Quality changes in successive generations of the millet stem borer,Coniesta ignefusalis (Hampson) (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae), in northern Ghana

Studies were conducted in northern Ghana in 1996 and 1997 to assess any changes in the quality of insects in different generations of the millet stem borer, Coniesta ignefusalis (Hampson), over the growing season. The goal was to determine if, and to what extent, such changes are responsible for observed differences in the sizes of populations of successive generations of the insect. Pupae from diapause larvae gave rise to adults that were significantly smaller and had lower reproductive rates than those derived from non-diapause larvae. There were, however, no significant differences between the non-diapause generations for all the quality indicators studied. The results suggest that observed differences in the sizes of generations developing fromnon-diapause anddiapause larvae of C. ignefusalis are, at least, partly due to differences in the inherent quality of individuals of these generations.     

Maternal age influence on diapause induction in sexual and asexual Trichogramma brassicae

In this study, the effect of maternal age on prepupae diapause of progeny in sexual (Wolbachia free) and asexual (Wolbachia infected) Trichogramma brassicae was studied at two temperatures. Maternal generation (G₁) of both populations was reared at 10L:14D photoperiod, 14 and 20 °C, separately. Mated females from G₁ were supplied with eggs of Ephestia kuehniella, each 48 h from one day after emergence to death. The tendency to diapause in progeny (G₂) was determined by rearing at 10 °C. According to the results, reproductive modes, maternal temperature and age have significant effect on the mean number of eggs laid by G₁ and the diapause percentage of G₂. Offspring whose maternal generation was reared at 20 °C had higher diapause percentage than those reared at 14 °C. Diapause percentage in sexual population was higher than the asexual, which demonstrates a negative effect of Wolbachia on this process. Wolbachia infection modifies the effect of maternal age on the diapause percentage in the offspring at 20 °C but not at 14 °C. The result can be due to lower Wolbachia density at 14 °C and greater Wolbachia density at 20 °C.     

麦红吸浆虫滞育不同时期幼虫蛋白质双向电泳分析

为筛选与麦红吸浆虫滞育相关的蛋白,采用双向电泳及图像分析技术分析了麦红吸浆虫滞育前、后和滞育期的蛋白质图谱及其变化。结果表明,在滞育前幼虫的双向电泳图谱上平均可检测到蛋白质点约300个,其它时期约275个,其中多数分布在分子量8.0～50.0kD、等电点4.0～9.0的区域。在所检测到的蛋白质点中,26个在滞育前特异表达;3个在滞育前缺失,其它阶段表达;2个在滞育后200天特异表达;3个在滞育前和滞育解除后表达,滞育期缺失;34个在所有时期均表达,但各时期的表达量存在显著差异。     

草地螟滞育和非滞育幼虫抗寒能力的研究

对草地螟幼虫过冷却点和冰点测定的结果表明,光照、温度、幼虫滞育的深度以及虫体含水量均可以影响草地螟幼虫的抗寒能力。长光照(16 h)条件下发育成的非滞育幼虫过冷却点、冰点均显著低于短光照(10 h)发育而成的滞育幼虫;无论是非滞育幼虫还是滞育幼虫,经低温处理后抗寒能力都会上升。经4℃处理1 d的非滞育幼虫冰点为-2.28℃,而处理25 d的则降低到-4.76℃,过冷却点可从-13.97℃降低到-21.47℃;经4℃处理25、35 d的滞育幼虫,其过冷却点分别为-25.82、-26.79℃,冰点分别为-5.59-、9.13℃。滞育幼虫的过冷却点、冰点与其体重不相关,但与其体内的含水量显著相关。     

Demography of Rumex acetosella in lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium)

The demography of Rumex acetosella ramets and seedlings was monitored within and between blueberry clones over the two‐year lowbush blueberry production cycle in Nova Scotia, Canada. Overwintering ramets constituted the majority (>70%) of the flowering ramet population. A small proportion of ramets emerging in May and June flowered, but no ramets emerging between July and November flowered in the year of emergence. Emergence of new ramets was season‐long and ramet populations were regulated by a cycle of birth and death in each production year. Ramet populations in blueberry patches had higher growth rates and lower mortality than ramet populations in bare soil patches in the non‐bearing year, resulting in large net gains to ramet populations in blueberry patches during this production year. Ramet population growth rates and mortality were similar in blueberry and bare soil patches in the bearing year and net ramet populations declined during this production year. Survival rates of overwintering and new ramets varied, but ramets from both the overwintering and monthly cohorts contributed to a distinct ramet age structure at the end of each season. Seedling survival ranged from 6 ± 6 to 51 ± 12% across sites, and no seedlings flowered in the year of emergence. Transition probabilities of ramets and seedlings were used to develop a life‐cycle model of R. acetosella for the 2‐year lowbush blueberry production cycle. This model has utility in developing new management strategies for R. acetosella in lowbush blueberry.     

人为打破滞育对东亚小花蝽越冬成虫生殖的影响

东亚小花蝽是多种农作物害虫的捕食性天敌。实验表明,在２７℃、ＲＨ７０％、２４ｈ的光照条件下,可在３～４ｄ内终止其越冬成虫的滞育,所需时间极短,并对其生殖力的影响不大。     

Introduction of exotic parasitic wasps for the control of Liriomyza trifolii (Dipt., Agromyzidae) in Senegal

Abstract

Liriomyza trifolii Burgess had first been reported from Senegal in 1980. Field surveys in 1982 revealed its presence in all vegetable growing areas of the country, heaviest damage being registered in the Cap Vert. Five indigenous eulophids (larval parasitoids) plus five other rare parasitoids, frequently parasitized over 90% of the flies. These rates were higher in insecticide free fields, and very much above the 30–40% reported for 1981. The most important parasitoids were Hemiptarsensus semialbiclava (Girault), which dominated in the second half of the dry season, and two Chrysonotomyia spp., which were more abundant in the rainy season. Surveys for exotic parasitoids indicated Diaulinopsis callichroma Crawford from Trinidad to be a promising species for introduction in the New World. This parasitoid, together with eight other chalcidoids (mostly larval parasitoids) and two braconids (larval‐pupal parasitoids), were collected in the field or received from established insectary cultures. They were studied and shipped for rearing and release in Senegal. Nine species were released at the end of 1982 and in 1983. Many were recovered shortly after release, but only Opius dissitus Muesebeck was recovered in later samples and became relatively abundant.     

牧草优势寄生性天敌伞裙追寄蝇滞育相关蛋白分析

为探究牧草优势寄生性天敌伞裙追寄蝇Exorista civilis滞育的分子调控机制，利用同位素标记相对和绝对定量（isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation，iTRAQ）蛋白组学技术对滞育和非滞育伞裙追寄蝇蛋白进行定量检测及功能注释，筛选差异蛋白，并对其进行KEGG通路富集分析和GO功能富集分析。结果显示，滞育和非滞育伞裙追寄蝇共鉴定到1 055个蛋白；伞裙追寄蝇滞育后95个蛋白差异表达，其中24个差异蛋白表现为下调，71个差异蛋白表现为上调。KEGG通路富集分析显示滞育伞裙追寄蝇的差异蛋白在脂质、氨基酸及碳水化合物代谢等代谢通路显著富集。GO功能分析结果发现与代谢相关的蛋白显著表达，与昆虫抗寒性相关的热休克蛋白也表现为显著上调。表明物质代谢在伞裙追寄蝇滞育过程中起重要作用。     

凹唇壁蜂雌成虫滞育期、休眠期和破茧期肠道菌群多样性分析

为明确凹唇壁蜂Osmia excavata雌成虫滞育期至破茧期肠道菌群的多样性及差异,解析其在宿主健康与调控宿主生长发育中的作用,采用Illumina NovaSeq二代高通量测序技术对不同时期肠道细菌16S rRNA V3~V4区域进行测序,分析雌成虫滞育期至破茧期肠道菌群的多样性变化。结果显示,凹唇壁蜂雌成虫在滞育期至破茧期肠道细菌菌群中共检测到41门96纲198目325科637属,其中核心菌门是变形菌门,相对丰度介于75.98%~91.41%之间;核心菌属是Sodalis,相对丰度介于59.65%~74.66%之间。Alpha多样性分析显示,从滞育期到休眠期,雌成虫肠道内菌群多样性指数明显升高,从休眠期至破茧期,其肠道菌群多样性指数出现降低趋势;休眠期其肠道菌群的物种丰富度和均匀度均最高,滞育期其肠道菌群的物种丰富度和均匀度均最低;Beta多样性分析结果显示,从滞育期至破茧期,其肠道菌群结构相对稳定;LEfSe分析结果显示,从滞育期至破茧期其肠道菌群在门、纲、目、科、属水平均存在显著差异,且差异显著菌群主要出现在休眠期。预测的不同时期的肠道菌群功能不同,这与其成虫解除滞育进入休眠再破茧的生理过程密切相关。表明凹唇壁蜂雌成虫从滞育期至破茧期肠道核心细菌种类一致,群落结构相对稳定,但是群落多样性发生明显变化。     

Thaumetopoea solitaria Freyer (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae) in Israel

Thaumetopoea solitaria Freyer, the main insect pest ofPistacia spp. in Israel, occurs throughout most of the area of distribution of the genusPistacia in the country, except for the Negev. The larvae feed mainly onP. palaestina Boiss. andP. atlantica Desf., to a lesser degree onP. vera L., and rarely onP. lentiscus L. andSchinus terebinthifolius Raddi. The main flight period is in the first 3 weeks of October; the average duration of the incubation, larval development and hypogaeous stages is 143, 52 and 170 days, respectively. A prolonged diapause of 1–2 years is common. Of five species of Tachinidae,Drino imberbis (Wiedemann) was most common, parasitizing up to 10.1% of the pupae. Over the last 24 years one single outbreak occurred, in 1977–1981. Phonological differences amongTh. solitaria in Macedonia, Iran and Israel are discussed.     

不同温度下正己烷蒸气对菜蛾盘绒茧蜂滞育解除的影响

利用二次通用旋转组合设计方法,研究了菜蛾盘绒茧蜂Cotesiavestalis滞育茧在不同正己烷浓度、不同温度下暴露不同时间后对该蜂滞育解除、以及滞育解除后成虫羽化率和成蜂繁殖力的影响,分别建立了茧．成虫羽化历期、羽化率、单雌产卵量对正己烷浓度、暴露时间、温度3因子的回归模型。结果表明：正己烷可以有效促进该蜂解除滞育,显著缩短羽化历期,提高羽化整齐度;但正己烷浓度、暴露时间和温度水平的过高或过低在一定程度上会降低滞育解除后成蜂的繁殖力,过高的温度处理还会显著降低成虫的羽化率。基于回归模型的优化组合分析结果,提出将滞育茧置于27-29°C下、1．5mL·L。的正己烷蒸气中暴露10～15min,对该蜂解除滞育后的生物学特性的不良影响将会降至最低。     

Population dynamics of white grubs in the upland rice and maize environment of Northern Mindanao,Philippines

Soil sampling over a two-year period in Claveria, Northern Mindanao, Philippines, revealed the presence of five white grub species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in the deforested, infertile, and highly eroded grassland environment being converted to small farms. Population dynamics data point to Leucopholis irrorata (Chevrolat), Holotrichia mindanaoana Brenske, and H. flachi Brenske being biennial with Adoretus luridus Blanchard and Anomala humeralis Burmeister being annual species. The three biennial species are synchronized to even-numbered years. Small subpopulations of the biennial species show evidence of annual or allochronic cycles. L. irrorata has an annual cycle in other areas of the Philippines on sugarcane but takes two years to develop in Claveria probably due to infertile soils and a longer feeding period. Other subpopulations of young larvae and emerged adults occurring in the late rainy season were 'attempts' at multiple generations or delayed development, but were considered suicidal due to the impending dry season. Synchronization of life stages occurs with pupation and adult emergence with early rains. Habitat preferences of the five species were elucidated by topography, cultivation, and presence of trees. L. irrorata and H. mindanaoana adults were found in 30 flight trees. Most (81%) of the larval stages were found within the top 20 cm of soil but some dug to 70 cm depth. Peak third instar larval densities reached 25.5/m 2 for all five species combined, but due to the biennial cycles of the major species, white grubs present economic importance to upland rice and maize only in odd numbered years. Control efforts are most economically directed during even numbered years giving a two-year benefit in population reduction.     

Velvetbean (Mucuna spp.) suppresses speargrass (Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeuschel) and increases maize yield

Speargrass, Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeuschel, is a serious weed, threatening crop productivity in smallholder farms in West Africa. Since the use of more effective practices such as deep tillage and chemical control is beyond the means of resource-poor farmers who carry out most agricultural activities in this region, low-input alternative technology needs to be developed. Field studies were conducted during the 1993/1994 and 1995/1996 growing seasons to investigate the influence of three velvetbean accessions and two levels of fertilizer on the control of speargrass during the year of cover crop planting and one year later. The velvetbean accessions in 1993 were: Mucuna cochinchinensis and M. pruriens var. utilis. In 1995, M. pruriens var. IRZ was included in the study. M. cochinchinensis in 1993 and M. pruriens var. IRZ in 1995 had the highest ground cover rating early in the growing seasons whereas M. pruriens var. utilis had the lowest ground cover rating in both years. Inorganic fertilizer at30 kg ha- 1 each of N, P and K increased velvetbean ground cover by 2-22%, with M. cochinchinensis (14-22%) and M. pruriens var. IRZ (5-15%) showing the highest response in 1993 and 1995, respectively. M. pruriens var. utilis showed the least response in both years. After one growing season M. pruriens var. utilis, M. cochinchinensis, and M. pruriens var. IRZ reduced speargrass shoot density by 50, 76, and 68%, and shoot dry matter by 72, 92, and 79%, respectively. Fertilizer reduced speargrass growth in velvetbean plots, while the opposite occurred in plots without velvetbean. Velvetbean residue effectively suppressed speargrass until the beginning of the subsequent cropping season. Maize grown 1 year after velvetbean required 50% less weeding than plots without velvetbean. Maize shade reduced speargrass shoot growth by 30-80% but regrowth of the weed occurred 4 weeks before maize harvest. Maize grain yield was higher in plots previously seeded to velvetbean than in plots without velvetbean. Speargrass shoot density and dry matter were negatively correlated with maize grain yield (r =_-0.42 and r =_-0.32, respectively, P < 0.01). Although velvetbean may effectively reduce speargrass during the year of establishment and the subsequent cropping phase it has a limited effect on rhizomes and, as such, does not provide a long term control.     

樟巢螟滞育诱导特性的研究

为探求诱导樟巢螟(Orthaga achatina Butler)滞育的临界光周期及敏感虫态(期),在室内25℃和28℃下观察不同光周期对樟巢螟滞育的影响,并利用不同长光照和短光照组合对樟巢螟幼虫的不同龄期进行处理,掌握樟巢螟的敏感虫态(期)。结果表明光周期为L∥D=12.0h∥12.0h,L∥D=12.5h∥11.5h,L∥D=13.0h∥11.0h时,在25℃下,樟巢螟的滞育率分别为100%,94.80%和97.60%;在28℃下,滞育率分别为98.55%,99.05%和83.50%。当光周期为L∥D=13.5h∥10.5h,在25℃和28℃下,樟巢螟的滞育率分别为42.38%和34.05%。樟巢螟属长日照发育型昆虫,在25℃时诱导滞育的临界光周期是13.565h,在28℃时是13.364h。25℃时樟巢螟对光照反应最敏感的时期是4～5龄期,1～3龄次之,卵期最不敏感。     

DEVELOPMENT OF CYNODON DACTYLON (L.) PERS.*

Summary. Early development of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers, was studied on one-node rhizome fragments planted at successive dates over a year. Aerial growth followed the changes in external temperature; in the cool season tops grew very slowly but remained alive. New rhizomes were formed only at temperatures exceeding 15–20°C. Flowering occurred in the warm season from May onwards. No relationship was found between flowering and rhizome formation. The age of plants forming new rhizomes decreased from 5 months for the January planting to less than 2 months for the May-September plantings. Rhizome bud germination was maximal between 23 and 35°C, slow below 20°C and inhibited at 10°C. The weight ratio of tops to subterranean parts of established plants was near 1 in winter, declined in March-April and remained at 0·5–0·6 from May onwards. An established sward of C. dactylon was sampled from September to November of the following year. Dry weight was lowest from January to mid-April, rose in spring and decreased in late summer. Almost no rhizomes were found deeper than 45 cm. Underground parts from the 0–15, 15–30 and 30–45 cm horizons constituted 62, 26 and 12% of the total weight, respectively; rhizomes formed more than 90% of the total underground dry weight. In the warm season the dry weight of the subterranean organs amounted to 2, 0·7 and 0·4 kg/m³ of soil in the three horizons, respectively. Percent dry matter in tops and subterranean parts was about 35–45% in the winter and 50–65% in the warm season. Up to 2% reducing sugars was found in various parts of the plants. The water-soluble sugar content of rhizomes was high in November-December, decreased in late winter, rose again in spring, and decreased in late summer. Percent germination of rhizome buds fluctuated greatly during the year, but complete dormancy was never recorded. Newly-formed rhizomes showed a high germinative capacity. Similar germination percentages were found on fragments with one node and those with several nodes. Développement du Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.     

梨小食心虫滞育过程中几种代谢酶活力的相关变化

梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta是一种重要的蛀果害虫,以老熟幼虫滞育越冬。为明确梨小食心虫滞育幼虫对低温的生理适应性,用3,5-二硝基水杨酸比色法、双试剂法及代谢酶活力测试盒分别测定了梨小食心虫幼虫体内海藻糖酶（trehalase,TRE）、山梨醇脱氢酶（sorbitol dehydrogen-ase,SDH）及己糖激酶（hexokinase,HK）、丙酮酸激酶（pyruvate kinase,PK）和碱性磷酸酶（alkalinephosphatase,ALP）的活力变化。在低温条件下,滞育幼虫体内各酶活力明显不同,TRE活力在滞育初期显著提高,而后随滞育时间的延长而逐渐降低;SDH活力总体变化较为平缓,变化量较小;HK、PK和ALP活力在滞育前期均显著降低,且随后一直保持在较低水平。滞育期间,5种代谢酶的活力均与滞育发育及温度有关;通过相关代谢酶的调节,梨小食心虫的代谢速率维持在较低水平,提高了虫体的耐寒能力,从而顺利完成滞育。     

Biology of rhizome fly,Mimegralla coeruleifrons Macquart (Micropezidae: Diptera) in India,a pest of turmeric and ginger crops

Abstract

The observations were made on the life history of rhizome fly, Mimegralla coeruleifrons Macquart on turmeric and ginger plants. A female laid from 76 to 150 eggs in the soil under laboratory conditions. The incubation period varied from 2 to 5 days. Three larval instars were observed. The durations of first, second and third instars were 4 to 7, 4 to 8 and 3 to 10 days, respectively. The total larval period ranged from 13 to 25 days. The pupal period lasted for 5 to 15 days, adults from 7 to 24 days, and the total life span from 38 to 62 days. The sex ratio was 1: 1 approximately. The stages are described. A parasite, Trichopria sp was recorded from its pupae. The pupal stage appeared to be responsible for carry over of the pest in planting seed rhizomes from season to another. The peak period of infestation in endemic areas was from mid August to mid October.     

MonitoringPratylenchus thornei densities in SOCL and roots under resistant (Triticum turgidum durum) and susceptible (Triticum aestivum) wheat cultivars

Pratylenchus thornei densities were monitored in field plots of two winter wheat cultivars in a dry farming area of southern Spain. Samples were taken fortnightly during the wheat-growing season and from the following dry fallow. Under bread wheat cv. ‘Yecora’, densities ofP. thornei increased for 5 to 6 months and then were maintained or slightly decreased thereafter, surviving the summer dry fallow in an anhydrobiotic state (78.2% and 85.3% survival in soil and roots, respectively). Under durum wheat cv. ‘Donpedro’, nematode densities decreased over the growing season, although densities within the roots increased during the first 2 months of the wheat-growing period, indicating that nematodes could penetrate the roots of this cultivar but were unable to reproduce. These observations suggest resistance of wheat cv. Donpedro toP. thornei.     

瓢虫滞育的研究进展

滞育是瓢虫规避不良环境、使其发育与环境同步的重要策略。本文在分析国内外瓢甲科昆虫滞育文献的基础上,总结了已开展滞育研究的28种瓢甲类昆虫的滞育表现：滞育虫态多为成虫;滞育时期多在冬季;滞育诱导因子主要是光周期,其中夏季滞育者受长日照诱导,冬季滞育者受短日照诱导;若干种类瓢虫的不同地理种群间其滞育特征存有差异,其滞育表现较复杂。此外,分析了滞育判断、滞育调控、滞育后生理与生化特征等相关内容,并对深入研究瓢虫生殖滞育调控机理及相关应用研究进行了展望。     

Seasonality of the common cutworm Spodoptera litura in a soybean ecosystem

Seasonal occurrence of the common cutworm Spodoptera litura (Fab.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) moths captured in synthetic sex pheromone traps and associated field population of eggs and larvae in soybean were examined in India from 2009 to 2011. Male moths of S. litura first appeared in late July or early August and continued through October. Peak male trap catches occurred during the second fortnight of September, which was within soybean reproductive stages. Similarly, the first appearance of S. litura egg masses and larval populations were observed after the first appearance of male moths in early to mid-August, and were present in the growing season up to late September to mid-October. The peak appearance of egg masses and larval populations always corresponded with the peak activity of male moths recorded during mid-September in all years. Correlation studies showed that weekly mean trap catches were linearly and positively correlated with egg masses and larval populations during the entire growing season of soybean. Seasonal means of male moth catches in pheromone traps during the 2010 and 2011 seasons were significantly lower than the catches during the 2009 season. However, seasonal means of the egg masses and larval populations were not significantly different between years. Pheromone traps may be useful indicators of the onset of numbers of S. litura eggs and larvae in soybean fields.