塔里木河上游典型绿洲土壤水盐空间分异特征

结合传统统计学与地统计学方法,以塔里木河上游典型绿洲阿拉尔垦区为研究区,根据64个样点的试验数据,分析样区表层(0-10cm)和亚表层(10-20cm)土壤水盐空间分异特征。结果表明,土壤水分、pH值、电导率和全盐具有明显的空间变异性。样区土壤盐碱化程度较高,土壤水分表现为中等变异性,pH值为弱变异性,电导率、全盐及大部分离子含量为强变异性,盐分呈现强烈的表聚性特性。土壤水分和表层pH值的半方差理论模型较符合指数模型,亚表层pH值、电导率和全盐较符合球状模型。各指标块金值/基台值在0.122～0.316之间,且表层小于亚表层,空间自相关性较高,变异更多受结构性因素影响,空间结构较为复杂。指标的空间分布与区域环境密切相关,各层土壤水分、电导率和全盐均为西北高于东南,即沿河岸-绿洲-荒漠方向递减,而pH值表现为相反的规律。研究区棉田的长期连作,使得水盐运动在多年耕作棉区较为活跃,中小尺度下水盐空间分布的异质性增强。     

基于聚类分析的土壤盐渍剖面特征及其空间分布研究

通过对黄河三角洲地区典型地块土壤盐渍剖面的聚类分析,研究并总结该地区不同盐分剖面类型土壤含盐量在水平方向以及垂直方向的分布特征和规律,运用该规律对各盐渍剖面类型的空间分布进行了探讨。结果表明:研究区土壤盐分剖面可以明显分为表聚型、底聚型和平均型3类,按照垂直分布特征可将0～180cm土体划分为0～20cm、20～80cm、80～120cm和120～180cm四个层次;研究区土壤含盐量在垂直方向和水平方向上变异较强,总体上盐分分布具有一定的表聚性,且各土层含盐量的规律性可以作为判断土壤盐分剖面类型的依据;受结构性因素和随机性因素的共同影响,各土层含盐量均表现为中等的空间自相关性和相同的空间自相关变化尺度。Kriging插值与空间分析结果表明,微地形和气候条件是影响表层土壤盐分空间分布的主要因素,地下水性质主导深层土壤盐分的空间分布;表聚型盐分剖面是研究区最主要的剖面类型,其次分别为底聚型和均匀型;不同盐分剖面类型的空间分布反映了植被类型和土地利用方式的差异,人为农业措施是形成底聚型与平均型盐分剖面的最直接因素。该研究结果为黄河三角洲地区盐渍土地的分区、改良、管理以及合理利用提供了理论基础和实践依据。     

莫索湾灌区土壤剖面盐分的季节性变化特征

以新疆莫索湾灌区为研究区域,通过对该地区春季和秋季土壤剖面取样,得到土壤盐分值并采用Arc-gis 10.0软件对土壤盐分进行地统计学分析,从而探索莫索湾灌区不同季节土壤剖面盐分的空间变化特征。结果表明：研究区土壤剖面盐分含量随土层深度的增加而升高,属于底聚型;盐分含量总体表现为东南部高于西北部,2014春季高于2013年秋季,是因为灌区春季温度高于秋季,且积雪融化造成部分地区地下水位升高,强烈的地表蒸发使得底层盐分上移到耕层。不同季节各层土壤盐分含量值都符合对数正态分布,变异系数在66％~92％之间,具有中等强度的空间变异性,表层土壤变异大于底层;半方差分析得出2013年秋季和2014年春季各土层土壤盐分含量可以用高斯模型、指数模型和线性模型拟合,拟合模型的R2均大于0.75;土壤盐分含量的块金系数 C0/( C0＋ C )值在31％~42％之间,盐分含量值均表现为中等强度的空间自相关,0~100 cm土壤盐分受自然因素和人为因素共同作用。研究结果可为莫索湾灌区盐渍化土壤的分区、改良和利用提供理论基础。     

于田绿洲土壤盐分特征分析

于田绿洲土壤盐渍化日趋严重,直接影响当地农业发展和生态环境建设.本文选取于田绿洲中不同土地类型的土壤垂直剖面,对土壤盐分、可溶性离子及其相应地下水各个离子、矿化度进行测定;运用统计特征值、趋势面等方法进行分析.结果表明,于田地区盐渍化程度较为严重,可用耕地较少.农田盐渍化程度远低于其它土地类型区.盐渍化区土壤盐分垂直剖面上表现为漏斗型,表聚现象明显;农田、交错带盐分垂直剖面上表现为上下剖面盐分含量大,中部含量小,表明这片区域排碱能力较好.并且盐渍地相对于农田,含盐量及一些主要离子的空间变异性远远超出农田变异,并且不同土壤的盐分特征明显不同.上述研究为于田绿洲生态环境改善提供了一定的理论基础.     

孔雀河流域农业灌区土壤盐分空间分布及变异特征

为查明孔雀河流域的土壤盐分空间分布及变异特征,进而为地区盐渍化土壤改良与利用提供科学依据。在该区25个点逐层采集土壤剖面样品,测试土壤盐分含量,利用地统计学基本原理与手段,获得区内土壤盐渍化的空间变异信息参数,绘制了区域土壤盐分含量空间分布图。研究表明:0~20 cm和20~60 cm属中度盐渍土,60~100 cm属轻度盐渍土;各土层盐分含量处于强变异性范围;块基值25%,具有强空间相关性,结构性因素对其空间变异的贡献较大;土壤盐分含量存在明显的空间分布规律,水平方向上由上游至下游含盐量先增后减,随距河流距离增加含盐量缓慢增大,垂直方向随深度增加含盐量逐渐减小。     

客土造林后滨海盐碱地土壤盐分分布及影响因素分析

土壤盐碱化问题严重制约着盐碱地生态绿化环境和农业可持续发展。为研究客土造林后滨海盐碱地土壤盐碱化状况的空间分布格局及影响因素，该研究开展实地调查采样，结合地统计学、经典统计学和Kriging插值等方法分析徐圩新区滨海盐碱地0～10、>10～20、>20～40、>40～60、>60～100 cm土层土壤盐分分布格局及其影响因素。结果表明：1）研究区5个土层土壤电导率均为中等强度变异，pH值是弱变异。大多数土层土壤电导率和pH表现为弱空间相关性，由随机因素引起的空间变异性较弱，自相关引起的空间变异性较强。水平方向上看，研究区从西向东盐碱程度逐步加深，垂直方向上，土壤电导率随着土层深度增加而不断变大；2）研究区客土0～100 cm土层土壤电导率均值为2.91dS/m，属于轻度盐渍化土；原土0～100 cm土层土壤电导率均值为31.00dS/m，属于极重度盐渍化土，原土上只有极少数耐盐作物能自然正常生长。客土土壤电导率明显低于原土，但pH值与原土差异不大，客土土壤盐分表聚和底聚现象明显，存在返盐返碱的问题，长期来看，客土造林并不是该地区绿化最好的方式。3）影响研究区土壤...     

莱州湾南岸土壤剖面盐分离子分异规律研究

莱州湾南岸地区受海水入侵影响盐渍化问题严重,土壤盐渍化是制约区域农业生产和发展的主要障碍因子。运用经典统计学和地统计学的方法,研究了莱州湾南岸地区土壤剖面盐分离子的空间分异规律。结果表明:土壤全盐含量随深度的增加而增加,表现出底聚趋势;各层土壤盐分离子均表现中等和强烈的变异性;土壤盐分主要以Na Cl和Na2SO4的形式存在;偏相关分析说明不同盐分离子间的相关性差异较大;聚类分析表明盐分离子主要分为三大类:K+、Mg2+、Ca2+和SO2-4为第一类,Na+单独组成第二类,Cl-则为第三类;除全盐含量在30~60cm具有中等空间自相关外,其他各层土壤盐分属性均具有强烈的空间自相关性;盐渍化类型以硫酸盐型、氯化物—硫酸盐型和硫酸盐—氯化物型为主,盐渍化程度以轻度盐渍化为主。     

基于电磁感应数据棉田土壤盐分剖面时空变异特征研究

针对新疆南疆塔里木河绿洲地区土壤盐渍化发生反复性与南疆水资源日益匮乏等问题,以该地区典型地块为研究对象,运用电磁感应仪快速获取土壤盐渍化信息技术,结合地统计插值对新疆塔里木河绿洲地区土壤盐分剖面类型进行研究,并用表观电导率ECv_(1.5)与ECv_(0.75)比值对研究区土壤盐分剖面进行分级并对土壤盐分剖面类型空间分布进行探讨。结果表明,不同时期ECv_(0.75)数据在空间分布上均表现为强变异强度,棉花整个生育期,土壤盐分呈现累积状态。不同时期ECv_(1.5)与ECv_(0.75)比值半方差函数均符合指数模型,土壤盐分剖面空间自相关性从棉花播种前由随机性因素作用类型过渡到棉花花铃期的随机性与结构性共同作用类型,再转变为棉花收获后土壤盐分剖面由随机性因素作用类型。不同时期土壤盐分剖面类型空间分布图表明,土壤盐分剖面类型呈现底聚型-表聚型-底聚型状态分布。土壤质地、微地形、温度、地下水埋藏深度是造成土壤盐分剖面类型分布格局最直接的因素。该研究结果对灌溉制度的科学制定具有一定的指导作用。     

基于电磁感应研究新疆土壤盐分三维空间变异对季节的响应

为了获得新疆典型区域不同季节土壤盐分的三维特征,该研究以新疆伊犁地区典型地块为研究区域,将电磁感应式土壤表观电导率快速测定技术作为基础,建立了基于土壤表观电导率数据不同季节的区域尺度剖面分层土壤盐分精确解译模型,获得了剖面土壤盐分含量信息,并以此为数据源采用反距离权重空间数据插值方法评估了研究区不同季节三维土壤盐分空间变异特征,探索了三维土壤盐分变化对不同季节的响应特征。研究表明:研究区秋、春两个季节各土层土壤盐分含量的变异系数在1.223~1.636之间,均表现为强度变异性,秋季土壤盐分含量的变异性随着土层深度的增加而减小,而春季土壤盐分含量的变异性随着土层深度的增加而增大。秋、春两个季节研究区大部分区域土壤盐分含量比较低,土壤盐分含量高值区域主要集中在研究区的西北、西南及中部地区,并且表现出次年春季的盐渍化程度及盐土所占比例比前一年秋季明显加重。利用电磁感应式土壤表观电导率快速测定结合三维反距离权重方法,对区域不同季节土壤盐分三维空间变异特征解析的精度分别达到相关系数为0.887和0.862。研究结果将为解译与评估干旱区三维土壤盐分特征随季节变化提供可靠的理论依据和技术方法。     

阿拉善左旗土壤盐分空间变异特征研究

为了获得内蒙古自治区阿拉善左旗土壤盐分空间变异特征,本研究以阿拉善左旗为研究区域,以实地调查采样数据为依据,运用普通克里格法和径向基函数方法探讨研究区土壤盐分的空间分布特征,根据两种方法在土壤盐分空间分布及插值精度等方面对比分析,获得适合评价研究区土壤盐分空间变异特征的研究方法。研究表明:阿拉善左旗土壤盐分具有强烈的空间自相关性。土壤盐分空间格局上表现为西南部及北部高,东南部及中部低的趋势。土壤盐分剖面特征表现出明显的区域性,研究区北部呈现底聚性,西南部及东部突出部分呈现为表聚性的剖面特点。克里格法与径向基函数法均适用于阿拉善左旗土壤盐分的空间特征解译,精度验证表明克里格法更适合于对研究区土壤盐分空间变异的探讨。研究区0～20 cm和20～40 cm两个土层中分别有97.72%与99.89%的土壤遭受不同程度的盐渍化危害,各土层中中度盐渍化土壤面积占比例最大,其次为重度盐渍化土壤和轻度盐渍化土壤,盐土有一定比例的分布。因此,需采取有效的治理措施对阿拉善左旗土壤盐渍化加以防控与治理。     

Accumulation of copper in soils and leaves of tomato plants in greenhouses in Turkey

Copper (Cu)‐containing fertilizers, fungicides, and bactericides has been used extensively in the greenhouses in the Antalya province in recent decades with the use of such materials tending to increase year by year. The level of DTPA‐extractable Cu was determined in 210 soils (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) and 105 leaf samples obtained from 105 tomato greenhouses. The DTPA‐extractable Cu contents of the soils taken from the 0–20 depth ranged between 0.76 and 88.03 mg kg^‐1 (mean 7.79 mg kg^‐1). The percentage of soils containing DTPA‐extractable Cu greater than the critical toxicity level (20 mg kg^‐1) was 8.1. The Cu content of tomato leaf samples ranged between 2.4 and 1,490 mg kg^‐1 (mean 166.5 mg kg^‐1). The Cu concentration in leaf samples was very high due to the intensive use of foliar applied Cu‐containing chemicals. As a consequence, 24.8% of the leaf tomato samples analyzed contained over 200 mg Cu kg^‐1, the maximum accepted tolerance level. Therefore, it may be necessary to reduce the use of Cu‐containing pesticides and fertilizers, or at least reduce the amount of Cu‐containing fertilizers being used in those greenhouses where Cu‐containing pesticides have been or are being used.     

Role of selenium in mitigation of cadmium toxicity in pepper grown in hydroponic condition

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans but is not considered as essential for plants. However, its beneficial role in improving plant growth and stress tolerances is well established. In order to study the role of Se in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in pepper (Capsicum frutescens cv. Suryankhi Cluster), this experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised Cd [0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM cadmium chloride (CdCl₂)] and Se [0, 3, and 7 µM sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃)] with three replications. The result showed that Cd decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, whereas Se supplementation diminished Cd toxicity on photosynthetic pigment. Selenium at 7 µM significantly increased the leaf area in the plants grown at 0.25 mM Cd. The application of Se at 3 µM with 0.25 mM Cd and Se at 3 µM and Se at 7 µM with 0.5 mM Cd increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Selenium at 7 µM decreased the proline content of pepper leaves exposed to Cd at 0.5 mM (30%). Selenium significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of leaves, which was diminished by Cd toxicity. In general, Se has a beneficial effect on plant growth and is an antioxidant enzyme of pepper cv. Suryankhi Cluster under Cd stress and non-stress conditions.     

红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征

通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。     

自由基在鸡肾病发生中的作用研究

肾病即急性肾小管坏死.鸡肾病在养鸡生产中极为常见,尤其近年来,鸡肾病的发生日益增多,由于其发生机制不清楚,临床治疗鸡肾病的依据不足,致使治疗效果不佳,为此,提出本研究以探讨鸡肾病的发生机制,为本病防治提供理论依据.     

Occurrence of Sexual Hormones in Sediments of Mangrove in Brazil

The presence of sexual hormones (female estrogens) was assessed in sediments of a mangrove located in the urban region of southern Brazil. The estrogens are involved in human sexual reproduction. They act as the chemical messengers, and they are classified as natural and synthetic. The estrogens inputs in the environment are from treated and untreated sewage. The presence of estrogens in sewage is excretion from the female due to natural production and use of contraceptives (synthetic estrogens). With the indiscriminate release of sewage into the environment, estrogens can be found in rivers, lakes, and even in oceans. In this work, the presence of estrone (E1), 17-??-estradiol (E2), and 17-??-ethynilestradiol (EE2) in eight sedimentary stations in Itacorubi mangrove located on Santa Catarina Island, south Brazil, was investigated. Historically, the Itacorubi mangrove has been impacted by anthropogenic activities because the mangrove is inserted in the urban area of the Florianopolis. The estrogen EE2, used as contraceptive, had the highest concentration in mangrove sediment, 129.75?±?3.89 ng/g. E2 was also found, with its concentration ranging from 0.90?±?0.03 to 39.77?±?1.19 ng/g. Following the mechanism, under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, E2 will first be oxidized to E1, which is further oxidized to unknown metabolites and finally to CO₂ and water (mineralized). EE2 is oxidized to unknown metabolites and also finally mineralized. Theoretically, under anaerobic conditions, EE2 can be reduced to E1 even in environments such as mangrove which is essentially anaerobic.     

Meta-analysis in the Selection of Groups in Varieties of Citrus

Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management.     

Effect of iron-quercetin complex on reduction of nitrite in in vitro and in vivo systems

This study investigated whether reducing agents such as quercetin and iron(II) facilitate formation of nitric oxide (NO) gas from orally ingested nitrite in an vivo study. When 3 mg/kg Na (15)NO2 was orally administered to rats with or without iron(II) or quercetin, Hb (15)NO, which is indicative of systemic (15)NO, was detected in the blood, with the maximum blood concentration of Hb (15)NO at 15 min after nitrite or nitrite plus quercetin treatment, whereas after administration of nitrite plus iron(II) or nitrite plus iron(II) and quercetin, the time was shortened to 10 min. Interestingly, iron(II), quercetin, or iron(II) plus quercetin did not affect the total amount of Hb (15)NO generated from orally administered Na (15)NO2. However, the systemic nitrite concentration was significantly decreased in the presence of iron(II) or iron(II) plus quercetin. These results may indicate that iron(II) is critical to the generation of NO gas from nitrite, whereas quercetin contributed little under the in vivo experimental conditions.     

旱地果园水肥管理模式研究进展

分析了旱地果园水肥管理模式的研究进展和存在问题,指出水肥胁迫尤其是水钾已成为旱区果树高产稳产优质化的主要限制因子。在系统探讨旱地果园水分管理、养分管理、综合管理以及果树叶营养综合诊断施肥标准的基础上,提出了旱地果园的高效水肥管理模式。     

Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs

The metabolism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylindolenine (HMI), a recently discovered metabolite of 3-methylindole (3MI, skatole) produced by porcine liver microsomes, was investigated in vitro using porcine liver cytosol. HMI was rapidly metabolized to a single product, 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), by porcine cytosol. By the use of the selective inhibitors menadione and quinacrine, it was shown that the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of HMI into HMOI was aldehyde oxidase (AO; aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1). The activity of AO in the conversion of HMI to HMOI was measured in a population of pigs (n = 30) with a wide range of 3MI levels in back fat (0.07-0.30 mg/kg). AO activity was found to be negatively correlated (r = -0.70; P < 0.001) with the level of 3MI in fat. The results of the present study suggest that AO plays an important role in the metabolism of 3MI in the pig and that its catalytic activity is related to an adequate 3MI clearance.     

北京市郊典型农田施肥研究与分析

通过问卷调查形式,对京郊粮田、菜田和果园3种农田施肥现状进行研究.结果表明,菜田和果园化肥施用量较高,氮、磷、钾肥均显著高于粮田.菜田和果园氮肥用量分别为1741.0和1172.8 kg/hm2,分别是粮田氮肥用量的4.5和3.0倍;磷肥用量分别为1375.1和996.4 kg/hm2,分别是粮田磷肥用量的15.5倍和11.2倍;钾肥用量分别为791.3和602.4 kg/hm2,分别是粮田钾肥用量的21.1和16.1倍.另外,3种利用方式的农田氮、磷和钾肥施用比例不同,粮田为75.4%、17.3%和7.3%;果园为42.3%、36.0%和21.7%;而菜田为44.6%、35.2%和20.3%.3种种植类型中均存在氮肥投入过量、钾肥不足的问题.