桃实蝇在西藏的适生性分析

［目的］ 明确桃实蝇在西藏的适生性,为科学制定检疫措施,防止其入侵和扩散,保护西藏水果的安全生产提供依据。［方法］ 以中国760个(西藏39个)气象站点的气象数据和桃实蝇生物学数据为基础,运用CLIMEX模型和ArcGIS分析相结合的方法对桃实蝇在中国,尤其是西藏的适生性进行分析。［结果］ 桃实蝇在我国具有较高的适生性,适生范围包括34个省、市（区）,其中海南、广东的南部、福建的南部、广西、云南、四川、陕西南部、河南和湖北的北部以及台湾的大部分地区属于高度适生区。而桃实蝇在西藏有3个适生站点。［结论］ 我国很多地区是桃实蝇的适生区,并且高度和中度适生区的范围相对较大。存在桃实蝇入侵西藏并定殖危害的可能性。     

Effect of soil type and soil water content levels on pupal mortality of the peach fruit fly [Bactrocera zonata (Saunders)] (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Peach fruit fly (PFF), Bactrocera zonata, is one of the most dangerous pests of horticultural crops worldwide. This pest spends part of its life cycle in the soil as pre-pupae and pupae. Therefore, the effects of soil type and soil water content levels (SWCLs) on pupal mortality rates of the PFF were studied in an attempt to use soil moisture as an abiotic management strategy for this pest. The effect of clay, loamy, and sandy soils with SWCL of 0, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90, and 100% of field capacity on three ages of PFF pupae (newly formed, 4- and 7-day-old pupae) were studied. Results demonstrated significant effects of SWCLs on pupal mortality rates of PFF. SWCL was the factor with the most remarkable effect (48.47%), meanwhile soil type had a feeble effect (0.65%). Newly formed pupae were more susceptible to SWCL levels than 7- and 4-day-old pupae. Results suggest that sustaining SWCL near 100% of field capacity significantly (p?=?0.000) suppressed PFF population; therefore it could be an important component of Integrated Pest Management against this insect species.     

辐照对桔小实蝇幼虫黑化反应与血细胞的影响

本文将黑化反应和血细胞总数(THC)计数两种检测方法用于桔小实蝇幼虫辐照处理后活性检测研究中。黑化研究结果表明:桔小实蝇幼虫经辐照,在-18℃,15 min处死后,室温条件下30 min内黑化程度不明显,但是用作对照的1龄幼虫从1.5 h开始、2龄幼虫从2 h开始、3龄幼虫从2.5 h开始虫体显著变黑,而经辐照的虫体变黑的时间比对照样至少延迟.0.5 h,且辐照剂量越大,黑化反应出现的时间越晚。表明辐照会抑制幼虫黑化,黑化反应可用于快速检测实蝇幼虫是否经过辐照。血细胞总数计数研究结果表明辐照处理的桔小实蝇幼虫血细胞总数显著减少,且同一辐照剂量下,龄期越高,血细胞总数越多。利用上述两种方法可定性判定桔小实蝇幼虫是否经过辐照处理。     

The role of Tetrastichus giffardianus Silvestri (Eulophidae: Hymenoptera) in natural control of Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) (Tephritidae: Diptera) and its temporal abundance in Sudan

Bactrocera zonata is an alien fruit fly which was introduced into Sudan in 2012 and spread throughout the country, severely hampering the production and export of fruit and vegetable crops. Cataloguing indigenous natural enemies of pests, especially parasitoids, is key to successful biological control programmes, to mitigate damage and decrease reliance on insecticides. This study was conducted to determine the parasitoids of B. zonata in two orchards in Gezira State, Sudan from November 2015 to May 2016 and from February to December, 2016 and to determine their role in natural control of the pest. Three parasitoids emerged from puparia of B. zonata, these were: Tetrastichus giffardianus Silvestri (Eulophidae), an Aganaspis sp. (Figitidae: Eucoilinae) and a Psyttalia sp. (Braconidae Opiinae). Tetrastichus giffardianus was the most numerous parasitoid throughout the study period. The mean percentages of B. zonata from guava fruits that were parasitized by T. giffardianus for the whole study period were 13.7% and 13.2% with 3.1 ± 0.3 and 2.8 ± 2.4 parasitoids per puparium at Fadasi and Gazirat Elfil sites respectively. Data on the temporal abundance of T. giffardianus is presented. Strenuous efforts should be considered to involve the reported natural enemies of B. zonata in integrated management programmes for fruit flies in Sudan.     

A survey of aphid parasitoids in Kahramanmaras,Turkey (Hymenoptera: Braconidae,Aphidiinae; and Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)

A list of aphid parasitoids found in a survey conducted between 1999 and 2001 in Kahramanmaras Province of Turkey is presented. Nineteen taxa of aphid parasitoids were found on 30 hosts.Pauesia picta (Haliday) is reported for the first time from Turkey. Two check-lists are presented, by host aphids and by plant species. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting April 30, 2004.     

Insecticide resistance of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), in mainland China

BACKGROUND: In order to investigate the extent of resistance of oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), which is a widespread pest throughout tropical, subtropical and temperate fruit crops, 25 populations of this insect were collected from 13 sites in mainland China in 2007 and 2008. In addition, resistant strains were established that showed increasing development of resistance. RESULTS: Compared with the susceptible strain, one population of B. dorsalis expressed high resistance (RR = 70.4‐fold), 16 populations expressed medium resistance (11.5‐fold < RR < 25.8‐fold) and eight populations had low resistance or remained susceptible (1.4‐fold < RR < 8.9‐fold) to trichlorphon. As regards β‐cypermethrin, one population showed high resistance (RR = 44.0‐fold), nine populations expressed medium resistance (12.2‐fold < RR < 28.4‐fold), 14 populations expressed low or minor resistance (3.0‐fold < RR < 9.7‐fold) and one population remained susceptible (RR = 1.1‐fold). As regards avermectin, five populations had developed high resistance (44.3‐fold < RR < 104‐fold), seven populations expressed medium resistance (11.4‐fold < RR < 38.6‐fold) and three populations expressed low or minor resistance (3.5‐fold < RR < 5.6‐fold). A continuous resistance selection in the laboratory strain showed that the resistance ratios to trichlorphon, β‐cypermethrin and avermectin were 71.6‐fold, 333‐fold and 70.4‐fold respectively. CONCLUSION: The data provided a comprehensive survey of insecticide resistance in Bactrocera dorsalis in mainland China. All results suggested that early resistance management programmes should be established for restoring the efficacy of pesticide‐based control measures. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

A survey of aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) in Diyarbakır,Turkey

A list is given of aphid parasitoids found in Diyarbakır Province, Turkey. In the survey, performed between 1998 and 2000, 16 species of aphid parasitoids were found on different hosts in Diyarbakır Province.Monoctonus mali is reported for the first time in the Turkish aphid parasitoids fauna. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Oct. 20, 2003.     

Hymenopterous parasitoids of the cherry bark tortrix, Enarmonia formosana (Scopoli) in central-east Europe (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonoidea; Lepidoptera, Tortricidae)

Strategies targeting the biological control of the cherry bark tortrix (=CBT), Enarmonia formosana (Scopoli) in North America have also included the search for potentially useful native hymenopterous parasitoids of the pest in Europe. The search for such agents undertaken in the central-east Europe (Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Hungary) resulted in determination of several ichneumonid species (Campoplex cf. dubitator Horst., Liotryphon sp., Lissonotus sp., Pimpla spuria (Grav.), Pimpla turionellae (L.), and some others, and a braconid (Apanteles britannicus Wilk.) in 2001–2002.     

Hymenopterous parasitoids of the cherry bark tortrix, Enarmonia formosana (Scopoli) in central-east Europe (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonoidea; Lepidoptera, Tortricidae)

Strategies targeting the biological control of the cherry bark tortrix (=CBT), Enarmonia formosana (Scopoli) in North America have also included the search for potentially useful native hymenopterous parasitoids of the pest in Europe. The search for such agents undertaken in the central-east Europe (Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Hungary) resulted in determination of several ichneumonid species (Campoplex cf. dubitator Horst., Liotryphon sp., Lissonotus sp., Pimpla spuria (Grav.), Pimpla turionellae (L.), and some others, and a braconid (Apanteles britannicus Wilk.) in 2001–2002.     

利用意大利蜜蜂蛹为替代寄主繁育两种肿腿蜂

白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂Sclerodermus pupariae和松褐天牛肿腿蜂S.alternatusi是天牛和吉丁类害虫的重要天敌?本试验以意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera蛹为替代寄主, 研究了两种肿腿蜂寄生意大利蜜蜂蛹时其子代的发育过程和数量?结果表明, 利用意大利蜜蜂蛹能成功繁育白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂和松褐天牛肿腿蜂?白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂对蛹的寄生率和羽化出蜂的寄主比例与松褐天牛肿腿蜂无显著差异?以意大利蜜蜂蛹为寄主时, 两种肿腿蜂的产卵前期?卵期?幼虫期?蛹期和卵-成蜂发育历期均无显著差异?单头肿腿蜂雌蜂寄生1头蛹时, 松褐天牛肿腿蜂的子代雌蜂数(17.61头/窝)和子代总数(18.83头/窝)均显著低于白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂的子代雌蜂数(25.10头/窝)和子代总数(26.52头/窝)?两种肿腿蜂的子代性比均具有显著的偏雌特征, 松褐天牛肿腿蜂和白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂子代雄性比分别为6.83%和6.35%, 其子代雄蜂数和雄性比例均无显著差异?综上所述, 意大利蜜蜂蛹可作为白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂和松褐天牛肿腿蜂人工繁育的替代寄主, 这为两种肿腿蜂的规模化繁育提供了参考?     

Establishment and dispersal of the parasitoids Ageniaspis citricola Logvinovskaya (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and Semielacher petiolatus Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), introduced into Tunisia for the biological control of Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)

Abstract

A programme for the biological control of the citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) was carried out in Tunisia between 1996 and 1998. Two exotic parasitoids, Ageniaspis citricola (Logvinovskaya) (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae) and Semielacher petiolatus Girault (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae), were introduced from Australia, mass-reared in a greenhouse on Citrus aurantium L. seedlings infested with P. citrella, and released in different orchards located in the major citrus-growing area of Tunisia. In 1996, A. citricola was recovered in 39.13% of release sites, reaching a maximum percentage of parasitism of 28%. In 1997, the parasitoid was recovered in a third of all release points, with an average percentage of parasitism of 5%. However, the wasp was unable to survive the winter 1998, and has become extinct. The non-establishment of A. citricola may have been due to the more arid climatic conditions present during the rainless summer and most of the autumn in Tunisia. By contrast, the establishment, dispersal, and reduction in citrus leafminer population observed with S. petiolatus between 1997 and 1998 shows this species to be well-adapted to the Tunisian climate. The average percentage parasitism of P. citrella by S. petiolatus increased from 6.6% in 1997 to 15% in 1998. Moreover, S. petiolatus was established in 76% of release points in 1997 and in 82% in 1998. It spread as much as 30 km from some release points, with no apparent decline in parasitism levels with distance. Semielacher petiolatus is considered to be an effective biological control of the leafminer in Tunisia. Its biological control action would supplement the action of the native parasitoids Pnigalio sp. and Cirrospilus pictus Nees (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae).     

Aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) on citrus: Seasonal abundance, association with the species of host plant, and sampling indices

Samples were collected from southern Greece during 1996–2000 in order to investigate the presence of parasitoids onAphis gossypii Glover infesting several citrus species. The species of aphidiines found to have a significantly different preference forA. gossypii wereAphidius colemani Viereck,Aphidius matricariae Haliday,Diaeretiella rapae (M’Intosh),Ephedrus persicae Froggat,Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson),Binodoxys acalephae (Marshall) andBinodoxys angelicae (Haliday). In another sampling experiment, the relative abundance of aphidiine parasitoids on aphids infesting orange and tangerine trees was studied in southern Greece (Nea Kios) in 1996 and 1997.A. gossypii constituted the largest part of the aphid population and was the only species parasitized.B. angelicae andA. colemani were the most abundant parasitoid species. The parasitization rate differed among the parasitoid species.B. angelicae had the highest colonization rate in centrally located and large host (A. gossypii) groups, whereasA. colemani was found in more isolated and relatively small host groups. The percentage of parasitism byB. angelicae was high mainly in large host groups, whenB. angelicae was the only parasitoid present. However, in cases of coexistence ofB. angelicae withA. colemani with hyperparasitoids, in the same sampling unit, the percentage of parasitism was relatively low. http://www.phytoparasitica.org