米上产卵,第1代幼虫主要为害春玉米和小麦,6月中旬第1代成虫开始羽化飞往夏玉米田内产卵,幼虫主要为害夏玉米幼苗。第2代幼虫化蛹后于8月初开始羽化形成第2代成虫,产卵孵化后的幼虫主要钻蛀夏玉米穗和茎秆,9月下旬幼虫陆续沿茎秆钻入玉米残桩基部越冬。综合调查结果,绘制了河南北部地区稻蛀茎夜蛾的年生活史表。     

Efficacy of insecticides against the Rice Stem-borer,Chilo suppressalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), and use of sex pheromones to time accurately the yearly application

Larvae of the Rice Stem-borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker), cause extensive crop losses worldwide. Since pesticide application is the major management tactic in China, judicious timing of a minimal dose of insecticides is important in developing an IPM program for that pest. Pheromone trap captures of male moths were used to time the single insecticide application in two seasons (2010 and 2011). In 2010, six pesticides – deltamethrin, cygon, chlorpyrifos, cartap, fipronil, and esfenvalerate – gave >90% control of stem-borers, and reduced damage to less than 5.0%. In 2011, control exceeding 90% and a damage level of <5.0% and was achieved with 0.35 kg/ha deltamethrin and chlorpyrifos. Cygon, at either 0.30 or 0.35 kg/ha, provided control exceeding 90% and a damage level of <4.0%. With the proviso that the impact of insecticides on biological control agents remains to be investigated, these three insecticides are recommended for use by Chinese rice farmers.     

Comparative biological activities of a plaque-purified variant and a Turkish native isolate of SpliNPV-B against Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The noctuid moth Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) is an important pest of many cultivated plants worldwide and five different geographical Nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) strains of this pest have been isolated to date. Two of these, a plaque-purified variant of the S. littoralis NPV from Morocco (SpliNPV-M2) and a SpliNPV isolated from field-infected S. littoralis larvae found in Turkey (SpliNPV-TR1), were compared biologically in terms of infectiveness (median lethal dose, LD50) for third instars and in terms of virulence (median lethal time, LT50) for neonates and third-instar S. littoralis larvae. The LD50 values of SpliNPV-TR1 and SpliNPV-M2 were 20.73 and 185.21 occlusion bodies (OBs)/larva, respectively, with non-overlapping confidence limits indicating they were significantly different. Thus, SpliNPV-M2 was found to be significantly less infective (about nine times higher LD50) than SpliNPV-TR1. The LT50 values of neonates for SpliNPV-M2 and SpliNPV-TR1 were 37 and 43.9 h at a concentration of 10(6) OBs ml(-1), respectively. For these same isolates, the LT50 values at a concentration of 3 x 10(6) OBs ml(-1) were calculated as 35.6 and 41.7 h, respectively. The LT(50) values of third instars for SpliNPV-M2 and SpliNPV-TR1 were 147.4 and 160.5 h, respectively, at a dose of 3000 OBs/larva and 145.4 and 152.4 h, respectively, for the same isolates at a dose of 20,000 OBs/larva. On the other hand, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) revealed a lack of lethality of the SpliNPV-TR1 isolate.     

Resistance of Pakistani field populations of spotted bollworm Earias vittella (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to pyrethroid,organophosphorus and new chemical insecticides

BACKGROUND: The spotted bollworm Earias vittella (Fab.) is a serious pest of cotton and okra in Pakistan. Owing to persistent use of insecticides, this pest has developed resistance, especially to pyrethroids. The present studies aimed at determining the extent of resistance to pyrethroid, organophosphorus and new chemical insecticides in Pakistani populations of E. vittella. RESULTS: Field populations of E. vittella were monitored at Multan, Pakistan, from 1999 to 2007 for their resistance against six pyrethroid, four organophosphorus and six new chemical insecticides using a leaf‐dip bioassay. Of the pyrethroids, resistance was generally low to zeta‐cypermethrin and moderate to high or very high to cypermethrin, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, bifenthrin and lambda‐cyhalothrin. Resistance to organophosphates chlorpyrifos, profenofos, triazophos and phoxim was recorded at very low to low levels. Among new chemicals, E. vittella had no or a very low resistance to spinosad, emamectin benzoate and methoxyfenozide, a very low to low resistance to abamectin, a very low to moderate resistance to indoxacarb and a moderate resistance to chlorfenapyr. CONCLUSION: The results indicate a lack of cross‐resistance between pyrethroid and organophosphorus insecticides in E. vittella. Rotation of insecticides showing no, very low or low resistance, but belonging to different insecticide classes with unrelated modes of action, may prevent or mitigate insecticide resistance in E. vittella. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

北京地区粘虫对5种杀虫剂的抗药性

采用浸叶法测定了北京地区6个粘虫Mythimna separata(Walker)田间种群对5种不同类型杀虫剂的抗药性。结果表明:与相对敏感品系相比,6个田间种群对5种杀虫剂均表现出不同程度的抗性水平。其中,对氯虫苯甲酰胺(抗性倍数为1.314~4.213)、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐(抗性倍数为1.000~4.385)和毒死蜱(抗性倍数为1.083~5.936)表现为敏感至低水平抗性;对虫螨腈(抗性倍数为1.355~20.80)和氯氟氰菊酯(抗性倍数为1.748~13.98)表现为敏感至中等水平抗性。因此,北京地区的粘虫防治应注重将氯虫苯甲酰胺、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和毒死蜱与虫螨腈或氯氟氰菊酯交替或轮换使用,以延缓抗药性的产生与发展。     

Potentiation/antagonism of deltamethrin and cypermethrins with organophosphate insecticides in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The joint action of pyrethroids deltamethrin and cypermethrins in combination with organophosphates ethion, profenofos, chlorpyrifos, quinalphos, and triazophos was studied on putatively resistant field populations of Helicoverpa armigera from Pakistan by using a leaf-dip method. Ethion produced a good potentiation with deltamethrin, cypermethrin, alphacypermethrin, and zetacypermethrin, whereas profenofos, chlorpyrifos, quinalphos, and triazophos exhibited an antagonism with deltamethrin as well as cypermethrins. Implications of using mixtures for counteracting insecticide resistance are discussed.     

Optical brightener M2R destroys the peritrophic membrane of Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae

Observations under an environmental scanning electron microscope showed that the peritrophic membrane (PM) of Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) was smooth without pores, but there were many pores and slits in the PM of larvae fed with 10 g L(-1) optical brightener Calcofluor white M2R. After incubation of S. exigua PM in vitro with 10 g L(-1) M2R, a significant amount of proteins was released from the PM structure. M2R disrupted the structure of larval PM, resulting in greatly increased permeability and increased larval susceptibility to Syngrapha falcifera multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus infection. Continuous feeding of larvae on a diet treated with a 10 g L(-1) M2R solution significantly retarded larval development and resulted in high mortality. The destructive effect of M2R on PM was transient and reversible, depending on the presence of M2R within the midgut.     

国外草地贪夜蛾化学防治技术的研究与应用

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith)是一种适应性和迁徙能力很强的农业害虫,并具有暴发为害的特点。几十年来,化学防治一直是防治草地贪夜蛾的重要技术措施。20世纪80年代以前,美洲国家防治草地贪夜蛾以有机磷类和氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂为主;随后拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂得到了广泛使用;20世纪90年代中后期,美洲特别是美国推广种植转基因Bt玉米后,防治草地贪夜蛾杀虫剂的用量显著减少;近年来,甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、乙基多杀菌素、除虫脲、虱螨脲、茚虫威、氯虫苯甲酰胺、氟苯虫酰胺、溴氰虫酰胺等一系列新型杀虫剂品种在防治草地贪夜蛾中发挥了突出的作用。伴随着不同种类杀虫剂的使用,草地贪夜蛾对杀虫剂抗性也相应地呈现出明显的变化,20世纪80年代后,美洲的草地贪夜蛾先后对有机磷类和氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂产生了抗药性,截至2017年,美洲地区的草地贪夜蛾至少对包括氨基甲酸酯类、有机磷类、拟除虫菊酯类及Bt杀虫蛋白等不同类型共29种杀虫剂产生了抗药性;2016年,采自北美洲波多黎各的草地贪夜蛾田间种群对双酰胺类杀虫剂氟苯虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺抗性倍数最高分别达500倍和160倍。草地贪夜蛾的抗药性机制主要是解毒代谢增强和靶标基因突变。种子处理可以预防作物苗期草地贪夜蛾的为害,并且有利于天敌保护。雾滴粒径不仅影响杀虫剂对草地贪夜蛾的防治效果,还影响草地贪夜蛾对杀虫剂抗药性的发展,因此,防治田间草地贪夜蛾适宜采用细雾喷雾方式。使用得当,化学杀虫剂可以与天敌和生物杀虫剂协同增效防治草地贪夜蛾。航空施药要和地面施药联合使用才能对玉米田严重发生的草地贪夜蛾达到好的防治效果。