Insect Pests

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a major pest of maize and frequently demands control measures. The timing of insecticide application is a key factor in determining its efficiency, so an experiment was designed to investigate this. Application of insecticide was based on three criteria: (i) the number of trap-caught moths in a Delta-type trap with a commercial sex pheromone lure placed in the center of the target area, soon after plant emergence; (ii) the percentage of plants exhibiting pinhole-type damage (10% or 20%) and (iii) the percentage of plants exhibiting shot hole-type damage (10% or 20%) compared to a check plot without any control measures. We found that the number of trap-caught moths was, compared to the other methods, the best means of deciding on insecticide application in maize to control the fall armyworm. Using pheromone traps, we obtained the best performance of the insecticide Spinosad, causing >90% larval mortality. Without insecticide application, maize yield reduction due to fall armyworm larva damage was 39%.     

Insect Pests of Rice in Laos

Abstract

The insect species feeding on rice in Laos were investigated during 1973–75. Populations were usually small but the most common species were Patanga succincta (L.), Leptocorisa spp. and Nezara viridula (L.) on the upland rice; Oxya and Euscyrtus spp. in the seedbeds and Chilo polychrysus (Meyr.), C. suppressalis Wlk. and Sesamia inferens (Wlk.) in the transplanted paddy rice of the lowlands. The natural enemies of these species were recorded.     

稻鸭共育对稻田杂草和病虫害的生物防治效应

本文研究稻田全天放鸭对水稻病、虫、杂草的防治效果。试验结果表明,稻鸭共育后12和42d,共育田水稻基部飞虱、叶蝉的总量比不养鸭稻田平均减少63．8％和77．3％;稻鸭共育后10和40d,共育田杂草比不养鸭稻田平均减少50．6％和94．2％;分蘖高峰期和齐穗期的纹枯病病情指数,稻鸭共育田比不养鸭稻田分别低67．1％和52．5％。另外,稻鸭共育田的害虫天敌蜘蛛数量明显增加,比常规种稻田多1．66～2．61倍,这也显著改善了稻田的生态环境,抑制了水稻害虫的危害。     

苹果主要病虫害全程生物农药防控效果

为研究苹果主要病虫害全程生物农药防控效果,2020、2021年在苹果休眠期使用石硫合剂和腐殖酸铜,在生长期选择多种生物农药,包括苦参碱、中生菌素、多抗霉素、大黄素甲醚、枯草芽胞杆菌、苏云金芽胞杆菌和鱼藤酮等,监测了苹果斑点落叶病、褐斑病、苹果黄蚜和苹果小卷叶蛾的发生与为害。结果显示,2020年全程喷施生物农药对苹果斑点落叶病、褐斑病、苹果黄蚜和苹果小卷叶蛾的防治效果最低值分别为82.08%、80.07%、86.04%和86.77%;2021年则分别为87.90%、86.90%、89.67%和88.25%,均接近于化学农药为主的防控区。同时,生物农药防控区未出现任何药害。研究表明苹果全生育期喷施生物农药,可有效控制苹果主要病虫害,对苹果园化学农药减施增效具有重要指导意义。     

Insect Growth Regulators and their Potential in the Management of Stored-product Insect Pests

Concern about the impact of pesticides on both health and environment has resulted in the search for alternative control measures for stored-product insect pest. Amongst such alternatives are insect growth regulators (IGRs), a class of biorational compounds that disrupt the normal development of insects. Because of their selectivity of action, these compounds appear to fit the requirements for Third Generation Pesticides, environmentally benign and safer grain protectants. IGRs have been developed commercially and are being used to control insect pests in agriculture, forestry, public health and stored products. IGRs affect the biology of treated insects, for example, both embryonic and post-embryonic development, reproduction, behaviour and mortality. Abnormal morphogenesis is the observed effect of IGR action on the insects. Many of them are more potent than current insecticides, even against the eggs.Compared with the conventional insecticides, IGRs do not exhibit quick knock-down in insects or cause mortality, but the long-term exposure to these compounds largely stops the population growth, as a result of the effects mentioned in both the parents and progeny.The present paper focuses on the previous works on different IGRs available commercially. Also, their possible role in the management of stored-product insect pests has been discussed.     

2000-2010年我国水稻病虫害发生与为害特征分析

病虫害是威胁我国水稻安全生产的重要因素之一。但从宏观上研究其发生与为害特征的报告不多。基于我国植物保护统计数据、水稻产量数据和农田土地覆盖类型遥感数据,重点分析2000年至2010年11年期间我国水稻病虫害发生与为害特征。结果表明：2000年到2010年期间,我国水稻病害、虫害年均发生面积分别为2.85亿亩次和7.26亿亩次,其年均防治面积分别为7.28亿亩次和14.72亿亩次;11年期间水稻病虫害的发生面积、发生程度、防治面积和防治程度均波动增加。防治水稻病害、虫害后,分别挽回稻谷为1114.49万t、2288.27万t,其挽回损失量在11年期间分别增加了38.34%、37.51%,表明水稻病虫害防治意义重大。但由于气候变化等诸多因子,导致2000年到2010年我国水稻病害、虫害年均造成的实际稻谷损失量仍分别为206.52万t与291.35万t,说明水稻病虫害的防控还有提升的空间。从全国各省分布来看,水稻病虫害发生分布较广的省份有东北区域的黑龙江、吉林、辽宁;华东区域的山东、江苏、安徽、江西;华中区域的河南、湖北、湖南;华南区域的广西、海南;西南区域的四川。为有效地防止或减少病虫害对水稻产量的损失,应加强全球变化下区域性稻田生态系统病虫害生态调控研究,建立相应的防控新对策与技术体系。     

Insects and Mites

Abstract

During August 1986 when there was a build up of Parasa lepida Cramer on coconut in the study area in Kerala, India, many dead larvae were found on the underside of the leaves. A few of these cadavers which were suspected to be infected by a virus were collected. Pathogenicity tests proved positive. PIBs were negative to stain by Giemsa, and section of the polyhedra shows that the virions are rod shaped. The pathogen is a multiple embedded baculovirus.     

水稻品种混播对害虫和天敌发生及水稻产量的影响

试验选用生育期相近的4个水稻品种（津原45、津原11、津原17和花育409）,通过等比例混播,研究水稻的遗传多样性对主要病虫害和天敌的发生以及产量的影响,在此基础上分析了各个参数之间的相关性。结果表明,水稻品种混播显著降低了褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens Stal的种群密度,提高了捕食性蜘蛛的种群密度。混播比单播均值增产2.5%,比津原45单播增产17.3%。相关性分析表明,不同品种的产量因子与害虫及天敌的发生量之间相关性不同,津原45和津原11单播处理中各参数间相关性显著,而在混播处理中不显著。本试验支持了农业生物多样性对病虫害调控作用的理论,为水稻的安全生产提供了技术依据。     

害虫对新烟碱类杀虫剂的抗药性及其治理策略

烟碱和新烟碱类杀虫剂都是作为后突触烟碱乙酰胆碱受体(nAChRs)的激动剂作用于昆虫中枢神经系统,但这两类杀虫剂存在明显不同的选择毒性:烟碱类对哺乳动物毒性较高,而杀虫活性低;新烟碱类具有高杀虫活性,而对哺乳动物低毒。由于新烟碱类杀虫剂的作用方式独特,对以前使用的如拟除虫菊酯类、氯化烃类、有机磷类和氨基甲酸酯类等杀虫剂很少或无交互抗性,该类杀虫剂为防治一些世界性重大害虫(包括对以前使用的杀虫剂具有长期抗性的害虫)作出了重要贡献。但现已发现不少害虫对新烟碱类杀虫剂产生了抗性。文章就害虫对新烟碱类杀虫剂的抗性概况、抗性机理和抗性治理策略进行了综述。     

广州动物园主要绿化树种病虫害调查

本文通过调查统计所选取植株病虫害的危害程度,对广州动物园主要绿化植物病虫害发生状况进行了数据统计和分析,提出了相应的防治措施。     

我国饲草重大病虫鼠害研究进展

为全面了解我国饲草重大病虫鼠害分布和危害,充分掌握其传播扩散规律及其造成的重大经济损失,我们系统分析了我国饲草病害、虫害、鼠害等生物灾害危害情况,总结了国内外饲草病虫鼠害防控现状与研究进展,提出了饲草重大生物灾害的防控对策,为保障饲草产业和草牧业健康发展提供理论支撑。此外,本文还总结了我国饲草病虫鼠害的防控难题,为今后饲草病虫鼠害的研究提供了方向。     

生物多样性在害虫控制中的生态功能与机理

生态学的有害生物治（EBPM）或生态管理（EPM）是新世纪农业有害生物防治的新对策。应用系统工程的原理和方法改变农田生态系统生物多样性,进行害虫生态控制将越来越受到人们的重视。通过农田生态系统生物多样性、调节农田生态系统多样性对天敌和害虫的影响以及生物多样性控制害虫的机制及生物多样性在害虫生态控制中的利用前景4个方面,论述农田生态系统生物多样性在害虫控制中的生态功能与机理。     

吴茱萸病虫害防治研究进展

概述了吴茱萸主要病虫害种类,介绍其了预测预报、农业防治、物理防治、化学防治等防治方法,并提出了生物防治技术和基因工程技术在其病虫害研究中的应用前景.     

Mosquito repellents: a review of chemical structure diversity and olfaction

Research on mosquito chemical repellents continues to advance, along with knowledge of mosquito olfaction and behavior, mosquito–host interactions and chemical structure. New tools and technologies have revealed information about insect olfactory mechanisms and processing, providing a more complex approach for the interpretation of how chemical repellents influence host‐seeking and feeding behavior. Even with these advances, there is still a large amount of information contained in the early works on insect repellents. Many of the standard test methods and chemicals that are still used for evaluating active repellents were developed in the 1940s. These studies contain valuable references to the activity of different structural classes of chemicals, and serve as a guide to optimization of select compounds for insect repellency effects. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

广丰县茶树害虫天敌昆虫资源调查

本文报道了广丰县茶树害虫天敌昆虫资源调查的结果,共查明天敌昆虫57种,分属半翅目2科、脉翅目2科、鞘翅目4科、双翅目1科和膜翅目12科.指出了主要茶树害虫重要天敌昆虫.讨论了茶园生物防治有待于进一步探讨的问题.     

栀子病虫害的发生特点与防治措施

栀子是我国常用中药之一,仅靠野生采集已难以满足市场需求,而实行人工规范化种植后则加重了栀子病虫害的发生,影响了产品的质量安全,故其病虫害防治已经成为栀子中药材生产的关键问题之一。本文就栀子苗期病害、地上部病害、地下部病害及主要虫害四个方面的发生特点与防治措施进行了综述,为栀子规范化种植提供参考。     

Pests of Deepwater Rice and their Management

Deepwater rice has a distinctive pest complex due to prolonged deep flooding, extended growth duration and a complex environment. Flooding smothers weeds, prevents population buildups of some pests and diseases, and stimulates new growth which may compensate for early damage. Major pests are adapted to these aquatic conditions and exploit the succulent growth and mild weather extremes of this period.In Asia, yellow stem borer causes widespread damage by producing a loss of bearing stems, and lighter or empty panicles. No appropriate measures are known and control of this major pest is a daunting challenge. Stem nematode severely damages rice in several areas but varietal resistance is effective. Rats and hispa beetle are also injurious and many lesser pests are known. In West Africa's smaller Deepwater rice area, stem borers, leafeaters, birds and rats are damaging but their effect on yield is obscure. Farmers commonly employ cultural control methods, and insecticides are used in some areas but diseases are not treated. Pesticide use is restricted by application difficulties, contamination concerns and the low value of the crop. In Asia and Africa wild rices, grasses and sedges compete fiercely with rice before flooding; herbicides are not generally used but many farmers hand weed though the extent of yield loss is poorly understood.Pest management research in deepwater rice is difficult because of the nature of the agroecosystem. Most research has been carried out in Asia but the volume has seriously declined over the last decade.