The Experimental Application of Insecticides from a Helicopter for the Control of Riverine Populations of Glossina tachinoides in West Africa. VI. Observations on Side-Effects

Abstract

The experimental application by helicopter of six insecticides to riverine forest galleries of the Komoe River in Upper Volta against Glossina tachinoides Westw. was monitored for its effects upon non-target organisms, in particular birds, fish, insects and crustaceans inhabiting the experimental area. There was no recognisable mortality associated with applications of these insecticides on birds or fish. Aerosol applications of permethrin and decamethrin produced mortalities in two species of crustacea and very high mortalities occurred from a residual treatment of decamethrin at 12.5 g a.i./ha.     

Second International Symposium of the European Weed Research Society,Uppsala, August 1977

Abstract

The results of a discriminative spray application of decamethrin from a helicopter to fringing forest habitats of Glossina tachinoides in the Komoe valley, Upper Volta, are described. The insecticide formulated as a 2.5% emulsion concentrate was diluted with river water and applied from a Bell 47G-4A helicopter to the fringing forests of a 14 km long stretch of the River Komoe at a dosage of 12.5 g a.i./ha. The insecticide application equipment was so adjusted that when the helicopter was flown at 30 km/h, the effective swath width was about 30 m and the vmd of emitted spray was c.150 μm. Insecticide swaths were applied to the inner edges of fringing forests that were up to 100 m wide. Forests wider than 100 m received an additional insecticide swath.

The experimental area was protected from reinvasion by the establishment of dieldrin barriers at its extremities and along some tributaries and woodland/floodplain ecotones. The dieldrin was applied by the same method as was used to apply the decamethrin. The single discriminative application of decamethrin was extremely effective in controlling G. tachinoides for a period of at least 38 days, at the end of which time the wet season had commenced and there was evidence that flies were entering the experimental area from nearby unsprayed areas. The authors discuss the possible practical applications of the technique and make suggestions on how it might possibly be refined in order to reduce undesirable river water contamination and operational costs. The authors draw attention to the need for field trials, such as that reported upon, to be conducted on a sufficiently large scale and for the experimental areas to be well protected against reinvasion, if meaningful evaluation data are to be obtained.     

The Experimental Application of Insecticides from a Helicopter for the Control of Riverine Populations of Glossina tachinoides in West Africa. I. Objectives,Experimental Area and Insecticides Evaluated

Abstract

The rationale is presented for the development of techniques for applying insecticides by helicopter in small-scale field trials against Glossina tachinoides, an important vector of human sleeping sickness. This approach has been adopted in view of the difficulty of applying non-residual insecticides to the riverine forest habitat by fixed-wing aircraft and the need to test the efficacy of new insecticides to ascertain effective dosages. Six insecticides were tested; endosulfan, decamethrin, permethrin, azamethiphos tetrachlorvinphos and fenthion. The trials were carried out in the River Komoe valley, a typical humid savanna area with savanna woodland, woodland/floodplain ecotones, moist riverine forest and dry forest as the main vegetation types. Glossina tachinoides was the only tsetse fly present in sufficient numbers for it to be used for evaluation in the trials, it feeds on bushbuck and carries Trypanosoma grayi, a parasite of crocodiles and Varanus spp. The area was divided into an untreated control zone, droplet penetration study area and experimental airspray blocks. Prior to the trials themselves it was necessary to undertake equipment tests and droplet size and spray penetration studies in selected typical riverine forest habitats; to determine the most effective method of aerosol application in the riverine forest and to ascertain, through meteorological studies, the most appropriate time of day to apply the pesticide. It was also necessary to monitor the effects of the insecticide applications on the non-target organisms inhabitating or associated with the gallery forest. Detailed reports of these activities are given in accompanying papers.     

Insecticide resistance management of permethrin and acephate against the cowpea curculio,Chalcodermus aeneus Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a pest of the southern pea,Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.

To evaluate strategies for management of potential resistance of the cowpea curculio, Chalcodermus aeneus Boheman, to sprayer‐applied permethrin and acephate, five management regimes were evaluated on early, midseason and late sequential plantings of southern peas, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. during 1991–1993. Management regimes were: (1) consecutive permethrin (0.11 kg a.i./ha early‐midseason‐late); (2) consecutive acephate (1.1 kg a.i.ha early‐midseason‐late); (3) consecutive mixture (0.055kg a.i./ha permethrin and 0.55kg a.i./ha acephate early‐midseason‐late); (4) alternation (0.11 kg a.i./ha permethrin early and 1.1 kg a.i./ha acephate midseason and late plantings); and (5) an untreated check early, midseason and late. The effect of management regime on the toxicities (LC₅₀) of permethrin and acephate was determined by topical application to next generation adult cowpea curculios reared from infested southern pea pods harvested from untreated plants in the management fields. In the field, infestation varied more by planting date than by management regime. Toxicity of permethrin to adults selected in the consecutive mixture regime was significantly lower in 1991 and 1992 late season and in 1993 midseason than in early season for the respective years. There was a seasonal decrease in the laboratory toxicity of acephate to adults with all management regimes.     

溴氰虫酰胺对小菜蛾的田间防效及其在花椰菜中的残留与消解动态

通过田间试验研究了溴氰虫酰胺对小菜蛾的田间防效,分析了露地栽培条件下溴氰虫酰胺在花椰菜上的消解动态和最终残留情况。结果表明:田间药效试验中10%溴氰虫酰胺可分散油悬浮剂按推荐高剂量（有效成分21 g/hm2）施药后24 h~7 d对小菜蛾的防效为92.8%~98.3%;按2倍推荐高剂量（有效成分42 g/hm2）施药,溴氰虫酰胺在花椰菜上的消解半衰期为3.86 d,其残留超标风险与田间用药量、用药次数正相关。建议生产中采用10%溴氰虫酰胺可分散油悬浮剂以有效成分21 g/hm2的剂量用药,每季最多施药2次,露地栽培条件下花椰菜上安全间隔期为3 d。     

The effects of helicopter applied adulticides for riverine tsetse control on Simulium populations in a West African savanna habitat. I. introduction,methods and the effect on biting adults and aquatic stages of Simulium damnosum s.l.

Abstract

Helicopter applied insecticides used for tsetse control were investigated for their potential to reduce populations of Simulium damnosum s.l. in riverine forest in the Guinea savanna zone of southwestern Upper Volta. Populations of aquatic stages and biting females were sampled before and after spraying. Deltamethrin applied at 12·5 g a.i./ha to a 30 km length of riverine vegetation almost eliminated adults for a period of about nine days. Residues which fell into the water killed all larvae in the river. Endosulfan at 100 g a.i./ha applied to a similar stretch of vegetation caused a reduction of over 60% in biting adults for 11 days, but residues falling into the river killed only young larvae. Neither dieldrin at 400 g a.i./ha, endosulfan at 10 g a.i./ha nor deltamethrin at 12.5 g a.i./ha applied to a 5 km insecticide barrier between the experimental blocks and the untreated river appeared to have much effect. This suggests that most S. damnosum were traversing the barrier without coming into contact with the insecticides.     

Studies on very-low volume (VLV) water-based sprays for the control of cotton pests

We evaluated, water-based very-low volume (VLV) sprays of various pyrethroids at different dosage levels, comparing these with ultra-low volume (ULV) sprays for the control of cotton pests in the Nampula province of Mozambique. The results showed that karate (lambda-cyhalothrin) 2.5% SG at a dosage level of 15 g a.i./ha applied as VLV gave a significantly higher yield than karate 0.8% ULV (28 g a.i./ha). Also, karate 3.75% WG (12 and 15 g a.i./ha) gave a similar yield to that of karate 0.8% ULV (28 g a.i./ha). Karate 5% EC (15 and 20 g a.i./ha) gave a yield similar to Karate 0.8% ULV (28 g a.i./ha). Baythroid (cyfluthrin) 5% EC at 15, 22.5 and 30 g a.i./ha gave a yield similar to baythroid 1.2% ULV (36 g a.i./ha). Bulldock (beta-cyfluthrin) 12.5% SC at dosage levels of 6, 9 and 12 g a.i./ha gave a similar yield to that using baythroid 1.2% ULV (36 g a.i./ha). In all four trials, water-based VLV sprays gave a yield of cotton and degree of pest-control similar to those obtained with the ULV formulations at comparatively lower dosage levels. Integrated with other pest management practices, these could play an important role in the cost effective management of insect pests of cotton on small-scale farms in many countries.     

Toxicity of some insecticides to Apanteles plutellae a parasite of the diamond back moth∗

Abstract

The susceptibility of adults and cocooned stages of Apanteles plutellae Kurdj. (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) to four synthetic pyrethroid insecticides and five other chemical insecticides was tested. The chemicals, formulated as emulsifiable concentrates, were decamethrin (0.0014%), permethrin (0.01%), fenvalerate (0.01%), cypermethrin (0.005%), dichlorvos (0.05%), monocrotophos (0.05%), endosulfan (0.05%), phosalone (0.05%) and quinalphos (0.05%). Adults were exposed for 6 h to filter paper impregnated with insecticide solution and were then transferred to untreated vials for observation. Cocoons were sprayed with the chemicals by means of a glass atomiser and held for adult emergence. The pyrethroid formulations and phosalone had little or no harmful effect on the adults and cocooned stages of A. plutellae but quinalphos was highly toxic to all stages tested. Dichlorvos, monocrotophos and endosulfan were highly toxic to adults but relatively safe for the cocooned stages.     

Control of tomato leafminer (Scrobipalpula absoluta) in Bolivia

Abstract

The leafminer Scrobipalpula absoluta Meyr. is a serious pest of tomatoes in the Los Valles region of the eastern foothills of the Bolivian Andes. An initial insecticide screening trial showed that the local population of S. absoluta had developed a high resistance to organophosphorous insecticides. Soil‐applied carbamates and Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner were also ineffective. Further trials were carried out to establish the optimum rates and timing of applications of two synthetic pyrethroids, fenvalerate and permethrin. The results showed that organophosphate‐resistant S. absoluta can be satisfactorily controlled under commercial growing conditions with tow doses of pyrethroid insecticides. Permethrin had greater toxicity and persistence than fenvalerate, and could be applied at longer intervals. It is recommended that permethrin, either as Ambush 50 e.c. at 100 ml/ha or as Pounce 30 e.c. at 170 ml/ha, be applied weekly or at 10–14‐day intervals at the beginning of the season or when infestations and damage are light.     

Effectiveness of deltamethrin for protecting olives from attack by the beetle Phloeotribus scarabaeoides (Scolytidae)

Deltamethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide, was tested in both the laboratory and the field, with the aim of controlling the olive bark beetle, Phloeotribus scarabaeoides (Bernard), in living olive trees. In the laboratory, bark beetle adults were exposed to olive twigs treated with different concentrations of deltamethrin. Among these concentrations, dosage at 0.05% produced 100% mortality in the scolytids after 13 weeks. This dosage of deltamethrin, applied in the field, protected olive trees from scolytid attack during the whole emergence period.     

Studies on the Efficacy of Various Insecticides Against Mustard Aphid [Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt)]

Abstract

An experiment was designed to test the efficacy of various insecticides for the control of mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt)) on mustard (Brassica juncea), variety RL 18 at the Research Farm of the Haryana Agricultural University, Hissar (India). Out of the 13 insecticides tried, each at two levels, it was found that methyldemeton 250 ml and menazon 250 g a.i. gave the maximum control of mustard aphid. Maximum yield of 1111 kg/ha was obtained with methyldemeton 250 ml (a.i./ha) against 360 kg/ha of the control.     

Pesticide Application Equipment

Abstract

Studies on the use of 22 chemical attractants for Glossina tachinoides were undertaken in Côte d'Ivoire following earlier work on G. m. morsitans and G. pallidipes in Zimbabwe. While catches of G. m. morsitans and G. pallidipes increased by several times when traps were baited with some of these substances, catches of G. tachinoides were only marginally increased. G. tachinoides is slightly attracted by octenol and acetone, alone or in combination, and its response to CO₂ is much weaker than that of the species tested in Zimbabwe. Phenol and indol mixtures both showed dose‐response relationships with catch. The indols were more potent in the lowest of the tested dosages (catch increase of 52%, P < 0001) whereas the phenols showed better attractiveness in their higher concentrations (catch increase of 42%, P < 0.05). Odour is probably less important in host finding for the riverine species G. tachinoides than it is for the savanna species studied in Zimbabwe.     

Evaluation of fipronil nanoformulations for effective management of brown plant hopper (Nilaparvata lugens) in rice

In this paper, we report the development, characterization and bioefficacy evaluation of fipronil nanoformulations against brown plant hopper (BPH); Nilaparvata lugens in rice. Nanoformulations were characterized for nanosizing and stability under variable conditions. Bioefficacy of nanoformulations were evaluated under field condition at farms of Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi during Kharif 2015. At milking stage BPH populations were above economic threshold level; followed by foliar application of fipronil nanoformulations at four doses (viz., 30, 45, 60 and 90 g a.i./ha) along with commercial formulation of fipronil. The mean mortality clearly indicated that all the insecticidal treatments were significantly superior over untreated control where, highest mortalities were observed in nanodispersions followed by monolithic dispersion and commercial formulation of fipronil. Treated plots 7 days after application @ 60 g a.i./ha has shown 93.47%, 86.89% and 80.47% reduction BPH population in nanodispersion, encapsulated monolithic dispersion and commercial formulation treated plots respectively. In comparison to commercial formulation @ 60 g a.i./ha yield has increased by 0.56 t ha^?1 (28.76%) and 0.26 t ha^?1 (14.04%) in nanodispersion and monolithic dispersion.     

Control of Sugarcane Pyrilla and Whitefly by Aerial Application of Emulsifiable Concentrates at Ultra-Low-Volume

Abstract

Large scale field trials were undertaken with emulsifiable concentrates of different organophosphorus insecticides to control Pyrilla and whitefly, two serious pests of the sugarcane crop in the Peshawar Division of West Pakistan. All emulsifiable concentrates excepting Dimecron were applied in concentrate form without diluting with water. Of the seven insecticides tested against Pyrilla adults and nymphs, Dimecron, Lebaycid, Nexion (Bromophos) and Malathion gave superior control. In the case of whitefly, Dimecron, Lebaycid and Malathion gave almost equal mortality of adults and 3rd instar nymphs when applied at 8, 8 and 17 oz a.i./ac respectively, but much higher dosages would be required to get satisfactory control of the 4th instar nymphs. The cost of operations for the ultra-low-volume technique (excluding cost of insecticide) was 66% less than for the conventional method.     

Efficacy of malathion seed treatments for chironomid control in aerially‐sown rice crops

Abstract

Malathion seed treatments were evaluated as a means of protecting aerially‐sown rice from attack by Chironomus tepperi Skuse and other chironomids in New South Wales, Australia. Four treatments were examined: malathion applied to seed at 150, 300, and 450 ga.i/ha, and malathion applied directly to water at 300 ga.i./ha. Chironominae were significantly suppressed for 10 days by all treatments, but populations were often significantly above control levels at 20 and 25 days post‐treatment. None of the treatments significantly reduced other chironomids(predominantly Tanypodinae) at any stage of the trial. Emergence trap data from control and water treatment bays showed that there was, in practical terms, only a single generation of C. tepperi during crop establishment, and that malathion applied directly to water at 300 ga.i./ha almost completely eliminated adult emergence in this species. Bioassays of field‐collected water samples showed that malathion dissipates readily from seed into the water column. Toxicity profiles over time for the 150 and 300 g a.i./ha seed treatments were statistically similar to that for the 300 ga.i./ha water treatment. Although the 450 ga.i./ha seed treatment provided slightly longer residual toxicity, control was not enhanced sufficiently to justify an increase in the existing application rate of 300 ga.i./ha.     

The effect of Alsystin (triflumuron) on larvae of the migratory locustLocusta migratoria migratorioides Investigations carried out in the semi-desert area of Sudan's Red Sea Province

The effects of Alsystin were tested onLocusta migratoria migratorioides larvae in stages 2–4 in field cage-trials carried out in the semi-desert area of the Red Sea Province of Sudan. The mortality rates achieved (between 60% and 90%) increased with the dosage used (between 10 and 80 g a. i./ha). However, these values were only reached 18 days after treatment. The most frequently observed defect in the dead larvae was a soft, incompletely hardened cuticle, often ruptured at the intersegmental membranes. Application of Alsystin caused no detectable reduction in the locusts' feeding activity. Consequently, the crop plants in the cages (Pennisetum) were completely consumed during the 20-day experimental period.In Freiland-Käfig-Versuchen wurde in der Rote-Meer-Provinz des Sudan die Wirkung von Alsystin aufLocusta migratoria migratorioides-Larven der Stadien L₂–L₄ getestet. Dabei wurden dosisabhängig (die Aufwandsmengen lagen zwischen 10 und 80 g a. i./ha) Mortalitätsraten zwischen 60 und 90% erzielt. Jedoch wurden diese Werte erst 18 Tage nach Applikation erreicht. Bei den gestorbenen Larven traten als häufigste Schädigungen eine nicht ausgehärtete bzw. geplatzte Cuticula auf. Die Applikation von Alsystin bewirkte keine Verringerung der Fraßaktivität. Als Folge hiervon wurden die in den Käfigen vorhandenen Kulturpflanzen (Pennisetum) während der 20tägigen Versuchsdauer vollständig aufgefressen.

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With 4 figures     

Efficacy of selected pesticides against synanthropic mites under laboratory assay

BACKGROUND: The efficacies of organophosphate pesticides, single‐compound versus multicompound pyrethroid formulations and relatively novel unclassified insecticides/acaricides were compared to find the lowest dosage and highest efficacy for the control of Dermatophagoides farina (Hughes), D. pteronyssinus (Trouessart) and Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank). Formulated active ingredients (AIs) were diluted in water and applied onto filter paper in experimental chambers with ten unsexed adult mites in six replicates. Mite mortality was checked after 24 h. The security index (SI) was calculated for all of the AIs by dividing the recommended rate by the LD₉₀ determined for each species. RESULTS: The tested organophosphates had high LD₉₀ and low SI values. The single‐compound pyrethroids were ineffective (deltamethrin and beta‐cyfluthrin) or had high LD₉₀ and low SI values (cyphenothrin, permethrin, pyrethrum and bifenthrin). The multicompound miticides had low LD₉₀ and high SI values which increased from deltamethrin/S‐bioallethrin to permethrin/S‐bioallethrin/piperonyl butoxide to permethrin/pyriproxyfen/benzyl benzoate. Abamectin, pyridaben, propargite and flufenoxuron were highly active against Dermatophagoides spp. Neem (Acarosan duo) was highly active against all mite species tested. CONCLUSION: The available formulations of multicompound pyrethroids (permethrin/S‐bioallethrin/piperonyl butoxide, permethrin/pyriproxyfen/benzyl benzoate), benzyl benzoate, neem and some field acaricides are effective in suppression of synanthropic mites in laboratory assays. Their LD₉₀ are lower than those of traditionally used organophosphates or single‐compound pyrethroid formulations. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Foraging mode: a factor affecting the susceptibility of spiders (Araneae) to insecticide applications

Field experiments have revealed that some species of spiders are more sensitive to insecticides than others. Among many factors influencing their susceptibility, foraging mode seems to play an important role. Aspects of foraging mode that appear to be relevant are whether the spider is diurnal or nocturnal, a hunter or a web-maker. Six spider species, Araniella opisthographa, Clubiona neglecta, Dictyna uncinata, Pardosa agrestis, Philodromus cespitum and Theridion impressum were used in the study. P agrestis and P cespitum are diurnal hunters that may come into direct contact with insecticide. C neglecta is nocturnal and so is exposed to residues only. The remaining three species are web-makers building webs that vary in the extent to which they can protect the spider from direct spray. The effect of sprays was tested under laboratory conditions (Potter tower) with three commercial insecticides, an insect growth regulator (hexaflumuron), a selective organophosphorus (phosalone) and a non-selective pyrethroid insecticide (permethrin) using a four-day exposure period. Data were analysed using bootstrap method and randomization tests. The results obtained showed that hunting spiders were more susceptible to the insecticides tested than web-makers (in their webs). Diurnal hunting spiders (Philodromus and Pardosa) were severely affected only by permethrin. A high mortality was observed for the nocturnal hunter, Clubiona, after application of phosalone and permethrin. This species appears to be very sensitive to residues of both insecticides. Comparing the effect on web-making spiders, with and without webs, it was observed that the sparse orb-web of Araniella did not protect its owner at all, but the dense cribellate and frame-webs of Dictyna and Theridion, respectively, reduced the mortality caused by permethrin significantly in comparison with specimens without webs. Of other factors studied, posture (normal and upside-down position) did not influence the susceptibility. Mortality increased slightly with body size after permethrin application. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Toxicity and dissipation of soil insecticides applied in the management of arecanut white grub, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Leucopholis burmeisteri</Emphasis> Brenk. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

White grubs, Leucopholis spp. are subterranean pests of arecanut grown in South India. Grub infestation leads to yellowing, stem tapering, and crown size and yield reduction. Use of chemical insecticide to mage the white grubs gives varying degree of success. Hence an attempt was made to screen newer and safer insecticides. Imidacloprid (LC₅₀ at 120 h = 16.849 ppm on III instar larvae), chlorpyriphos (LC₅₀ = 14.242) and bifenthrin (LC₅₀ = 12.797 ppm) were identified as effective insecticides. Evaluation of these insecticide in the field over two year period indicated the following efficacy in reducing larval population: chlorpyriphos @ 4 kg a.i/ha (83.31%) > bifenthrin @ 4 kg a.i./ha (82.83%) > imidacloprid @ 0.24 kg a.i./ha (75.84%) > bifenthrin @ 2 kg a.i./ ha (74.26%) > chlorpyriphos @ 2 kg a.i./ha (69.15%) > chlorpyriphos @ 1 kg a.i./ha (61.79%) > imidacloprid @ 0.12 kg a.i./ha (56.54%) > bifenthrin @ 1 kg a.i./ha (54.34%) > imidacloprid @ 0.06 kg a.i./ha (41.47%). Bifenthrin in soil persisted for a longer period than chlorpyriphos. On the day of application, 59.46 ppm bifenthrin residue was recovered from soil. On 10th day, it was 7.29 ppm which decreased to 2.59 ppm on 30th day and was beyond detection limit on 65th day. Chlorpyriphos exhibited a rapid degradation in the initial stage; 27.46 ppm residue on the day of application, which further reduced to 0.964 ppm on 10th day, and was below the detection limit on the 30th day. Growth of Trichoderma harzianum was not affected by bifenthrin even up to 40 ppm concentration. However, chlorpyriphos affected the growth of Trichoderma at higher than 5 ppm dose. Similarly, imidacloprid inhibited the colony growth from 2 ppm onwards. Having high lipophylic property and contact toxicity, bifenthrin would be an ideal alternative insecticide to chlorpyriphos for the management of white grubs in palm garden, which is safe and long persisting.