Management of Anomala cupripes and A. expansa in soybean by using a trap cultivar in Taiwan

Abstract

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to study the preference of two scarabaeid beetles, Anomala cupripes Hope and A. expansa Bates, for soybean plants at various growth stages and the potential use of a trap cultivar to control these pests. Insects preferred to feed on 6–9‐week‐old plants compared to younger ones. This may be due to more foliage on the older plants, which is a source of food and a shelter for the insect from direct sunlight. Planting a cultivar with more foliage as a trap cultivar between rows of the agronomic cultivar attracted the beetles and reduced the infestation of the agronomic cultivar. The optimum distance to plant such a trap cultivar between rows of agronomic cultivar needs to be determined for each location.     

The Serengeti Trap

Abstract

The construction of a live trap for small rodents, which has been named the Serengeti Trap, is described. Some aspects of its working efficiency, applicability, durability and availability are presented. A comparison of choice, by the grass rat Arvicanthis niloticus Desmarest is made between the Serengeti and Longworth traps.     

Trapping Cryptophlebia illepida and C. ombrodelta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in macadamia in Hawaii

Abstract

Two species of Cryptophlebia found in Hawaii's macadamia orchards are active in different parts of a tree canopy. C. illepida (Butler) males were mostly caught in traps hung 1·5 m to 9.1 m from the ground; whereas C. ombrodelta (Lower) males were caught from 9.1 m to 15.2 m. A plastic, cylindrical sticky trap caught equal numbers of C. illepida males as Pherocon 1C traps but more than delta traps. A synthetic pheromone blend of 93% (Z)‐8‐dodecenyl acetate, 4% (E)‐8‐dodecenyl acetate, 1% (Z)‐8‐dodecenol, and 2% (2)‐7‐dedecenyl acetate attracted more males than other blends. No significant differences were detected between the two Cryptophlebia species in their response to the four‐component pheromone blend when traps were hung 4.6 m from the ground.     

Sampling for adults of the planthopper Myndus crudus a vector of lethal yellowing of palms 1

Abstract

Tests were made using coloured sticky traps to determine trap efficacy in catching adult Myndus crudus Van Duzee (Homoptera, Cixiidae) under field conditions. Blue traps caught more M. crudus adults than any of the other colour traps tested. Blue traps caught adults of both sexes during the day and night although significantly more adults were caught during the day. A sampling bias was shown in that blue traps caught significantly more males than expected from the field population. Blue sticky traps were more effective at sampling adult M. crudus populations than previous sampling techniques based on host plant attractiveness and should be considered for use in future sampling.     

Studies on the sorghum grain midge,Contarinia sorghicola Coquillet,in relation to environmental influence

Abstract

Biology, ecology and damage potential of the sorghum midge, Contarinia sorghicola Coquillet, were studied at Coimbatore, India. The life cycle of the midge was shorter in summer than winter: Johnson grass, Sorghum halepense and pearl millet, Pennisetum americanum served as alternate hosts for the sorghum midge. Seasonal incidence studies revealed that four peak infestations occurred in crops sown in April, June, August and October. Midge developmental stages were quite active all through the year with no diapause, Peak adult midge attraction to the light trap was recorded at 21.00 hours. However, adult midges were found to be quite active only in the daytime in the field. There was no relationship between adult midge catches from the light trap and the population recorded in the field. Morning relative humidity and wind velocity were negatively associated with the population of midge attracted to the light trap. An increased percentage of midge population was recorded in the light trap during the new moon and second quarter phases of moon. Sticky traps were not efficient in trapping adult midges. One pair of adult midge per earhead caused 16–9% grain damage.     

Field trial on the effects of the herbicide MCPA on ixodid ticks

Abstract

Studies were conducted to develop a pheromone‐trap monitoring system for the sweet potato weevil, Cylas formicarius (Fabricius), in sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam., fields in four states: Florida, Louisiana, North Carolina, and Texas. The present studies examined the attractiveness of sex pheromone synthesized by two sources (USDA and AgriSense) and pheromone of different purities (75–99%) to weevils in the field. In all but one trial, weevil counts did not differ between traps baited with pheromone from the two sources for each of two doses (10 and 100 μg). Percentages of weevils caught per replicate per sample date were not consistently positively correlated with purity (significant in four of 10 trials); however, slope estimates were steeper in regions with lower trap counts (North Carolina and Louisiana) than in those with higher trap counts (Florida). Because the pheromone will be used to monitor weevils In both weevil‐free and weevil‐infested regions, the use of pheromone with a purity level >99% is most appropriate. The importance of these data in pheromone‐trap monitoring programmes for this weevil worldwide is discussed.     

Control of three major bollworm pests of cotton in Pakistan by a single application of their combined sex pheromones

Abstract

In the Punjab province of Pakistan, cotton is subject to attack by three major bollworm pests: Pectinophora gossypiella, Earias vittella and £ insulana. Because of the difficulty of controlling these pests once their larvae have penetrated the bolls, early season control is essential. A non‐toxic method is desirable if beneficial insects are not to be destroyed. Tests with a Mitsubishi ‘twist‐tie’ pheromone formulation containing the major components of Pectinophora and the two Earias spp. achieved almost complete trap suppression of all three species for up to eight weeks duration following a single application at the pin‐square stage. Visual observations confirmed a complete lack of moth activity indicating that control by mating disruption was attainable.     

Insect-trapping Hairs on Potato Plants

Abstract

The ability of glandular hairs on the foliage of the wild potato species Solanum polyadenium and S. berthaultii to trap mite and insect pests is illustrated by scanning electron micrographs. Both potato species have hairs with four-lobed heads which release a sticky substance when ruptured. On S. polyadenium these hairs trapped aphids, Colorado beetle larvae and a leafhopper Javasella pellucida. S. berthaultii also has hairs with a sticky droplet at their tips; these hairs trapped such small pests as spider mites, thrips and larval mealybugs. Adult whitefly were not trapped because a powdery wax from the whiteflies coated the hairs. It is suggested that these glandular hairs could help protect potato crops by trapping many foliage pests, including disease vectors.     

Optimization of pheromone trapping method for click beetles (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Agriotes</Emphasis> spp.) in Greece

Field studies were performed to survey and monitor Agriotes spp. (Coleoptera: Elateridae) click beetles in Greece. A pitfall type trap made of durable plastic and loaded with pheromone lures for different Agriotes species was employed in field sites in 2006 and 2007. The diversity of Agriotes species in arable crops in central Greece seems to be rather limited. The two species trapped in this study, A. rufipalpis and A. litigiosus, had quite different temporal patterns. In both years A. rufipalpis was captured in high numbers, beginning early in the spring and declining progressively later on. In 2006 but not in 2007, there were A. rufipalpis trap captures in early summer. Trap captures for A. litigiosus remained at low levels in both fields and only in mid-summer was there an increase in the number of adult captures. Pheromone dose had a significant effect in trap captures for both species, whereas old baits and new ones were equally attractive. The simple trap used in the present study loaded with the optimal pheromone and dose would be suitable for surveying and monitoring and even mass trapping of click beetles.     

The Potential of Semiochemicals for Control of Phorodon humuli (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Field experiments employing yellow water-traps with vials releasing methyl salicylate, butyl isothiocyanate, 4-pentenyl isothiocyanate and diethyltoluamide were conducted during the spring migration of Phorodon humuli (Schrank), with the aim of identifying substances which might be used in the field to deter landing on hop plants. Methyl salicylate and the two isothiocyanates reduced trap catches of P. humuli. During the spring of 1994 a slow-release formulation of methyl salicylate and a β-acid-rich hop resin sprayed on to hop plants did not reduce aphid infestations significantly. In autumn cis,cis-nepetalactol, the main component of P. ‘humuli’s sex pheromone, prepared by various synthetic routes, increased trap catches of males and gynoparae equally. Catches of males in pheromone traps situated in a hop garden decreased with increasing trap height. Catches of males in traps charged with increasing doses of the cis,cis-nepetalactol peaked at 1 mg and then plateaued, whereas catches of gynoparae peaked similarly at 1 mg and then decreased. The effects of kairomones from an extract of the primary host, sex pheromone and a visual cue from yellow compared with clear water-traps were additive. The prospects for developing a semiochemicals-based control strategy against P. humuli, using some or all of the above elements, are discussed.     

不同性诱剂对亚洲玉米螟的引诱效果及田间应用初探

亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée)是危害我国玉米的重要害虫,为了探索其生物防治方法,测试了不同来源的3种诱芯(诱芯A、诱芯B和诱芯C)对陕西关中灌区玉米螟的引诱活性,并比较了水盆式和三角形两种诱捕器类型及诱捕器不同悬挂高度(1.0、1.5、1.8和2.0 m)的诱捕效果。结果表明:诱芯A(北京中捷玉米螟诱芯)和诱芯B(中国科学院动物研究所玉米螟诱芯)均对亚洲玉米螟成虫具有一定的引诱活性,以诱芯B效果更佳;两种类型诱捕器对玉米螟诱虫总数差异显著;三角形诱捕器悬挂在2.0 m处的效果优于悬挂在1.5 m处。诱芯B较适合陕西关中灌区玉米螟的预测预报及生物防控,建议在田间应用中使用三角形诱捕器,悬挂高度以1.8~2.0 m为宜。     

异香豆素噁二唑类化合物的合成及除草活性

为了寻找具有较高除草活性的异香豆素类化合物,设计合成了16个新型异香豆素噁二唑类化合物4a～4p,其结构均经核磁共振氢谱、碳谱及高分辨质谱确证。初步除草活性测定结果表明,部分目标化合物在500 mg/L下对马唐Digitaria sanguinalis L.和反枝苋Amaranthusretroflexus L.具有一定的除草活性,其中化合物4j（4-[5-（4-氯-苯基）-[1,2,4]二唑-3-基]-3-己基-6,7-二甲氧基异香豆素）的活性最好,对马唐和反枝苋的致死率分别为64%和62%。     

Field evaluation of synthetic sex pheromone traps for the cocoa mirid Sahlbergella singularis (Hemiptera: Miridae)

BACKGROUND: Field trapping experiments were conducted to evaluate the attractiveness of five different pheromone blends as well as the impact of trap design on attractiveness towards cocoa mirids, Sahlbergella singularis Hagl. and Distantiella theobroma (Dist.), in Cameroon. RESULTS: A total of 361 adults of S. singularis (359 males and two females) were caught. The highest numbers of mirids were found in traps with pheromone blends that combined a monoester and a diester, compared with traps with the diester or the monoester individually and control traps with no pheromone. Rectangular traps caught significantly more mirids compared with delta traps. The mean number of 5.1 mirids trap^?1 year^?1 caught in rectangular traps was significantly higher compared with the 1.8 mirids trap^?1 year^?1 for the delta traps. CONCLUSION: The data revealed that rectangular traps containing pheromone blends combining both the monoester and the diester have a good potential to lure and trap adult males of S. singularis on cocoa farms. The pheromone blends used were specific for S. singularis, and the use of pheromone traps appears to be a promising strategy for incorporation into integrated pest management strategies for the monitoring or even the control of S. singularis in cocoa plantations. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Pheromone‐based integrated pest management to control the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella in cabbage fields

Biorational and regular insecticide applications were evaluated for management of the diamondback moth (DBM) Plutella xylostella in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var capitata) in Karnataka State, India, in 1996 and 1997. The IPM programme, based on the pheromone trap catch threshold of eight moths per trap per night, included utilization of the parasitoid Cotesia plutellae. (250 000 adults ha⁻¹), the predator Chrysoperla carnea (2500 eggs ha⁻¹), the neem‐based chemical nimbecidine (625 ml ha⁻¹), the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (500 ml ha⁻¹), and the synthetic insecticide phosalone (2.8 litre ha⁻¹). The IPM programme induced a reduction of trap catches, egg and larval populations and, therefore, a low level of damage to the crop. The economic analysis showed that the cost of the IPM treatments was also considerably lower than that of ordinary insecticide practice (average of $62 relative to $123 ha⁻¹, respectively). Gross profit was also clearly higher in IPM plots than in farmer's fields, ranging from $777 to $810 ha⁻¹ in the IPM plots compared with $456 to $462 ha⁻¹ in the insecticide‐treated fields. As a consequence of lower input costs and higher gross profit, net profit in IPM treatments was even more favourable, and the economic savings associated with the utilization of the IPM programme amounted to $380 ha⁻¹ in 1996 and $410 ha⁻¹ in 1997. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

山蒟中脂肪链酰胺类化合物的分离及杀虫活性

采用提取、萃取及柱层析等方法,从山蒟Piper hancei Maxim甲醇提取物的石油醚和氯仿萃取相中分离到6个脂肪链酰胺类化合物,通过核磁共振、质谱并结合相关文献比对,其结构被分别鉴定为已知化合物chingchengenamide A( C1 )、N-异丁基-反-2-反-4-癸二烯酰胺( C2 )、假荜拨酰胺A( C3 )、荜茇宁( C4 )、N-p-香豆酰酪胺( C5 )和N-反式-阿魏酰酪胺( C6 ),其中 C1 为首次从山蒟中获得。利用幼虫浸液法测试了各化合物对白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus和致倦库蚊Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus幼虫的12 h杀虫活性。结果表明:在20 mg/L下,化合物 C1 对白纹伊蚊的杀虫活性较高,其校正死亡率为100%,LC₅₀值为5.37 mg/L;化合物 C1 、 C2 、 C3 和 C4 对致倦库蚊的杀虫活性较高,20 mg/L下的校正死亡率分别为100%、88.5%、100%和100%,LC₅₀值分别为1.03、9.68、3.08和2.87 mg/L。     

Efficacy of carbofuran and phorate at different intervals of application for control of rice tungro

Abstract

The relationship between the catch of male Spodoptera litura (F.) moths in sex pheromone‐baited traps and the number of egg‐masses in groundnut crop at the International Crops Research Institute for Semi‐Arid Tropics Centre Patancheru, India was examined during the post‐rainy season of 1983. Significant positive correlations were found between the number of egg‐masses and the total number of male moths caught during the 7 days preceding the egg‐mass count. 75% of the variance in the egg‐mass counts and pheromone trap catches could be accounted for by the regression.     

Dispersion patterns and sampling plans for the pea aphid,Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), on grass pea,Lathyrus sativus L.

From 2009/2010 to 2010/2011, flight patterns and spatial distribution of pea aphids were studied in northwestern Ethiopia. Yellow traps were used and legume fields sampled. Trap catches varied between years (lower in 2009/2010 than in 2010/2011), locations and months in the growing season. At Woreta, peaks were observed in January (20–70 per trap) and at Wondata in October and November (60–80 per trap). Also, pea aphid numbers were more on fallow land than on other land-use systems (a maximum of 41,000 in December 2010/2011 and 25,000 in January 2009/2010 per 100 plants). Taylor's power law coefficients, i.e., b values, were significantly greater than 1 on grass peas planted after fallow; the corresponding r² values ranged between 0.87 and 0.94. Coefficients were inconsistent on grass peas planted after teff and undersown in maize. The optimum sample size n (number of yellow traps) required in relation to the mean densities of the pea aphid was more or less the same for the three levels of accuracy (D = 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5). At D = 0.5, numerical sample size curves showed 10 traps as mean number of aphids per trap approached 4 or 5, which is practical and affordable. Some additional work at more locations may be required to validate these sampling plans before wider use.     

Testing and improving the effectiveness of trap crops for management of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (L.): a laboratory‐based study

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) as a trap crop for diamondback moth [Plutella xylostella (L.)] on cauliflower [Brassica oleracea (L.) var. Lateman]. Moth behaviour on these plants and the importance of plant age and size in maintaining pest preference for trap crop plants were also investigated. RESULTS: Three times as many eggs were laid on cauliflower plants that were unprotected than on plants protected by a trap crop of white mustard. Moths remained longer on the mustard plants as a result of a doubling in the mean duration of information‐providing behaviours. Plant age had little effect on P. xylostella host preference. When plant age was constant, percentage oviposition on mustard was higher when these were larger (93%) than copresented cauliflower plants, compared with when they were smaller (68%). CONCLUSION: Trap cropping with white mustard may reduce the incidence of P. xylostella in cauliflower crops. The pest management benefits of trap crops may be maximised by using trap crop plants that are larger than the main crop plants, although relatively smaller trap crop plants may still be preferred as hosts for P. xylostella per se. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Detection of Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephritidae) using trimedlure versus enriched ginger oil in citrus orchards

Abstract

Successful fruit fly control requires effective monitoring to make pest management decisions. Ceratitis capitata (Medfly) is typically monitored in Tunisia with parapheromone commercialised as trimedlure (TM). Chemical treatment is applied when the economic threshold (3 flies/trap/day) is reached. In this study, C. capitata populations in a commercial citrus orchard captured in McPhail traps baited with TM or enriched ginger oil (EGO) were compared over two seasons (2011 and 2012). Females of C. capitata were not attracted to TM or EGO. Trimedlure was significantly more attractive to C. capitata males than EGO under low and high population densities over sampling dates. The TM used in McPhail traps was adequate to attract male medflies in citrus orchards under a wide range of Medfly population levels. The use of the best attractant can help to make control decisions when population levels of flies are low, thus preventing unnecessary application of insecticides and/or other control methods.     

Assessment of trap crops for Lygus spp. in lettuce

The effectiveness of the use of trap crops for reducing herbivorous Lygus spp. (Heteroptera: Miridae) in a lettuce agroecosystem was evaluated in a series of field experiments in two locations in Sweden. Trap crop efficacy was determined by comparing Lygus densities in plots of lettuce with densities in adjacent plots of the cover crops Melilotus officinalis, Vicia sativa, Trifolium pratense and Medicago sativa, and the weed Artemisia vulgaris . All of the trap crops tested were more attractive to Lygus than lettuce, with between five- and 30-times as many adult Lygus on cover crops and more than 100-times more on A. vulgaris. Lygus rugulipennis was the dominant species on all plant species. These results suggest that a wide range of trap crops, including nitrogen-fixing cover crops, may be suitable for reducing populations of Lygus spp. in lettuce cropping systems.