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1.
A complex of events and factors, pertinent to a specific insect and insecticide, governs the development of resistance to insecticides. In Israel, resistance to conventional and novel insecticides occurred in insect pests such asBemisia tabaci andSpodoptera littoralis (that damage agricultural crops),Tribolium castaneum and other flour beetles (that contaminate stored products), andPediculus humanus spp., house flies and mosquitoes (that threaten public health). In the mid-1980s an insecticide resistance management (IRM) strategy was established for all cotton grown in Israel and is being adjusted on a yearly basis as needed. At present, insect pest management and IRM strategies are being developed and implemented area-wide for three regions in Israel: Bet She’an Valley, western Galilee, and western Negev. There are several research groups now working in Israel on various aspects of resistance including occurrence, mechanisms, and management practices. This paper offers a tentative review of the status of insecticide and acaricide resistance in pests in Israel.  相似文献   

2.
棉铃虫对拟除虫菊酯农药的抗性治理效果评价   总被引:6,自引:2,他引:6  
作者在河北省定州市600hm~2棉田设立了棉铃虫抗药性治理示范区,采取以降低农药的选择压和利用敏感个体的稀释作用为出发点的一系列措施,实施了抗性治理。为评价治理效果,1991~1995年连续监测了河北省3个地区棉铃虫对氰戊菊酯、溴氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯和三氟氯氰菊酯的抗药性水平。结果表明,在非治理区,固安县种群的抗性指数(RR)由1991年的9.8~15.5倍,上升到1995年的26.1~85.3倍;故城县种群由31.1~57.7倍,上升到90.7~155.4倍;而抗性治理区定州市种群的抗性发展却较缓慢,稳定保持在18.0~25.0倍之间的中抗水平,证明抗性发展得到了有效控制。与非抗性治理区比较,定州棉田棉铃虫的虫口数下降4~8倍、防治费用降低23.7%~50%、纯收入增加约40%,说明抗性综合治理获得了初步的成功。  相似文献   

3.
Pyriproxyfen, a novel juvenile hormone mimic, is a potent suppressor of embryogenesis and adult formation of the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), and the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood). Dipping of cotton or tomato seedlings infested with 0 to 1-day-old eggs in 0.1 mg litre?1 resulted in over 90% suppression of egg hatch of both B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum. Older eggs were affected to a lesser extent. Exposure of whitefly females to cotton or tomato seedlings treated with pyriproxyfen resulted in oviposition of non-viable eggs. The LC90 values for egg viability of B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum exposed to treated plants were 0.05 and 0.2 mg litre?1, respectively. Treatment of whitefly larvae with 0.04–5 mg litre?1 resulted in normal development until the pupal stage; however, adult emergence was totally suppressed. Second instars of B. tabaci exposed to 5 mg litre?1 pyriproxyfen, excreted honeydew at a level similar to the control level until the fourth instar (pupation), after which a strong reduction was observed. Inhibition of egg-hatch on the lower surface of cotton leaves was observed when their upper surface was treated with 1–25 mg litre?1, indicating a pronounced translaminar effect. These findings indicate that pyriproxyfen is an efficient control agent of both B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum. The compound has been used successfully for controlling whiteflies in Israeli cotton fields since 1991. Adults of B. tabaci collected from a rose greenhouse and from adjacent cotton fields were monitored during 1991–1993 for their susceptibility to pyriproxyfen. A high level of resistance was recorded in whiteflies collected from a greenhouse after three successive applications of pyriproxyfen. Based on LC50 values, the resistance ratio for egg-hatch suppression was 554-fold and, for adult emergence failure, 10-fold. However, a single treatment of pyriproxyfen in cotton fields during the summer season (according to an insecticide resistance management (IRM) strategy) did not alter appreciably the susceptibility of B. tabaci to this compound. In order to prevent development of resistance, an attempt should be made to restrict its use to one treatment per crop season applied during the peak activity of the pest. Pyriproxyfen can be alternated with other novel compounds such as buprofezin and diafenthiuron for controlling whiteflies in cotton, vegetables and ornamentals as part of integrated pest management (IPM) and IRM strategies. In pyriproxyfen- or buprofezin-resistant strains of B. tabaci or T. vaporariorum, no appreciable cross-resistance was observed among pyriproxyfen, buprofezin and diafenthiuron.  相似文献   

4.

BACKGROUND

Helicoverpa zea, an economic pest in the south-eastern United States, has evolved practical resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry toxins in maize and cotton. Insect resistance management (IRM) programs have historically required planting of structured non-Bt maize, but because of its low adoption, the use of seed blends has been considered. To generate knowledge on target pest biology and ecology to help improve IRM strategies, nine field trials were conducted in 2019 and 2020 in Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina to evaluate the impact of Bt (Cry1Ab + Cry1F or Cry1Ab + Cry1F + Vip3A) and non-Bt maize plants in blended and structured refuge treatments on H. zea pupal survival, weight, soil pupation depth, adult flight parameters, and adult time to eclosion.

RESULTS

From a very large sample size and geography, we found a significant difference in pupal mortality and weight among treatments in seed blends with Vip3A, implying that cross-pollination occurred between Bt and non-Bt maize ears. There was no treatment effect for pupation depth, adult flight distance, and eclosion time.

CONCLUSION

Results of this study demonstrate the potential impact of different refuge strategies on phenological development and survival of an important pest species of regulatory concern. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.  相似文献   

5.
Insecticide resistance has developed within many classes of pesticide, and over 500 species of insects and mites are resistant to one or more insecticides. Insecticide resistance and the consequent losses of food and fiber caused by failure to control insect and mite pests causes economic losses of several billion dollars worldwide each year. It is the goal of insect resistance management (IRM) to preserve useful pesticides by slowing, preventing or reversing development of resistance in pests. Important aspects of this goal are understanding the development of resistance and monitoring to determine ways to prevent its development. We describe programs specific to missions of the US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, which are designed to characterize insecticide resistance in insects and mites with the goal of managing pests in an ecologically acceptable manner. Resistance management of cotton, potatoes, vegetables, melons, ornamentals, greenhouse crops, corn, stored grains, livestock, honeybees and mites, as well as management of transgenic crops are evaluated. We conclude that IRM is a vital part of stewardship of any pest management product and must be a combined effort of manufacturers, growers, consultants, extension services and grower organizations, working closely with regulators, to achieve logistically and economically feasible systems that prolong the effectiveness of all pest-control products.  相似文献   

6.
石丹丹  张帅  梁沛 《植物保护》2023,49(5):270-278
棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover是农业生产上最重要的害虫之一。化学杀虫剂一直以来都是棉蚜综合防治体系中的重要组成部分, 但化学杀虫剂的不合理使用导致棉蚜对多种杀虫剂均产生了高水平抗性。现有研究表明, 靶标位点突变、解毒酶基因的过表达以及某些肠道共生菌丰度的变化是导致棉蚜对杀虫剂产生抗性的主要机制。针对棉蚜抗性发展现状及其抗药性机制, 制定科学合理的抗性治理策略, 是充分发挥化学防治的优势、实现棉蚜可持续治理的关键。本文主要从棉蚜的抗药性现状、抗性机制和抗性治理策略3个方面对近10多年的主要进展进行了综述, 旨在为棉蚜抗药性长效治理和科学施策提供理论依据。  相似文献   

7.
Abstract

Comparative field research on transgenic Bt cotton and conventional cotton under different conditions (fields without pesticide inputs, fields managed by farmers with IPM education, fields managed by farmers lacking IPM education) were carried out in Hubei province of China in 2002. The amount of pesticide used on Bt cotton by non-IPM farmers was found to be around three times that used by IPM farmers. IPM farmers made significantly higher net profits from cultivating transgenic Bt cotton in comparison with non-IPM farmers. Other pest management practices had more significant influences on the population dynamics of predatory natural enemies and major insect pests than did the adoption of transgenic Bt cotton in the cotton ecosystem. Our study showed that IPM education, by increasing farmer capacity to critically evaluate inputs and their effects, monitor their fields and make informed decisions on pest management, enabled farmers to reduce pesticide use significantly, so resulting in improved production and profit margin. IPM farmer education thus, contributed to maximising the value of planting transgenic Bt cotton.  相似文献   

8.
试论农业害虫的自然控制   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
作者根据水稻、棉花、玉米、小麦、油菜、果树和蔬菜等的重要害虫几十年的防治经验,论述了农业害虫自然控制因素的作用和自控措施。这些措施包括作物耐抗性的利用、植物性杀虫剂的利用、昆虫行为和习性的利用、天敌资源的保护利用、农业措施的利用以及农业害虫的综合自控技术。依据可持续农业的发展要求,讨论了在农业害虫的治理中应充分重视和利用一切自然控制因素  相似文献   

9.
Insecticide resistance management (IRM) is a component of integrated pest management (IPM) that has the goal of forestalling resistance development to all insecticides. Since the advent of the organochlorine insecticides in the 1940s, an average of about one class of insecticide has been lost every 10 years because of resistance. Effective insecticides are necessary for optimum IPM and are too important and too expensive a resource to be lost so rapidly. By adhering to the principles of IPM and utilizing other IPM components such as biological and cultural control, IRM has the potential of conserving the susceptibility of pests to insecticides. Although initial attempts of IRM appear to be successful, it is imperative that research to undergird IRM be greatly accelerated.  相似文献   

10.
Since 1996, transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) cotton has been commercially grown in numerous countries in an effort to stem the losses caused by key lepidopteran pests. However, the development of pest resistance to Bt toxins has jeopardized the continued utilization of Bt cotton. As a strategy designed to circumvent the development of resistance, Bt cotton varieties expressing two or more toxins targeting the same pest have been introduced. Nevertheless, from the perspective of long-term planting of Bt cotton, the potential risk of cross-resistance to these Bt toxins is a threat that cannot be ignored. In this paper, we review current research(including that based on the analysis of protein binding sites and resistance genes) on the resistance of cotton bollworm(Helicoverpa armigera) to the Bt toxins Cry1 Ac and Cry2 Ab and the interrelationship between these toxins. On the basis of existing evidence, we assume that the actions of Cry1 Ac and Cry2 Ab against cotton bollworm are not completely independent, and then propose the "resistance-associated gene mutation potential hypothesis". Although the mechanisms underlying the resistance of pests to Bt toxins are yet to be comprehensively elucidated, this hypothesis could undoubtedly have important implications for adopting "pyramid" strategy in the future. Further research is recommended to devise strategies to retard the development of H. armigera resistance to Bt cotton, either using different Bt toxins or their various combinations.  相似文献   

11.
Insecticide resistance continues to be one of the most important issues facing agricultural production. The challenges in insecticide resistance and its management are exemplified by the situation with the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). This highly invasive pest has a great propensity for developing insecticide resistance because of its biological attributes, and cases of resistance to most classes of insecticides used for its management have been detected. To combat insecticide resistance in the western flower thrips, several insecticide resistance management (IRM) programs have been developed around the world, and these are discussed. Successful programs rely on non-insecticidal tactics, such as biological and cultural controls and host plant resistance, to reduce population pressures, rotations among insecticides of different mode of action classes to conserve insecticide efficacy, resistance monitoring, sampling to determine the need for insecticide applications and education to assure proper implementation. More judicious insecticide use is possible with the development of well-founded economic thresholds for more cropping systems. While growers will continue to rely on insecticides as part of western-flower-thrips- and thrips-transmitted virus management, more effective management of these pests will be achieved by considering their management in the context of overall integrated pest management, with IRM being a key component of those comprehensive programs.  相似文献   

12.
郭予元院士带领团队研究人员通过多年协同攻关研究,解析了棉铃虫发生为害规律和自然种群生命表机制,明确了棉铃虫对多种农药抗药性动态并应用于棉田抗药性治理,揭示了黄河流域棉区棉花对不同世代棉铃虫为害的补偿生长规律和防治策略,基于不同世代棉铃虫为害阈值和防治指标创建了准确预报二代棉铃虫发生数量的一代麦田扫网法,开展棉花种质资源抗病虫性鉴定并指导选育多抗棉花系列新品种。通过整合诱杀、选择性杀虫剂、生物农药与化学农药次序使用和局部精准施药等绿色防治技术,组建区域性棉花主要病虫害综合防治技术体系,棉区棉铃虫为害得到有效控制,引领了我国农作物主要病虫害综合防治技术的发展。本文简要回顾了郭予元院士在该领域研究中做出的主要历史贡献。  相似文献   

13.
Bt Transgenic Crops: Risks and Benefits   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
Bt crops, predominantly maize and cotton hybrids, transgenically expressing cry genes derived from Bacillus thuringiensis, were planted on approximately 14 million hectares (worldwide) in 1999. Preliminary reports suggest that in most cases pesticide use was reduced, and in some situations there were significant increases in yields and profits. However, assemblages of secondary pests – such as aphids, plant bugs and thrips – also exist in Bt crops, and although the overall need for scouting and chemical control is reduced in Bt crops, there may be a requirement for additional, conventionally applied chemicals to control such non-target pests.Naturally-occurring Bt toxins with activity against a wide variety of pest species have been discovered and are thus potentially available for engineering into Bt crops to control a broader spectrum of pests than are currently targeted. New Bt crops and second-generation products incorporating an expanding range of Cry toxins and other arthropod targeted genes are in development and could become available for introduction to the market within the next few years.Insecticide resistance management (IRM) strategies for Bt crops are reviewed in the context of studies on selection pressures and the potential for resistance development in target populations. The so-called, high dose strategy, combined with the use of refuges, is widely agreed to be the best technical approach for managing resistance, and evidence is accumulating that separate refuges are more effective at conserving pest susceptibility than mixed refuges. A widespread consensus on the necessity for such measures, and an appreciation of the importance of multi-tactical approaches, has developed. Monitoring programmes, protocols and studies relevant to detecting the early development of resistance to Bt Cry toxins are described.Field monitoring of non-target entomofauna has not revealed significant differences in the abundance or biodiversity of beneficial insects associated with Bt maize. Indeed, laboratory studies of effects on parasitoids suggest that Bt plants may even have an environmental advantage over broad spectrum pesticides. However, more complex, multi-trophic, long-term experiments are needed to thoroughly assess the compatibility of Bt crops with non-target invertebrates and to define the complex relationship between IRM, target species and their natural enemy assemblages. Studies on the effects of transgenically-expressed Cry toxins on non-target insects, and their persistence in soil and on leaves, is reviewed. It is suggested that there is currently no generally agreed framework, or methodology, within which ad hoc experimental results can be accommodated, and each crop-transgene combination has to be assessed on a case-by-case basis. Studies proposing a conceptual approach to evaluating risks associated with Bt crops are highlighted and potential benefits and hazards are reviewed.  相似文献   

14.
Abstract

During recent years, blister beetles have gained importance in species diversity and as pests of food crops in West Africa. Among the 97 species reported, Psalydolytta fusca Oliv, and P. vestita Duf. are economically important beetle species. Beetle abundance is generally associated with the flowering of crops in a region. Regular intensive weeding and early crop establishment are recommended for pest management in food crops. Global pest control strategies are discussed in the context of subsistence agriculture.  相似文献   

15.
BACKGROUND: Growers have enthusiastically embraced crops genetically modified to express Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins for insect control because they provide excellent protection from key damaging insect pests around the world. Bt crops also offer superior environmental and health benefits while increasing grower income. However, insect resistance development is an important concern for all stakeholders, including growers, technology providers and seed companies that develop these genetically modified crops. Given the marked benefits associated with Bt crops, insect resistance management (IRM) must be a consideration when cultivating these crops. RESULTS: The technical data and practical experience accumulated with Bt crops in many global regions can inform different aspects of resistance management leading to robust, science‐based IRM plans. A range of elements should be considered in assembling any IRM strategy, including: pest biology/ecology, product deployment patterns, local cropping systems, insect susceptibility monitoring, stakeholder/grower communications, and a remedial action plan should resistance develop. Each of these elements is described in more detail, with specific examples of how these elements can be combined and tailored to the local/regional environments and grower practices. CONCLUSION: IRM plans need to be suitable for the given production situation. What works for large monoculture production systems in North America is unlikely to be appropriate for the small, more diverse agriculture of southeast Asia or Africa. Though it is clear that Bt crops impart considerable value to growers, it is also clear that it is in the best interest of all stakeholders to preserve Bt proteins for the long‐term benefits they provide. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

16.
转双价基因抗虫棉对主要害虫的抗性观察与防治技术要点   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
在比较研究转双价基因(Bt+CpTI)和转单价基因(Bt)抗虫棉对主要害虫的控制作用及其对非靶标害虫种群动态影响的基础上,研究提出了转双价基因抗虫棉主要害虫的综合防治技术。  相似文献   

17.
棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera是一种全球性的重要农业害虫,主要为害棉花、玉米和大豆等作物。长期种植单价Bt棉花(表达Cry1Ac蛋白)会使棉铃虫田间种群承受单一、持续的选择压力,必然会导致棉铃虫对Cry1Ac的抗性发生演化。该文概述我国棉铃虫田间种群对Cry1Ac的抗性现状、自然庇护所对棉铃虫Cry1Ac抗性演化的延缓作用以及棉铃虫对Cry1Ac抗性的遗传多样性,并对今后我国关于棉铃虫Bt抗性的治理对策进行了展望。  相似文献   

18.
BACKGROUND: In the mid‐southern region of the United States, sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.), is a major target pest of transgenic maize expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins. Novel transgenic maize technologies containing two or more pyramided Bt genes for controlling lepidopteran pests have recently become commercially available. Insect resistance management (IRM) is an important issue in the sustainable use of Bt crop technologies. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of resistance alleles in field populations of D. saccharalis to the new pyramided Bt maize technologies. RESULTS: A total of 382 F2 family lines derived from 735 feral larvae/pupae of D. saccharalis collected from six locations in Louisiana and Mississippi during 2008 and 2009 were screened for resistance to three new Bt maize technologies: MON 89034, Genuity? VT Triple Pro? and SmartStax?. None of the 382 F2 isoline families survived on the Bt maize leaf tissue for ≥ 12 days in the F2 screen. The joint frequency for two‐ or three‐gene resistance models with 95% probability in these populations was estimated to be < 0.0063 to MON 89034 and < 0.003 to VT Triple Pro? and SmartStax?. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the resistance allele frequency in D. saccharalis to the three pyramided Bt maize technologies is low in the mid‐southern region of the United States, which should meet the rare resistance assumption of the currently used IRM strategy for Bt maize. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

19.
Abstract

The incidence, economic importance, ecology, biology and control measures are described in brief for common pests of sorghum and millets in India. At present, shoot flies, stem borers, earhead midges, birds and rats are considered major pests. However formerly occasional or minor pests are becoming a menace in some states due to changes in cultural practices. For most of the recently recorded pests, information on factors responsible for their outbreak, bionomics, yield losses etc. is needed before planning the control operations. As an immediate remedy, chemicals have been used extensively, mainly on high yielding varieties and hybrids of sorghums. It is emphasized that studies should be intensified on varietal resistance, mass rearing techniques, predators and parasites and manipulation of population by cultural practices leading to the possibility of using all available methods on an integrated basis for future pest management programmes for sorghum and millets.  相似文献   

20.
棉叶螨也称为棉红蜘蛛,属蛛形纲叶螨科,其种类繁多,分布范围广,世代周期短,是为害棉花的一类重要害螨。目前,用于防治棉叶螨的化学药剂主要是神经毒剂及呼吸抑制剂2大类,且棉叶螨对多数药剂产生了不同程度的抗性,以二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae为首的植食性害螨已成为世界上抗药性最严重的节肢动物之一。美国路易斯安那州棉田二斑叶螨种群对阿维菌素产生了1 415倍抗性,而国内棉花上棉叶螨主要对有机磷类药剂产生了较强抗性,最高为467倍。棉叶螨产生抗药性的机制主要涉及靶标突变及解毒代谢增强,其中靶标突变主要涉及乙酰胆碱酯酶、电压门控钠离子通道和谷氨酸门控氯离子通道等;细胞色素P450单加氧酶、羧酸酯酶和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶等一种或多种解毒酶共同参与害螨对化学药剂的解毒代谢。该文主要从棉叶螨的种类及分布、用于防治棉叶螨的化学药剂、棉叶螨的抗药性现状、抗药性机制解析和抗药性治理策略5个方面进行阐述,提出因地制宜的抗药性治理策略,旨在为棉叶螨的田间防治提供指导。  相似文献   

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