International Workshop on the Cassava Mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti M'vuazi,Zaire, June 1977

Abstract

A less labour‐intensive method for mass rearing of Orseolia oryzivora H. &; G. is described. This technique uses a mist chamber system that needs minimal supervision. The complete life cycle of O. oryzivora lasts from 26 to 36 days with a sex ratio of one male to two females. When 23–27 females were released per cage, 100% of the rice plants developed silver shoots. In varietal screenings, three to seven females can be released per cage, resulting in 85–90% infestation of the susceptible cultivars.     

A novel method for rearing the progeny of wild mediterranean fruit flies using artificial fruit

A technique for rearing the progeny of wildCeratitis capitata flies was developed. The method is based on wild captured flies which are allowed to oviposit in artificial fruit containing larval rearing medium. Flies develop in the fruit from eggs to last larval instar, then exit the fruit and pupate within vermiculite. This method was shown to be feasible and efficient, and to increase considerably the number of wild flies for testing purposes. Possible contribution to the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) and potential applications of the method are discussed.     

天敌昆虫东亚小花蝽研究进展与展望

东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri是一种应用价值较高的捕食性天敌，因其具有分布范围广、捕食能力强等优点，在农林害虫生物防治中发挥着越来越重要的作用。该文综合分析国内外近几十年东亚小花蝽的研究进展，主要从其形态特征、生活史、环境适应性、捕食能力、人工饲养及应用等方面进行综述，并对其应用前景和进一步的研究方向进行展望，以期为东亚小花蝽的规模繁育和释放应用提供依据。     

Suitability of different artificial diets for development and survival of stages of the predaceous ladybird beetle <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eriopis connexa</Emphasis>

The ladybug Eriopis connexa (Germar) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is an important natural enemy of various pests. The potential of rearing it on 17 different diets was evaluated. The percentage of E. connexa adults was higher when its larvae received only eggs of Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) after freezing for 1 day (92.5%) or combined in artificial diets with honey and water (82.5% to 100.0%). The viability from larvae to adult was 72.5% with eggs of A. kuehniella (after 1 day’s freezing) plus an artificial diet based on pet food. No adults of E. connexa were obtained with artificial diets as a stand-alone food source. The duration of the larval period to adult of this predator was longer, but with low viability, with only A. kuehniella eggs (after 6 months’ freezing) or with eggs + artificial diets. Eggs of A. kuehniella (after 1 day’s freezing) supplied separately or along with artificial diets were more appropriate to rear E. connexa and both diets can be used for mass rearing of this natural enemy.     

Temperature-dependent parasitism and development in Aenasius arizonensis Girault (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), a solitary endoparasitoid of Phenacoccus solenopsis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

Ophmella communa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is a biological control agent of Ambrosia artemisiifolia (Asterales: Asteraceae). To reveal its climate adaptation, the effect of temperature on life traits of Aenasius arizonensis, a parasitoid of Phenacoccus solenopsis was studied. The results showed that both the highest parasitism and emergence rates of A. arizonensis were observed at 31 °C. The parasitism and emergence rates of the parasitoid significantly increased with the increasing temperature from 19 °C to 31 °C, but dropped when the temperature exceeded 31 °C. Female ratio reached a higher value at 19, 22, 31, 34 or 37 °C. The minimum threshold temperatures for female and male parasitoids were 11.5 and 11.2 °C, respectively. The effective accumulative temperatures for the parasitoid to develop from eggs to both female and male adults were 222.2 day-degrees. Since the highest parasitism rate, the highest emergence rate and a higher female ratio were observed at 31 °C, we conclude that the optimum temperature for mass rearing of A. arizonensis is 31 °C in the insectary based on the results of our study.     

Variability in response to toosendanin in a laboratory colony of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Trichoplusia ni</Emphasis>

Laboratory rearing of insects for scientific research ensures a constant supply of insects. However, laboratory colonies may diverge genetically and/or phenotypically from wild populations due to selection pressures in their artificial environment. This study examined how variation in a colony ofTrichoplusia ni influenced reproducibility over time of bioassays of toosendanin (a limonoid extracted from the bark ofMelia azedarach). In four of five experiments insect growth was reduced significantly (P=0.05) by the presence of toosendanin in the diet. The fifth experiment showed the same trend, but the effect was not significant. Mean larval mass of both control and treated insects also varied greatly among experiments. The considerable variability observed in this population highlights the importance of replicating experiments in time, and not just space, to confirm reproducibility of treatment effects. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Jan. 23, 2007.     

Contribution of Biological Control to Integrated Pest Management of Tephritid Fruit Flies in the Tropics and Subtropics

The biological control of pest tephritid flies using parasitoids has been successful in relatively few subtropical and tropical regions. The best documented successes were in Hawaii and Florida, USA, Fiji and southern Europe. There were relatively limited successes in Australia, Costa Rica and Mexico. With the accidental establishment of new pest tephritids, such as Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel) in Hawaii or Bactrocera papayae Drew and Hancock in Australia, foreign exploration for new parasitoids is essential. A renewal of interest in classical biological control has recently occurred, although not at the same level as in the 1940s and 1950s. New parasitoid species are currently being obtained for several tephritids, such as Ceratitis capitata (Weidemann), B. latifrons and Anastrepha suspensa (Loew). The advances in mass rearing and quality control technology for parasitoids has enabled researchers to perform large-scale field testing of these parasitoids to determine the potential of augmentative releases. Numerous studies on the augmentative release of parasitoids have been done. Historically, the larval—pupal parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) has been the most frequently studied parasitoid, due to the ease of rearing this species. However, recent successes in rearing other species with different biologies, e.g. the egg—pupal parasitoid Biosteres arisanus (Sonan), the gregarious eulophid, Tetrastichus giffardianus (Silvestri) and the pupal parasitoid, Coptera sp., will enable researchers to broaden the repertoire of parasitoid species for the future. Both successes and failures in augmentative releases have occurred. Without knowledge of the behavioural ecology of parasitoids, the reasons for success or failure can only be surmised. Recent research on the dispersal and host habitat finding of tephritid parasitoids will provide insights into improving augmentation and conservation strategies. The integrated pest management (IPM) of tephritid flies in the tropics has been less well-developed than research and programmes for tephritids in temperate zones. Significant emphasis is now being placed on the development of quarantine treatment methods that are environmentally sound; thus IPM will take a larger role. Several existing pest management strategies are reviewed which show the potential for compatibility with the activities of tephritid parasitoids. These include trap cropping, insecticides with selective toxicity to the target pests, mass trapping with parapheromones, the sterile insect technique and field sanitation.     

基于自然寄主的黑肩绿盲蝽大规模饲养技术

黑肩绿盲蝽Cyrtorhinus lividipennis（Reuter）是稻飞虱的重要捕食性天敌。研发黑肩绿盲蝽人工饲养技术对开展稻飞虱绿色可持续防控及其生物学基础研究具有重要作用。本研究采用水稻幼苗作为产卵寄主、以自然寄主褐飞虱作为猎物,从饲养器具、饲养流程及方法等方面建立了一套简便实用的黑肩绿盲蝽规模化饲养技术。利用该技术可连续饲养并提供龄期整齐的黑肩绿盲蝽成虫;经过6个月饲养,发现10 m²房间可日产黑肩绿盲蝽成虫1000～1600头。该饲养技术适合黑肩绿盲蝽的长期规模化饲养,同时也为其他捕食性天敌昆虫规模化饲养提供参考。     

东方实蝇蛹俑小蜂的大量养殖方法

本文介绍东方实蝇蛹俑小蜂的大量养殖方法,包括寄生蜂与寄主蝇蛹的养殖设备以及计数方法;并且提出养殖中的注意事项等。     

中华卵索线虫人工室内培养技术

为室内大量繁殖中华卵索线虫Ovomermis sinensis,采用个体由大到小的斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura、棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera和黏虫Mythimna separata作为宿主,测定被中华卵索线虫寄生后3种宿主的体长和体重,研究宿主种类对中华卵索线虫有效率、雌雄比和体长的影响以及寄生强度对线虫雌雄比的影响。结果显示,被中华卵索线虫寄生后,斜纹夜蛾、棉铃虫和黏虫生长减缓。在相同感染比例下（除宿主与线虫比为1∶15外）,3种宿主的线虫有效率之间差异不显著。当寄生强度为5时,3种宿主体内脱出的中华卵索线虫均为雌线虫;当寄生强度从10增到40时,斜纹夜蛾、棉铃虫和黏虫所脱出的雌性比分别由100.0%、90.0%、83.9%降为0;相同寄生强度下,从斜纹夜蛾体内脱出的雌性比显著高于从棉铃虫与黏虫体内脱出的雌性比。斜纹夜蛾、棉铃虫和黏虫体内脱出雌线虫和雄线虫平均体长分别为14.8、13.8、12.8 cm和8.0、7.5和7.5 cm。当中华卵索线虫与宿主按照比例20∶1～25∶1侵染斜纹夜蛾、按照15∶1侵染棉铃虫和黏虫时,能获得线虫最适雌雄比（1∶1...     

大麦虫作为替代寄主和人工饲料繁育花绒寄甲对其繁殖生物学的影响

花绒寄甲Dastarcus helophoroides是防治多种蛀干害虫天牛的重要天敌,为了解决人工大量繁育花绒寄甲的技术问题,本文选用大麦虫Zophobas atratus蛹作为繁育花绒寄甲幼虫的替代寄主,利用配置的人工饲料饲喂成虫,在实验室中连续饲养4代花绒寄甲,统计分析所繁育出的每代花绒寄甲成虫的产卵量、产卵前期...     

A Method for Baiting Corticium rolfsii and of Estimating the Sclerotial Population in Soil

Abstract

The use of tissue blocks of Xanthosoma sagittifolim for baiting Corticium rolfsii from soil is described. The baiting technique has been found efficient for gross estimation of the viable sclerotial content of air-dried soil. The results obtained by this method compare well with those determined by the sieving technique of Rodriguez-Kabana et al.     

茶毛虫实验种群生命表

通过室内饲养观察,测定各发育阶段的存活率、雌雄性比、产卵量,组建了茶毛虫(Euproctis pseudoconspersa)实验种群生命表.在(23.5±0.5)℃恒温条件下饲养,种群趋势指数为19.5;而卵至蛹前期在(23.5±0.5)℃恒温,蛹后期至成虫期分别在日平均温度18、23、27℃的自然变温条件下饲养,种群趋势指数分别为25.4、62.4和44.0,以日平均温度23℃的自然变温条件下种群趋势指数最高,为恒温条件下饲养的3.2倍.茶毛虫室内饲养的最适条件为卵～蛹前期在(23.5±0.5)℃恒温条件下饲养,成虫羽化后在日平均温度23℃的自然变温下饲养.     

Introduction of exotic parasitic wasps for the control of Liriomyza trifolii (Dipt., Agromyzidae) in Senegal

Abstract

Liriomyza trifolii Burgess had first been reported from Senegal in 1980. Field surveys in 1982 revealed its presence in all vegetable growing areas of the country, heaviest damage being registered in the Cap Vert. Five indigenous eulophids (larval parasitoids) plus five other rare parasitoids, frequently parasitized over 90% of the flies. These rates were higher in insecticide free fields, and very much above the 30–40% reported for 1981. The most important parasitoids were Hemiptarsensus semialbiclava (Girault), which dominated in the second half of the dry season, and two Chrysonotomyia spp., which were more abundant in the rainy season. Surveys for exotic parasitoids indicated Diaulinopsis callichroma Crawford from Trinidad to be a promising species for introduction in the New World. This parasitoid, together with eight other chalcidoids (mostly larval parasitoids) and two braconids (larval‐pupal parasitoids), were collected in the field or received from established insectary cultures. They were studied and shipped for rearing and release in Senegal. Nine species were released at the end of 1982 and in 1983. Many were recovered shortly after release, but only Opius dissitus Muesebeck was recovered in later samples and became relatively abundant.     

Valuation of gamma irradiation for proficient production of parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae & Eucoilidae) in the management of the peach fruit-fly,Bactrocera zonata (Saunders)

Recognizing the potential significance of using nuclear techniques in biological control, investigations were conducted on the rearing of parasitoids of the peach fruit-fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) (Diptera: Tephritidae) to lead to a greater flexibility in the use of irradiated hosts. For improving mass production of the biological control agents, the use of irradiated fruit-fly larvae at the dose of 15 Gy proved useful for enhancing the parasitism and adult emergence of the larval parasitoid, Trybliographa daci (Weld) (Hymenoptera: Eucoilidae) due to no negative repercussions on parasitoid development. Overall, parasitism by the parasitoid increased with age of the host larvae; however, significantly higher parasitism occurred on 4 d-old irradiated larvae of B. zonata compared to those aged 5 d. The female parasitoids preferred the irradiated larvae, and significantly higher numbers of larvae were parasitized compared with non-irradiated larvae. There was no significant difference in adult parasitoid emergence with respect to the sex of the host. A radiation level of 80 Gy was the best dose for rearing of the pupal parasitoid, Dirhinus giffardii (Silvestri) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) owing to broad tolerances in the use of irradiation for the rearing of fruit-fly's parasitoids. Percentage parasitism by D. giffardii varied with host pupal age, and the preference of the female parasitoid was lower on 48 h old host pharate pupae due to optimum size and mass of host. Present findings further revealed that the 24 h old host pupae of B. zonata were relatively more suitable for the maximum parasitism and progeny production of D. giffardii. Parasitisms by D. giffardii and T. daci were significantly higher on B. zonata host when parasitoids were released at a density of 3000 individuals per acre (7500 per hectares) than the other release rates of parasitoids for the management of fruit-flies in mango orchards. The implementation of these findings ought to help improve the mass production of parasitoids and the effectiveness of releases of biocontrol agents for control of B. zonata in mango plantations.     

一种优化的大螟人工饲料

通过添加玉米穗和水稻茎粉并改变其他饲料组分的比例,我们在前期研发的半合成人工饲料的基础上优化并发展了一种新的大螟人工饲料。大螟能在该饲料上成功完成世代发育,与取食天然寄主茭白相比,取食该人工饲料的大螟呈现较快的发育速率、高的幼虫存活率和成虫产卵量。可见,该饲料的饲养效果显著优于茭白,可适用于大螟的大规模饲养。     

改进米蛾饲养技术的研究

本文报道米蛾饲养技术的一些改进。用大盘直接饲养米蛾比先用小瓶接种再转入大盘饲养,可以增加出蛾数11—24%。每斤饲料接种2000米蛾卵比1500卵增加出蛾数31%。接种后用少量饲料复盖,比不复盖增加出蛾14.5%。在麦麸为主的饲料中加粮食细面10%或粮食细面和大豆粉各5%,饲养米蛾效果良好。出蛾率为56—62%,雌蛾率为54—60%,每雌产卵126-141粒,每斤饲料出蛾846-940头,得卵65000—74000粒,繁殖倍数可达43-49倍。高梁、白薯、王米、小麦的细面,大豆、花生、菜籽和芝麻的油饼,研细过筛,均可加在麦麸中以提高饲料的营养价值。用半量麦麸,半量谷糠、米糠或草木樨粉的饲料饲养米蛾,出蛾量和产卵量均显著降低。饲料的质量可以影响米蛾的出蛾数、性比、产卵数和生长发育速度。虽然从出蛾数可以大体上看出处理间的差别,但每斤饲料养出的成虫所产的卵量是更精确的衡量标准。饲养试验显示,每饲养出一头米蛾成虫,约消耗饲料0.3克。一斤饲料如出蛾800-900头,消耗饲料在50%左右。     

An improved in vitro rearing system for the human head louse allows the determination of resistance to formulated pediculicides

An improved in vitro rearing system, based on a silicone-reinforced Parafilm^® M membrane, human hair tufts and reconstituted human blood, enabled the large-scale rearing of pediculicide-susceptible (EC-HL) and resistant (SF-HL and BR-HL) strains of human head lice. Developmental time differed for early instars but differences became synchronized as lice matured. Mean survivorship amongst the three strains reared in vitro were not significantly different when compared to EC-HL and SF-HL reared in vivo. The efficacies of three pediculicidal products were assessed under semi-clinical conditions using a modified version of the in vitro rearing system. Treatments of 1% permethrin in acetone, Nix^®, Rid^® or Pronto^® Plus to hair tufts following manufacturer’s instructions were highly efficacious (100% mortality) on EC-HL but differentially efficacious (62.2-84.4% mortality) on SF-HL examined eight days post-treatment. SF-HL that survived the first treatment received an identical second treatment eight days following the first treatment. Survivors (13.3-30.0%) developed to adults (10th-11th day following first treatment) and females successfully laid fertile eggs that developed to first instars. These results confirm resistance to permethrin- and pyrethrin-based pediculicide formulations in SF-HL when assessed under semi-clinical conditions and validates resistance previously determined using filter-paper contact bioassays and unformulated insecticides.     

稀释繁蜂法与常规繁蜂法规模饲养烟蚜茧蜂饲养效率的比较

为探求一种高效、操作简便和成本较低的烟蚜茧蜂饲养技术,本试验对比了常规繁蜂法和稀释繁蜂法对烟蚜茧蜂的扩繁数量。结果表明,接蚜后第25 d,稀释繁蜂法单株饲养烟蚜茧蜂最大量为245.5头,常规繁蜂法最大饲养量为182.2头,前者比后者扩繁数量高34.7%。结果说明采用稀释繁蜂法扩繁烟蚜茧蜂可以获得较好的繁殖效率,具有推广价值。     

椰心叶甲人工饲料的研制及应用效果评价

为了获得入侵害虫椰心叶甲Brontispa longissima(Gestro)的人工饲料,在分析其天然寄主叶片水分和营养成分基础上,借鉴其它鞘翅目昆虫人工饲料配方,进行椰心叶甲人工饲料的配制和筛选,并评价人工饲料饲养的椰心叶甲对其寄生蜂椰甲截脉姬小蜂Asecodes hispinarum和椰心叶甲啮小蜂Tetrastichus brontispae的适合性。人工饲料配方的成分:蔗糖4%、椰子粉2%、大豆粉2%、椰树叶粉10%、酵母2%、维生素E 0.3%、抗坏血酸0.2%、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯0.2%、琼脂4%、链霉素0.03%和水75%。用所配制的人工饲料饲养椰心叶甲初孵幼虫,其蛹成活率可达36%,蛹羽化率与对照无显著差异,均在90%以上;雌成虫占52.4%,与对照无显著差异。表明人工饲料饲养所得的椰心叶甲可用于其幼虫寄生蜂椰甲截脉姬小蜂和蛹寄生蜂椰心叶甲啮小蜂的扩繁。