A decade of leafminer invasion in China: lessons learned

Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) is a highly invasive species that has become established in agricultural and ornamental crops throughout the world. L. trifolii was first recorded in China in 2005 in Guangdong Province. Subsequently, its known distribution in China has rapidly expanded to another 11 provinces (Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Fujian, Guangxi, Shandong, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei and Anhui), where it is currently causing considerable damage and economic losses. Experimental research and field surveys have contributed to our understanding of the ecology of L. trifolii and particularly the process of invasion and its interactions with other established, exotic Liriomyza leafminer species. A number of factors have contributed to the successful establishment of L. trifolii and displacement of interspecific competitors. In China, L. trifolii has become a particularly devastating pest in areas with intensive farming with extensive monocultures and a reliance on insecticide use. Integrated pest management incorporating judicious applications of insecticide combined with biological and cultural controls is likely to provide the best long‐term management strategy for L. trifolii. We provide information regarding 10 years of L. trifolii invasion in China and discuss areas of future research to enhance our overall understanding of the biology and ecology of L. trifolii and to improve management programmes for this widespread invasive insect pest. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

广东美洲斑潜蝇主要寄生蜂种类及习性观察

本文记述广东美洲斑潜蝇已鉴定的主要寄生蜂５种,即异角姬小蜂,底比斯釉姬小蜂,冈崎灿姬小蜂;丽灿姬小蜂和甘蓝潜蝇茧蜂。其中以底比斯釉姬小蜂和冈崎灿姬小蜂为优势种。文中附５种寄生蜂检索表,以助识别。一般情况下,美洲斑潜蝇寄生蜂的寄生率为１５％￣２０％,在不受化学杀虫剂的干扰下,自然生率可高达４７．２％￣６８．４％,对美洲斑潜蝇种群起着重要的控制作用。     

14种农药对美洲斑潜蝇的防治效果

本研究对爱福丁、阿巴丁、绿菜宝、农地乐等１４种农药在大田中防治美洲斑潜蝇效果进行了综合评价。结果表明：爱福丁、阿巴丁、灭虫灵、农地乐、绿菜宝、双齐乳油、灭蝇蛾等农药对斑潜蝇的控制效果好;农哈哈在山东及华北地区、绿保素在西南地区、杀虫双在华南地区对斑潜蝇有较好的控制效果。     

机插秧稻田二次封闭控草应用技术

稻田草害是机插秧生产中最严重的问题。传统水稻田"一封二杀三补"控草策略策略已经不能适应机插秧的除草要求。本文综合小区试验和大区示范,针对不同栽培条件下的土壤和杂草情况,提出"二封一补"的除草对策。3年试验示范结果表明,土地平整后插秧前使用57%苄·丙·异丙隆可湿性粉剂1 500~1 800 g/hm~2进行第1次封闭处理,插秧后10 d用50%苄·丁·异丙隆可湿性粉剂1 200~1 500 g/hm~2进行第2次封闭,既能有效控制早期杂草为害,保证秧苗安全,又能延长对杂草持续控制作用,提高水稻产量。在2次封闭基础上,针对不平整地块和烤田后抗性杂草发生情况,提出相对应的补治措施。     

Pest Control in Malaysia's Perennial Crops: A Half Century Perspective Tracking the Pathway to Integrated Pest Management

Leaf eating insect outbreaks of unprecedented severity occurred on oil palms and cocoa in what became Malaysia, from the late 1950s to early 1960s. Growers faced two crucial questions, what to do about the attacks, and what caused them. The tropical climate generally continues suitable for phytophagous insects to realise their large increase capacity, a factor emphasised in the stable agroecosystem of perennial tree crops. Parasitic and predatory natural enemy insects are equally favoured and maintain control. It became increasingly evident that the prime cause of outbreak was disruption of this balance by the introduction of broad spectrum, long residual contact insecticides (bslrcs), with various contributory factors. Patchy pesticide residues would continue to eliminate inherently exploratory parasitic and predatory insects, something worsened by uneven initial application. In these conditions, there is a complete overlap of generations of both pests and enemies, with no evolution of synchronised or otherwise coordinated life cycles (‘continuous generation mode’– CGM). In outbreaks the pests tend to be at a similar lifecycle stage (‘discrete generation mode’– DGM), so that at times a high proportion of an enemy population that may be building up cannot find a suitable host stage. Simply stopping application was often enough to end the vicious circle of treatment and reoutbreak, but also, commonly, there was heavy damage in the meantime. Selective application was developed, involving inherent pesticide characteristics or method of use opposite in at least one aspect to bslrc (i.e. narrow spectrum, short residue life, or non-contact). Large areas were treated, e.g., from the air. Infestations mostly disappeared with only one or a few applications. In that era of the 1960s, chemical application compatible with biological control was known as ‘integrated control’. The bslrcs had been introduced to control other regularly occurring pests (‘key’ pests), limited localised build up of the target pests e.g., from climatic fluctuations (‘occasional’ pest), or as a ‘precaution’. Some species only appeared after disruption started (‘potential’ pest). Development of selective chemical control continued to be for key and occasional pests, aiming at effective kill once decided upon. Census monitoring ensured application only when justified economically, with timing to the most vulnerable stage in the pest lifecycle. Among non-chemical approaches, cultural methods include provision of suitable flora in the ground vegetation for food sources for adult parasitic insects. Reasonably dense ground vegetation cover is grown to suppress rhinoceros beetle damage in oil palm replantings. Other possibilities include dissemination of insect diseases, traps and attractants, and resistant plant types. This fitted ‘pest management’ which by the mid-1970s came to encompass selective chemical use, as ‘integrated pest management (IPM)’. There were similar developments in other parts of the world, and in other perennial tree crops, extended also to short term crops (e.g., rice and vegetables). IPM is not an esoteric methodology awaiting ‘complete knowledge’. It can be applied on the basis of principle and existing knowledge for the most reliable economic control, targetted to encompass any aspect, such as toxicology and environmental effects. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

木虱寄生蜂研发现状及趋势

木虱是木本植物上的重要害虫,严重为害柑橘、梨树和枸杞等果树,对果业生产造成极大威胁。木虱寄生蜂种类多,自然种群数量大,是木虱的重要自然控制因子,在多种木虱防治中发挥了极其重要的作用。当前,已经发现并记录的木虱寄生蜂近百种,但是能够人工大量扩繁的木虱寄生蜂只有几种。应该加强木虱寄生蜂的调查和研究,特别是重要木虱寄生蜂的人工扩繁技术的研究,为木虱的生物防治提供新的技术和产品。     

不同除草措施对辣椒地杂草防除效果

为明确不同除草措施对辣椒地杂草防除效果,采用田间小区试验方法,研究单独施用除草剂、地膜覆盖、除草剂+地膜覆盖不同除草措施对辣椒地杂草防除效果。结果表明,单用除草剂960 g/L精异丙甲草胺乳油、330 g/L二甲戊灵乳油对辣椒地杂草30 d群体株防效分别为68.75%、65.07%,60 d杂草群体株防效、鲜重防效分别为76.50%、82.88%,82.99%、87.35%。白膜覆盖、黑膜覆盖、白膜覆盖+960 g/L精异丙甲草胺乳油、白膜覆盖+330 g/L二甲戊灵乳油、黑膜覆盖+960 g/L精异丙甲草胺乳油、黑膜覆盖+330 g/L二甲戊灵乳油对辣椒地杂草30 d群体株防效均达97.00%以上,60 d群体株防效均达96.00%以上,鲜重防效除白膜覆盖+960 g/L精异丙甲草胺乳油处理外,均达93.00%以上。综合试验结果表明,地膜覆盖、除草剂+地膜覆盖均能较好地防除辣椒地杂草,实际生产应用中为减少农药使用可直接覆盖地膜防除辣椒地杂草。     

The Provision and Subsequent Management of Plant Material for Herbicide Pot Experiments

Abstract

The marked resistance of Spodoptera spp. to endotoxins of Bacillus thuringiensis including the well recognized standards HD‐1–1971 and HD‐1‐S‐1980 has necessitated the search for a new active strain that can be used as a standard reference in the bioassays of these lepidopterous insects. The high activity of B. thuringiensis var. entomocidus HD‐635 vs. Spodoptera littoralis and S. exigua was found to fulfill these requirements. The sporeendotoxin complex of this strain, designated as HD‐635‐S‐1987, is proposed as a reference standard for bioassays against Spodoptera spp. and is assigned arbitrarily the value of 10,000 iu/mg. Potencies of an active strain, i.e. B. thuringiensis var. aizawai HD‐133 and of a low‐active preparation, i.e. HD‐1‐S‐1980 were carried out in reference to the newly proposed standard. Comparative studies revealed the possible reduction of bioassay period to 4 days as time saving and for a priori judgement on the activity of certain bioinsecticide preparations derived from B. thuringiensis.     

Effect of the combined treatment of insecticides and an attractant for the control of Phloeotribus scarabaeoides,a pest of Olea europea

Different insecticides have been tested for the control of the olive bark beetle, Phloeotribus scarabaeoides Bern. This scolytid can be managed at two points in its biological cycle: in pruned logs, where it excavates reproduction galleries, or in living trees, after emergence from the logs, where it digs feeding galleries. In mortality laboratory bioassays, the efficiency of organophosphorus insecticides has been ranked as follows: chlorpyrifos + dimethoate < formothion < methidathion. Formothion and methidathion, the two most efficient, were sprayed on olive logs together with a pyrethroid insecticide, deltamethrin, and a formulation which combined an organophosphorus (fenitrothion) and a pyrethroid (cypermethrin) insecticide. Deltamethrin inhibited the excavation of new reproduction galleries and induced a repellent effect on the olive pest. In contrast, none of the organophosphorus insecticides or the combination, fenitrothion + cypermethrin, were able to control the olive bark beetle. In olive trees, deltamethrin controlled this olive pest without showing the repellent effect observed for logs. Ethylene, a plant hormone, has been reported as an attractant for the olive bark beetle. The use of dispensers which released ethylene increased the number of P. scarabaeoides approaching the treated olive trees, thus favouring its use in a lure-and-trap control system.     

Insecticide toxic effects on Trichogramma ostriniae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

BACKGROUND: The parasitoid Trichogramma ostriniae (Pang and Chen) is a major natural enemy of many lepidopterans, but only a few studies have been conducted on the compatibility of biological and chemical controls. In this study, the selectivity of 30 insecticides to T. ostriniae adults was evaluated. RESULTS: Among the seven classes of chemicals tested, organophosphates and carbamates had the highest intrinsic toxicity to the wasp, with LC₅₀ values ranging from 0.032 (0.029–0.038) to 2.38 (1.91–3.15) mg AI L^?1. They are followed by phenylpyrazoles, avermectins, neonicotinoids and pyrethroids, which induce variable toxicity responses, with LC₅₀ values ranging from 0.14 (0.11–0.21) to 56.67 (48.94–67.24) mg AI L^?1, from 2.57 (1.85–4.28) to 4.48 (3.34–6.83) mg AI L^?1, from 2.48 (1.80–4.03) to 503.6 (457.6–557.5) mg AI L^?1 and from 5.44 (3.95–8.84) to 104.2 (92.48–119.7) mg AI L^?1 respectively. The insect growth regulators (IGRs) exhibited least toxicity to the parasitoid. CONCLUSION: Risk quotient analysis classifies neonicotinoids, avermectins, pyrethroids, IGRs and phenylpyrazoles (with the exception of butane‐fipronil and fipronil) as safe agents to the parasitoid, but categorises organophosphates and carbamates as slightly to moderately toxic or dangerous to T. ostriniae. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

The Development and Status of Biologically Based Integrated Pest Management in Cuba

This paper describes the evolution of IPM in Cuba during three pre- and post-revolutionary periods. The state of the art of IPM after the collapse of Cuba's relations with the soviet block is analyzed in detail. During this 'special period' Cuba is undergoing a major conversion from conventional agriculture dependent on external inputs to a semi-organic agriculture dependent on local resources and low external inputs. The massive production and use of microbial pesticides complemented by cultural and habitat management techniques are at the heart of this new quest of agricultural sustainability in the midst of the economic crisis. About 982,000ha of various crops are under biological control, with savings of about US$ 30 million in pesticide imports.     

Optimizing aphid biocontrol with the predator Aphidoletes aphidimyza,based on biology and ecology

Aphidoletes aphidimyza is one of the most important predators used in the augmentative biological control of aphids, key pests of many crops worldwide. Adult females are very efficient in locating aphid infestations over a relatively long range, up to 45 m, and deposit eggs near or within aphid colonies. The predatory larvae are aphid generalists preying on several agriculturally important aphid species. The successful use of this biocontrol agent in agricultural systems depends on several biotic and abiotic factors. Among biotic factors, aphid species, plant structure, interspecific competition and intraguild predation may significantly impact the predator´s population dynamics. Key abiotic conditions include day lengths (above a critical threshold to prevent diapause), availability of mating sites in the crop, temperature (above 15 °C to enable egg laying), air relative humidity (above 70%) and availability of pupation sites. Although several successes have been reported in open field crops with naturally occurring or released populations, commercial releases are primarily used in protected crops. Optimized emergence boxes combining provisioning of food sources for the adults, integration with the technological advances that occurred in the greenhouse environment lately, insights into the nutritional ecology in open field crops and exploration of the genetic variability are proposed as future directions to improve adoption and efficacy of A. aphidimyza in crop protection. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry     

外来植物薇甘菊的开发利用前景

薇甘菊是一种危害极大的外来入侵植物,近年来薇甘菊防控技术与途径的研究成为薇甘菊研究的热点,但薇甘菊作为一种生物资源也一直受到关注.从薇甘菊在害虫防治、病原微生物防治、生态环境影响以及其他应用等方面进行了详细介绍,并对薇甘菊的开发利用前景进行探讨与展望,以开拓薇甘菊防治的新思路.     

桔小实蝇的寄生蜂及其应用

就桔小实蝇寄生蜂种类、生物学特性、寄主选择行为、农药对寄生蜂的影响及寄生蜂在生物防治中的应用等方面的研究进展进行了较全面的综述.     

Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and neonicotinoid insecticides on the fungus gnat Bradysia sp nr. coprophila (Lintner) (Diptera: Sciaridae)

The soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp. israelensis (Bti), the neonicotinoid insecticides dinotefuran, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and clothianidin and the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen were evaluated to determine their efficacy against the larval stages of the fungus gnat Bradysia sp nr. coprophila (Lintner) in the laboratory. Treatments were applied as a drench to the growing medium in polypropylene deli containers. The Bti treatments had no effect on either instar tested, whereas all the other compounds negatively affected both the second and third instars. This study demonstrates that the soil bacterium B. thuringiensis var. israelensis may not be active on these larval stages, whereas the neonicotinoid insecticides and the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen are effective on these stages. The fact that Bti is not effective on the second and third instars of the fungus gnat means that greenhouse producers using this insecticide must make applications before fungus gnat populations build up and before overlapping generations develop.     

Enhancing the effectiveness of biological control programs of invasive species through a more comprehensive pest management approach

Invasive species are one of the greatest economic and ecological threats to agriculture and natural areas in the US and the world. Among the available management tools, biological control provides one of the most economical and long‐term effective strategies for managing widespread and damaging invasive species populations of nearly all taxa. However, integrating biological control programs in a more complete integrated pest management approach that utilizes increased information and communication, post‐release monitoring, adaptive management practices, long‐term stewardship strategies, and new and innovative ecological and genetic technologies can greatly improve the effectiveness of biological control. In addition, expanding partnerships among relevant national, regional, and local agencies, as well as academic scientists and land managers, offers far greater opportunities for long‐term success in the suppression of established invasive species. In this paper we direct our recommendations to federal agencies that oversee, fund, conduct research, and develop classical biological control programs for invasive species. By incorporating these recommendations into adaptive management strategies, private and public land managers will have far greater opportunities for long‐term success in suppression of established invasive species. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry     

寄生蜂对水稻二化螟生态控害功能的研究与应用

二化螟是我国水稻的重要钻蛀性害虫,常年发生危害严重,给水稻生产带来巨大产量损失。寄生蜂是二化螟重要的生态调节因子和生物防控天敌资源,对田间二化螟的种群数量具有明显的自然控制作用。本文主要就二化螟寄生蜂多样性及其影响因素、二化螟卵寄生蜂和幼虫寄生蜂生态控害功能及优势种利用、二化螟幼虫越冬滞育期间寄生蜂对越冬幼虫种群基数的控制和寄生蜂生态控害功能的评估等方面的研究与应用进行综述,并探讨寄生蜂对二化螟生态控害功能的评估,尝试提出二化螟寄生蜂生态控害功能研究应在越冬代重视二化螟盘绒茧蜂、稻螟小腹茧蜂和中华钝唇姬蜂对越冬滞育幼虫的生态控害潜力、非越冬世代则重点发掘稻螟赤眼蜂、螟黄赤眼蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂等卵期优势寄生蜂以降低田间二化螟卵的孵化率、减轻二化螟幼虫为害率,以期为提升寄生蜂的生态控害功能提供参考。