原生质体融合技术改良植病生防木霉菌株

以产孢量大，对苯菌灵有抗性，对潮霉素B敏感的哈茨木霉菌株T9和产孢量少，对潮霉素B有抗性，对苯菌灵敏感的康宁木霉菌株Tk7a为亲本，进行原生质体融合，筛选获得抗最高浓度杀菌剂的融合子。所有融合子的产孢量均比亲本菌株Tk7a大。融合子按照菌落形态的不同分成4组，大部分融合子的几丁质酶、葡聚糖酶和内切葡聚糖酶的活性比亲本菌株高。融合子对棉花猝倒病菌和小麦全蚀病菌的寄生能力基本等同于亲本菌株；融合子对小麦全蚀病的防效比亲本菌株稍好，其刺激麦苗根部生长的能力与亲本菌株相差不大。两个融合子根际竞争能力比亲本菌株T9强，和亲本菌株Tk7a相当。     

Population Dynamics of Biocontrol Agents and Pathogens in Soils and Rhizospheres

Understanding the dynamics between a pathogen and a biocontrol agent (BCA) in soil or in an infection court such as the rhizosphere is crucial for predicting the success of biological control. This is especially true for biological control using the strategy of reduction of initial inoculum prior to infection. By studying the population density fluxes over time, one can observe how the BCA and pathogen influence each other's population and life cycles, and how the biological and physical environment influence this relationship. Methods for quantifying fungi and bacteria in soil, including classical (dilution plating, baiting, bioassays), immunological (ELISA, IFC, immunomagnetic) and molecular (DNA hybridization, PCR, marker and reporter genes) methods, are discussed and critiqued. Finally, the value of mathematical modeling of population dynamics as a means of providing important information about the tripartite relationship between the pathogen, BCA, and host plant is reviewed.     

洋葱伯克氏菌作为植物病害生防菌的研究进展及其风险评价

洋葱伯克氏细菌既具有良好的生防功能但又可能是人体条件致病菌，文章就洋葱伯克氏细菌作为生防菌的研究与应用现状及存在的风险进行了综述，同时提出了其作为生防菌的应用前景与急待解决的问题。     

外来杂草在海南的危害及病害调查

对海南13种外来杂草展开调查,其中分布广泛、危害最为严重的是飞机草和假臭草。在9种外来杂草上共分离获得17种真菌,分别是侵染假臭草的链隔孢（Alternaria sp.）、镰刀菌（Fusarium sp.）,侵染飞机草的飞机草泽兰尾孢（Cerospora eupatorii Peck.）、炭疽菌（Colletotrichum sp.）和链格孢（Alternaria sp.）,侵染蟛蜞菊的链隔孢（Alternaria sp.）和炭疽菌（Colletotrichum sp.）,侵染空心莲子草的假隔链格孢（Nimbya alternantherae）和镰刀菌（Fusarium sp.）,侵染小飞蓬的弯孢（Curvularia sp.）和链格孢（Alternaria sp.）,侵染阔叶丰花草和胜红蓟的弯孢（Curvularia sp.）,侵染三叶鬼针草的弯孢（Curvularia sp.）和黑孢霉（Nigrospora sphaerica）,侵染凤眼莲的链格孢（Alternaria sp.）和炭疽菌（Colletotrichum sp.）。     

Bactra spp. in Pakistan and their Potential as Biocontrol Agents of Cyperus rotundus

Abstract

Observations on distribution, abundance, phenology, host spectrum, biology and damage of Bactra venosana and B. minima are reported. Morphological differences between larvae and pupae of the two species for field identification are given. Oviposition and larval feeding tests were carried out and showed that oviposition is indiscriminate but larvae have a strong preference for Cyperus rotundus though they also feed on some other Cyperus spp. In laboratory experiments 72% of plants damaged by B. venosana and 65% by B. minima failed to regenerate. The ecological preferences of B. venosana and B. minima are also discussed and as a result both species are recommended for simultaneous introduction for the control of C. rotundus in areas where other Cyperus spp. are not economically important.     

抗草甘膦杂草检测方法的研究进展

目前,抗草甘膦杂草问题日趋严重。通过检索国内外抗草甘膦杂草的检测方法,总结出常用检测方法和其他检测方法,进行了简单概述,为抗草甘膦杂草检测体系的发展提供依据。     

国外微孢子虫治蝗兴衰概况

简要综述了国外用微孢子治蝗的历史经验、现状和今后展望。     

Recent Progress in the Biological Control of Weeds1

The recent progress in biological control of weeds is such that three main branches can now be distinguished: 1) classical, 2) inundative, 3) total vegetation. For each branch a brief account of modern methods is detailed, the advantages are outlined and examples of recent programmes are given. For classical biological control, safety, effectiveness and virulence of the agent are prime requirements; for inundative control, safety, virulence and manipulability are necessary attributes of the agents; for total vegetation control manipulability is the major criterion.     

Combined Application of Biochar and Biocontrol Agents Enhances Plant Growth and Activates Resistance Against Meloidogyne incognita in Tomato

Gesunde Pflanzen - Biochar (BC) is known to enhance plant growth and may activate plant resistance to various soil borne pathogens. In this experiment, the rice husk (RH) BC was combined with...     

Development of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Restriction Enzyme-Mediated Integration Mutants as Biocontrol Agents Against Anthracnose Disease in Avocado Fruits

ABSTRACT Reduced-pathogenicity mutants of the avocado fruit pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolate Cg-14 (teleomorph: Glomerella cingulata) were generated by insertional mutagenesis by restriction enzyme-mediated integration (REMI) transformation. Following seven transformations, 3,500 hygromycin-resistant isolates were subjected to a virulence assay by inoculation on mesocarp and pericarp of cv. Fuerte avocado fruits. Fourteen isolates showed a reduced degree of virulence relative compared with wild-type Cg-14. Two isolates, Cg-M-142 and Cg-M-1150, were further characterized. Cg-M-142 produced appressoria on avocado pericarp similar to Cg-14, but caused reduced symptom development on the fruit's pericarp and mesocarp. Isolate Cg-M-1150 did not produce appressoria; it caused much reduced maceration on the mesocarp and no symptoms on the pericarp. Southern blot analysis of Cg-M-142 and Cg-M-1150 showed REMI at different XbaI sites of the fungal genome. Pre-inoculation of avocado fruit with Cg-M-142 delayed symptom development by the wild-type isolate. Induced resistance was accompanied by an increase in the levels of preformed antifungal diene, from 760 to 1,200 mug/g fresh weight 9 days after inoculation, whereas pre-inoculation with Cg-M-1150 did not affect the level of antifungal diene, nor did it delay the appearance of decay symptoms. The results presented here show that reduced-pathogenicity isolates can be used for the biological control of anthracnose caused by C. gloeosporioides attack.     

抗草甘膦杂草及其抗性机制研究进展

介绍了迄今为止全球发现的13种抗草甘膦杂草的发生、发展,并从草甘膦的吸收、输导和分布,5-烯醇丙酮莽草酸-3-磷酸合成酶(EPSPS)的活性以及抗药性遗传等方面对其抗性机制进行了讨论,指出了中国在未来出现抗草甘膦杂草的潜在风险性,并提出了延缓杂草对草甘膦抗性发生的策略。     

Selection and Screening of Endorhizosphere Bacteria from Solarized Soils as Biocontrol Agents Against Verticillium dahliae of Solanaceous Hosts

Verticillium dahliae antagonistic endorhizosphere bacteria were selected from root tips of tomato plants grown in solarized soils. Fifty-three out of the 435 selected bacterial isolates were found to be antagonistic against V. dahliae and several other soilborne pathogens in dual cultures. Significant biocontrol activity against V. dahliae in glasshouse trials was demonstrated in three of 18 evaluated antagonistic isolates, provisionally identified as Bacillus sp. Although fluorescent pseudomonads were also isolated from root tips of tomato plants, none of the tested isolates exercised any significant antagonistic activity against V. dahliae in dual cultures. So these isolates were not tested in glasshouse trials in this study. Finally, two of the most effective bacterial isolates, designated as K-165 and 5-127, were shown to be rhizosphere colonizers, very efficient in inhibiting mycelial growth of V. dahliae in dual cultures and successfully controlling Verticillium wilt of solanaceous hosts. In glasshouse experiments, root dipping or soil drenching of eggplants with bacterial suspension of 10⁷cfu ml^–1 resulted in reduced disease severity expressed as percentage of diseased leaves (40–70%) compared to the untreated controls under high V. dahliae inoculum level (40 microsclerotia g^–1 soil). In heavily Verticillium infested potato fields, experiments with potato seeds dusted with a bacterial talc formulation (10⁸cfu g^–1 formulation), showed a significant reduction in symptom development expressed as percentage of diseased potato plants and a 25% increase in yield over the untreated controls. As for their effectiveness in increasing plant height, both bacterial isolates K-165 and 5-127 produced indolebutyric, indolepyruvic and indole propionic acids. Both antagonists are considered as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria bacteria since significantly increased the height of treated plants compared with the untreated controls. Chitinolytic activity test showed that both isolates were able to produce chitinase. Testing rhizospheric and endophytic activity of the antagonists it was shown that although the bacteria are rhizosphere inhabitants they also preferentially colonize the endorhizosphere of tomatoes and eggplants. Fatty acid analysis showed that isolate K-165 could belong to Paenibacillus alvei while 5-127 to Bacillus amiloliquefaciens.     

用重寄生菌防治植物病害

本文对国内外已发现的重寄生菌和种类及其寄生于靶标植物病原真菌的类群作了简要概述，分析了利用重寄生菌进行植物病害生物防治方面存在的问题，并提出了解决途径，最后展望了植物病害生物防治中应用重寄生菌的前景。     

烟粉虱的寄生蜂及其应用

本文就烟粉虱的寄生蜂种类、生物学特性、寄主选择性、农药对寄生蜂的影响及寄生蜂的应用等方面的研究进展进行了较全面的综述。     

抗草甘膦杂草的抗性机理研究进展

草甘膦因其独特而优异的理化特性,自上市起便受到广泛的关注,现在已经成为全世界应用最广的除草剂之一.但是随着草甘膦抗性杂草的不断出现,草甘膦的应用前景受到严峻的挑战.文章综述了草甘膦生产及应用现状、草甘膦作用机理和草甘膦抗性杂草的发展,重点阐述了草甘膦抗性杂草的抗性机理.最后对如何通过延缓草甘膦抗性杂草的出现,保护草甘膦提出建议.     

微生物制剂对草莓重要真菌病害的作用研究

为筛选防治草莓几种重要真菌病害的高效微生物制剂,本研究测定了以植物免疫蛋白、淡紫拟青霉、枯草芽胞杆菌和粉红黏帚霉等为活性成分的3种微生物制剂对草莓炭疽病、灰霉病和白粉病的防治作用及对草莓生长的影响。结果表明,3种微生物制剂对草莓炭疽病的防效均在65%以上,对灰霉病的防效在30%~55%。对于草莓白粉病害,沃丰康-克线散防治效果较好,达到64.1%,而普绿通粉剂和沃丰康-复合微生物菌剂防效不明显（<40%）。此外,3种微生物菌剂均表现出明显的促生、增产作用,其中沃丰康-复合微生物菌剂效果最为显著,植株干重增加57.3%,草莓干重增加83.1%;施用沃丰康-克线散粉剂植株和果实增幅分别为47.5%和76.1%,普绿通粉剂分别增加17.9%和66.2%。本研究表明,生防制剂可以替代化学农药用于草莓病害防治和有机生产。     

寡糖生物防治应用及机理研究进展

植物诱导防御是当前国际生物防治学的热点内容,研究发现寡糖类物质是一类有效的诱导子,对于植物具有免疫调节作用,可以增强植物应对病虫害的能力。利用其进行植物病虫害防治是植物保护的新途径。本文将对目前应用较为广泛的寡糖诱导子来源和实际应用情况,以及寡糖诱抗机理研究中寡糖识别机制的研究进展进行综述。