Laboratory Evaluation of the Novel Naturally Derived Compound Spinosad against Ceratitiscapitata

Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the effect of the naturally derived compound spinosad on Ceratitis capitata Wied. (Diptera, Tephritidae). The organophosphate fenthion was used as a standard. Direct dose-dependent mortality and reduced fecundity were observed in oral treatment of adults with spinosad. The LC₉₀ values 14 h and seven days after treatment were 19·50 and 0·49 mg litre⁻¹ respectively. Fenthion was less active (the LC₅₀ eight days after treatment was 1·17 mg litre⁻¹) and did not affect the fecundity of the fly. Adults were also very susceptible to spinosad and fenthion via residual contact. For spinosad, 100% mortality was recorded 48 h after treatment for a dose of 10 mg litre⁻¹. Spinosad was more effective than fenthion in suppressing larval development when neonate larvae were reared on treated diet supplemented with a range of concentrations from 0·02 to 0·83 mg kg⁻¹ diet. Last-instar larvae were much less susceptible to spinosad or fenthion when exposed via dipping or when they pupated in treated medium and both products had similar performance. A lack of ovicidal activity was observed in direct egg-treatments with spinosad but significant reductions from 1 mg litre⁻¹ onwards were recorded for fenthion.     

Evaluation of lufenuron as a chemosterilant against fruit flies of the genus Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae)

BACKGROUND: Chemosterilisation with lufenuron bait stations is a recently developed technique that is being implemented for Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann control. The aim of this work was to evaluate the chemosterilising effect of lufenuron against four economically important Latin American fruit flies species: Anastrepha ludens (Loew.), A. obliqua Macquart, A. serpentina Wiedemann and A. striata Schiner (Diptera: Tephritidae) in order to design a similar strategy for their control. RESULTS: Sexually mature adults were treated by ingestion with concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 30.0 mg g^?1 of lufenuron in the diet. In addition, conspecific crosses with only one of the sexes being treated (30.0 mg g^?1) were performed in order to appraise the contribution of each sex to the sterilising effect. In all cases, fecundity was not affected by the treatments, as opposed to fertility where all Anastrepha species studied were significantly affected, although to different extents. The conspecific crosses showed that treated males of A. ludens, A. obliqua and A. serpentina were not able to transmit the sterility to their respective untreated females. Only in the case of A. striata did crossing treated males with untreated females significantly reduced egg hatch. CONCLUSION: Although further investigations are required, the present results demonstrate that the use of lufenuron for controlling A. striata could be potentially viable. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Permethrin as a residual insecticide against cockroaches

The pyrethroid permethrin was shown to be active against Blattella germanica, Periplaneta americana and Blatta orientalis. In laboratory tests on plywood panels the best formulation was a 25% wettable powder which showed an initial LC₅₀ of 10 mg m^?2 against B. germanica and lost activity at the weekly rate of 1.9 mg m^?2. An initial deposit of 108 mg m^?2 gave 50% kill after one year. The synergist piperonyl butoxide diminished residual performance. In one field trial, good control was maintained for more than four months with an initial deposit of 50 mg m^?2, the smallest dose used. From this and other trials, the recommended rate of application for general use in long-term control is 100 mg m^?2. A distinctive slow expellent action against B. germanica was seen in field trials.     

金龟子绿僵菌对石蒜绵粉蚧的室内毒力与防治效果

石蒜绵粉蚧是近年我国新记录的一种有害生物,目前在福建省漳州地区的多肉植物种植基地发生为害严重。为探讨金龟子绿僵菌F061和FM-03对该虫的生防潜力和应用前景,本研究测定这2株菌株对石蒜绵粉蚧的室内毒力和防治效果。结果表明,石蒜绵粉蚧受菌株F061和FM-03侵染10 d后1×10⁸孢子/mL处理浓度的累计校正死亡率分别为83.15%和91.95%;构建的2个TDM模型均通过Pearson卡方和Hosmer-Lemeshow检验,2株菌株对石蒜绵粉蚧的时间-剂量互作效应明显,剂量效应随侵染时间的延长逐渐升高,时间效应随菌液浓度的升高逐渐增强,菌株F061侵染10 d后的LC₅₀和1.00×10⁸孢子/mL处理的LT₅₀分别为5.55×10⁵孢子/mL和5.04 d,而菌株FM-03在同等条件下的LC₅₀和LT₅₀分别为1.11×10⁵孢子/mL和4.67 d,毒力强于菌株F061;此外,2株菌株1.00×10⁸孢子/mL处理浓度对石蒜绵粉蚧的室内防治效果也随试验时间的延长而提高,菌剂F061和FM-03喷施10 d后的室内防治效果分别为74.06%和81.32%。综上,2株菌株均可用于防控多肉植物上的石蒜绵粉蚧,菌株FM-03可优先开发应用,菌株F061可作为备选菌株使用。     

昆虫病原真菌对梨网蝽防治潜力的室内评测

梨网蝽Stephanitis nashi是多种果树和园林植物上的重要害虫,在长江流域、华北地区为害严重。梨网蝽发生世代多,易产生抗药性,筛选出能替代化学农药的生物控制因子,是对梨网蝽实现有效可持续控制的重要手段。本文通过菌株筛选平台,挑选出产孢较好的15株昆虫病原真菌,用喷雾法测定其对梨网蝽成虫和若虫致病力的差异。在1.0×10⁶孢子/mL孢子悬浮液接种后,菌株Bb2359等6株球孢白僵菌和1株金龟子绿僵菌Ma67对梨网蝽成、若虫累积死亡率均达到100%,其中菌株Bb2352、Bb2359、Bb2372等对成虫的LT₅₀小于4 d,而菌株Bb2352、Bb2359、Ma67对2龄若虫的LT₅₀均在5 d以内,LT₅₀显示菌株对成虫的致死速度要快于对若虫的致死速度。在时间-剂量-死亡模型研究中,梨网蝽成、若虫在接种后的第3 d到第7 d,累积死亡率均呈直线快速上升趋势,而在前后均变化平缓。同时,各菌株均表现出明显的死亡率随接种浓度增高而不断增高的剂量效应。菌株Bb2359对梨网蝽成虫、若虫均显示出很高的毒力水平,致死中浓度LC₅₀分别为6.466×10⁴和4.747×10⁴孢子/mL;在1.0×10⁷孢子/mL浓度下致死中时LT₅₀分别为2.89和3.54 d。该菌株具备高效快速的杀虫特点,具有开发为真菌生物农药的巨大潜力。     

莱氏野村菌对夜蛾科害虫防治潜力的室内评测

本文用喷雾法测定了5株莱氏野村菌Nomuraea rileyi对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera、甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua和斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura 3种夜蛾科害虫的致病力。配制孢子悬浮液对3种夜蛾科害虫进行雾化接种,孢子附着量为188.9～4048.3孢子.mm 2。接种后幼虫置于（24±1）℃和12L∶12D条件下人工饲料饲养,每天观察直至化蛹。时间-剂量-死亡率模型分析显示：5株莱氏野村菌菌株接种量为188.9～4048.3孢子.mm 2时,斜纹夜蛾第10 d的侵染率为60%～95%;菌株Nr15对斜纹夜蛾显示出极高的毒力水平（LC50=266.7孢子.mm 2,4048.3孢子.mm 2浓度下的LT50=5.81 d）,第10 d的侵染率达95%。供试菌株对棉铃虫和甜菜夜蛾的致病力相对较弱,侵染率均不足50%。研究表明,莱氏野村菌菌株对夜蛾科害虫体现出明显的寄主专化性,且有明显的量效关系。     

九种杀菌剂对新拟盘多毛孢病菌的室内毒力作用

新拟盘多毛孢叶斑病是在草莓上发现的一种新病害。本研究对采自北京昌平、山东诸城、云南保山及广东惠州等地草莓Fragaria × ananassa发病叶片进行了组织分离,结合形态特征和ITS系统发育分析对所分离获得的8株疑似拟盘多毛孢叶斑病病菌进行了鉴定,并采用菌丝生长速率法测定了病原菌对8种代表性杀菌剂及新型药剂——双苯菌胺的敏感性。结果表明:所分离得到的病原菌为新拟盘多毛孢Neopestalotiopsis clavispora;双苯菌胺对8株新拟盘多毛孢 N. clavispora的毒力最强,平均EC₅₀值为 (0.004 ± 0.002) μg/mL,可作为防治草莓叶斑病的首选药剂;其次为咪鲜胺、嘧菌酯、戊唑醇、氟环唑、苯醚甲环唑和腈菌唑,平均EC₅₀值在0.006~0.803 μg/mL之间;百菌清毒力较低,而代森锰锌对新拟盘多毛孢 N. clavispora几乎没有抑制作用。研究结果对合理使用杀菌剂防治草莓新病害——新拟盘多毛孢叶斑病提供参考。     

Evaluation of Cymbopogon flexuosus and Alpinia zerumbet essential oils as biopesticides against Callosobruchus maculatus

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - This study aimed to investigate the effects of the essential oils of Cymbopogon flexuosus and Alpinia zerumbet in the treatment of cowpea [Vigna...     

戊唑醇对苹果斑点落叶病菌及轮纹病菌的毒力和药效评价

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了戊唑醇对苹果斑点落叶病菌Alternaria mali和苹果轮纹病菌Physalospora piricola的毒力并进行了田间药效试验。室内测定结果表明:戊唑醇抑制苹果斑点落叶病菌菌丝生长的EC50和EC90值分别为0.034和0.587 μg/mL,抑制苹果轮纹病菌菌丝生长的EC50和EC90值分别为0.019 和0.394 μg/mL。43%戊唑醇悬浮剂61 ~86 mg/L(5 000 ~7 000倍液)对苹果斑点落叶病的防效为84.6% ~88.8%,108 ~143 mg/L(3 000 ~4 000倍液)对苹果轮纹病的防效为73.8% ~86.4%,且该药剂在本试验剂量范围内对苹果树安全。     

甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐对害长头螨的室内毒力和田间药效

以袋栽大杯蕈的害长头螨成虫为试虫,测定甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐（甲维盐）和螺螨酯对其室内毒力。结果表明：甲维盐的LC50、LC95分别为2.79 mg/L和15.50 mg/L,螺螨酯的LC50、LC95分别为10.41 mg/L和65.26 mg/L,说明甲维盐对害长头螨的活性好于螺螨酯。田间药效试验结果证明：在大杯蕈菌包覆土前和每次采摘后,用2.2%甲维盐微乳剂0.67～1.0 mL/L,喷水量1.0L/m2,两潮菇后的防效可达到93.56%～96.05%,是目前防治害长头螨较理想的杀螨剂。     

甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂ZJ 0712对黄瓜白粉病和霜霉病的毒力及药效评价

ZJ 0712,2- -3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯,是我国自行创制的高效广谱杀菌剂。为评价该药剂10%SC对黄瓜白粉病和霜霉病的使用效果,进行了室内和田间药效评价。经室内检测,该药剂对白粉病菌Sphaerotheca fuliginea的EC50和EC90值分别为1.79和 5.47 μg/mL,对霜霉病菌Pseudoperonospora cubensis的EC50和EC90值分别为0.34和 45.15 μg/mL。 田间试验结果表明,该药剂对白粉病在10 ~20 g/hm2、对霜霉病在37.5 ~150 g/hm2剂量下防效分别为85.79% ~91.33%和86.70% ~90.18%。该药剂在本试验剂量范围内对作物安全。     

Laboratory and field trials of the rodenticide brodifacoum against warfarin-resistant Norway rats

Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) trapped in a low-income housing area in Raleigh, North Carolina, and on a poultry farm in Garner, North Carolina, manifested high levels of resistance to warfarin in laboratory tests. Of the rats tested, 59.1 and 91.7% from the Raleigh and Garner trap sites, respectively, survived a 6-day no-choice test of a diet containing 0.005 % warfarin. The warfarin-resistant rats were subsequently given a choice of a 0.005% brodifacoum bait and a placebo diet. Of 27 rats, 19 died after a 3-day test. Survivors had consumed significantly less brodifacoum (0.1 < P > 0.05) than those that died, but the survivors also died when subjected to an additional 1-day no-choice test of the brodifacoum bait. Field trials, in which warfarin-resistant rats in four poultry houses were fed with poison bait for 14–16 days with 0.005% brodifacoum in a pelletised bait (‘Talon’), resulted in 87–99 % control being achieved.     

常用化学杀虫剂对草地贪夜蛾防效的室内测定

化学农药是防治暴发性和突发性农业害虫的有效手段。针对草地贪夜蛾入侵我国后尚无登记农药可用的情况,我们在室内采用浸叶法和浸卵法测定了21种常用商品化学杀虫剂对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda的防治效果。结果表明,20%甲氰菊酯EC、15%唑虫酰胺SC、25 g/L溴氰菊酯EC、25 g/L高效氯氟氰菊酯EC和20%呋虫胺SC对草地贪夜蛾卵具有较高的毒杀活性,校正孵化抑制率可达80%以上。1%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐EC、5%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐ME、75%乙酰甲胺磷SP、6%乙基多杀菌素SC和20%甲氰菊酯EC对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫具有较强的毒杀作用,校正死亡率超过90%。本研究评价了不同类型化学杀虫剂对草地贪夜蛾卵和幼虫的毒杀效率,以期为生产上制定草地贪夜蛾化学防治用药方案提供技术指导。     

8种杀虫剂对苹果树绣线菊蚜的田间防效评价

对8种不同作用机理杀虫剂防治苹果树绣线菊蚜的效果进行了田间试验。结果表明:马拉硫磷、啶虫脒、高效氯氰菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯、噻虫嗪、吡虫啉、硫丹、阿维菌素均是防治苹果绣线菊蚜的有效药剂。啶虫脒和吡虫啉为防治苹果绣线菊蚜的首选药剂。噻虫嗪、马拉硫磷、硫丹可作为专用杀蚜剂。阿维菌素、高效氯氰菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯可作为防治绣线菊蚜的兼治药剂,一般不推荐为专用杀蚜剂。     

Predators with a future as bioagents against glasshouse pests1

As a result of the application of Encarsia formosa, Phytoseiulus persimilis and Bacillus thuringiensis, and of the decreased use of pesticides, we have observed the spontaneous appearance of natural enemies not normally present in Bulgarian glasshouses. Clitostethus arcuatus has proved a competitive species with E. formosa on Nicotiana glauca, green capsicum and Hibiscus syriacus, attacked by Trialeurodes vaporariorum. On cucumber and capsicum plants infested respectively by Aphis gossypii and Myzus persicae, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri was established after spontaneously entering an experimental glasshouse. Some trials were carried out with the polyphagous bug Podisus maculiventris under laboratory conditions. It was able to use larvae of T. vaporariorum, M. persicae and A. gossypii as prey. On this basis, it seems quite promising to include this predator in IPM programmes as an additional bioagent against certain glasshouse pests during the autumn-winter-spring period.     

Laboratory trials of fatty acids as repellents or antifeedants against houseflies,horn flies and stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae)

BACKGROUND: Straight‐chain, saturated fatty acids (particularly C8, C9 and C10) have some known behavioral effects on insects such as mosquitoes, and were tested in combination for potential repellency/antifeedant activity in bioassays against three significant muscoid flies of medical/veterinary importance: houseflies, horn flies and stable flies. RESULTS: Mixtures of C8, C9 and C10 (1:1:1; 15% total actives in formulation) were highly repellent to houseflies and horn flies at or below 1 mg formulation cm^?2. Repellency time varied from < 1 day for houseflies to usually at least 3 days for horn flies. Individual longer‐chain‐length fatty acids were tested, and C11 repelled houseflies for up to 5–8 days, while C12 lasted 2 days. Minimum statistically significant repellency levels of the C8, C9 and C10 mixture (3 h after application) against horn flies were 0.06–0.12 mg cm^?2. A liquid formulation of the 15% C8, C9 and C10 mixture in a silicone oil carrier (at 2.8 mg AI cm^?2) was highly repellent against hungry stable flies in a blood‐feeding membrane bioassay for at least 8 h. CONCLUSION: The low toxicity and reasonable activity and persistence of these carboxylic acids make them good candidates for development as protective materials against pest flies in livestock settings. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

玫烟色棒束孢对多种刺吸式口器害虫防治潜力的室内评测

刺吸式口器昆虫常发生严重且抗药性强。本文室内测定了玫烟色棒束孢Isaria fumosorosea Ifu13a对梨冠网蝽、小绿叶蝉和温室白粉虱等多种刺吸式口器害虫的控制潜力。在1.0×10⁸、1.0×10⁷和1.0×10⁶孢子/mL接种浓度下,在处理后初始2 d保持RH（95±5）%,随后8 d保持RH（78±5）%的条件下,小绿叶蝉和温室白粉虱成虫的累积死亡率均达到100%,其致死中时LT₅₀分别为4.12、4.11、5.43和4.77、5.55、5.32 d,而梨冠网蝽的致死中时为7.32、8.22、9.79 d。在1.0×10⁸和1.0×10⁷孢子/mL浓度下,小绿叶蝉和温室白粉虱累计死亡率均在5 d内即达到100%,2种害虫的致死中浓度LC₅₀分别为3.90×10³和3.03×10⁴孢子/mL;而梨冠网蝽第10 d在2种浓度下的累计死亡率分别达到了81.25%、77.5%,其LC₅₀为6.88×10⁵孢子/mL。菌株Ifu13a显示出一定的寄主专化性,菌株Ifu13a显现了对多种刺吸式口器害虫的高控制潜力。     

不同种子处理对苗期小麦草地贪夜蛾的室内防治效果

草地贪夜蛾是入侵我国的重大农业害虫, 其寄主植物范围广, 对我国粮食生产安全构成重大威胁?本研究通过室内盆栽接虫试验, 研究不同种衣剂包衣对苗期小麦草地贪夜蛾的防治效果?结果表明, 4种种衣剂处理均能显著提高小麦出苗率, 其中, 480 g/L 四唑虫酰胺种子处理悬浮剂10 mL/kg处理, 小麦出苗率最高, 达到97.78%, 与对照相比增加了21.38%?40%溴酰·噻虫嗪种子处理悬浮剂的保叶效果和防虫效果均表现良好, 其中4.5 mL/kg种子包衣对小麦齐苗后7?14 d和21 d接虫处理的保叶效果分别为76.12%?69.84%和70.45%, 而且, 接虫后14 d全株调查时未见活虫, 防虫效果达到100%?随着接虫时间的推迟, 含有双酰胺类药剂成分的各种衣剂处理对草地贪夜蛾为害麦苗的保叶效果有所下降, 但均显著好于600 g/L吡虫啉种子处理悬浮剂?