熵技术在高泉小流域治理效益评价中的应用

采用熵技术法对高泉小流域治理的水土效益进行评价.结果表明:高泉小流域生态恢复的水土效益指数为51.0,其水土效益指数排序为:林草地生态恢复效益>土壤水分含量>土壤养分效益>农田土地生产力效益.说明生态恢复治理措施对农田土地生产力和土壤养分效果,较之于土壤水分和林草地植被恢复效益低.这种评价结果比较符合当地实际,也说明该小流域通过治理后处于生态稳定阶段.     

黄土高原的农业发展战略

通过对陕北黄土高原丘陵沟壑区２０多年的研究和生产治理实践,结合调查资料,阐述了黄土高原的战略地位和农业资源条件下特点,提出了“自给性农业,水土保持性林业和商品性牧果业”的“三性农业”发展战略和“水土保持型生态农业”的建设方向,以及恢复植被、建设基本农田、发展经济林、发展养殖业等四大主导措施。最后对退耕还林还草、治理模式与治理速度、轮封荒山恢复植被、依靠科技增加政府投入等问题进行了讨论,并提出了相应的建议。     

黄土区阳坡不同立地植被恢复研究

黄土高原地区不同立地条件的坡面其土壤水分状况有很大差异,利用这种差异来提高植被成活率已经成为黄土高原生态恢复建设的重要方向。采用探针式TDR对陕西省吴起县合家沟流域内不同立地类型的土壤含水量进行测定,然后用SPSS进行聚类分析,将17种立地类型聚为5类,并按照植被恢复的难易程度进行排序。建议对不同立地类型组配置与其相应的植被模式从而更加因地制宜的进行植被恢复建设。     

罗玉沟流域水土保持植被工程效果评价

选取8个与植被工程效果紧密相关的评价指标,建立工程实施效果的评价指标体系,评价甘肃藉河流域罗玉沟世行二期项目实施情况。采用层次分析和综合指数相结合的方法,将罗玉沟流域水土保持植被工程实施效果综合指数等间距地划分为5个等级。结果表明：罗玉沟流域植被工程实施综合效果总体处于“良好”等级,但仍存在林分结构布局不合理、草地盖度偏小等问题,结合工程现状提出了今后的改进方向。     

植被变化与水沙响应关系研究——以延河流域为例

以延河流域为研究对象,利用TM影像和降雨、径流泥沙数据,基于统计学和RS/GIS技术方法,分析了流域植被与水沙之间的响应关系及自然恢复植被的减水减沙效益.结果表明:2003-2005年与80年代相比,降雨增加导致径流量、输沙量增加8.1％、47.5％;人类活动导致径流量、输沙量减少23.4％、55.6％;人工林草植被减少径流量、泥沙量为0.228亿m3、543.478万t,自然恢复植被减少径流量、泥沙量为0.121亿m3、152.970万t;人工林草植被的减水、减沙效益占人类活动贡献的46.94％、30.64％,而自然恢复植被的减水、减沙效益占24.97％、8.62％.植被在水土保持中的作用日益突出,自然恢复植被减水减沙比重增大,“封育”措施在流域治理中具有重要意义.     

矿山复垦区土壤水分时空分布对植被恢复的影响

以阜新煤矿区矸石山和排土场为研究对象,采用变异系数和有效水分参数相结合的方法,研究土壤水分时空分布对植被恢复的影响。结果表明:受土壤物质组成及形成方式的影响,矿区3个典型样地土壤水分的变异系数和有效水分参数均存在较大差异,并直接影响地上植被的生长。现有植被根系的分布对各层土壤水分尚未达到最佳利用效果。在生态重建时,排土场覆土平台应以草本和浅根灌木相结合为主,慎栽深根植物;排土场自然风化平台应以野草自然生长为主,并兼顾不同根深乔灌木混植方式;矸石山土壤水分因多处在迟效水或无效水范围,不利于植物生长,应以节水工程措施为主,以植被措施为辅加以治理。人工覆土措施可明显改善矿山复垦区土壤水分的分布状况。     

浑善达克沙地公路综合防护技术及其效益分析

浑善达克沙地省际通道综合防护体系包括:公路沙害快速治理和沙源控制技术及耐风沙植被建植技术。阻沙带、固沙带改变了风沙流结构,降低了输沙强度,增加了地表粗糙度,有效的起到了削弱风速,阻截流沙,控制沙丘前移,保持地表稳定的作用;建立稳定的耐风沙植被是持久固沙和生物防护的核心;首次大规模使用“固沙网”专利技术产品用于公路快速固沙保苗,实践证明采用固沙网与柳条立式沙障的组合固沙技术对于快速固沙和植被恢复的作用更加显著;并提出了公路沙害快速治理技术体系与配套的技术措施。项目实施过程中3年投入产出比为1∶2.6,通过公路沙害治理工程的实施,稳定防护10年的经济总收益为4.67亿元;如将挖方路堑段砂质陡坡用植物固沙措施代替传统石砌护面墙技术推广至其它工程,效益更为显著。该项目技术研究与工程建设紧密结合,操作性强,能快速有效治理荒漠化地区公路沙害,总结出了沙区公路、铁路沙害的治理模式,对于我国荒漠化治理有推广应用价值。     

机械沙障在退化人工梭梭林恢复中的应用

在民勤治沙综合试验站进行的退化人工梭梭林恢复试验表明,机械沙障可以提高退化梭梭林下垫面的粗糙度,降低近地面层风速,固定流沙,减少风蚀,同时对退化植被及其土壤含水率也有一定的恢复作用,可在绿洲边缘退化植被恢复中推广应用。三种机械措施相比,布设前两年的麦草方格沙障的防风固沙效果最好,但作用年限最短,年成本最高,价值系数低;粘土沙障的防风固沙效果最差,年成本最低,价值系数最高;塑料方格沙障防风固沙效果、年成本和价值系数均介于麦草方格沙障和粘土沙障之间。     

额济纳平原植被分布与地下水关系的研究

本文在分析论述额济纳平原植被类型和分布规律 ,区域地下水基本特征的基础上 ,阐述了额济纳平原的植被分布及演化与地下水的关系 ,提出了根据区域地下水特点 ,进行植被恢复与保护的措施。     

燕沟流域退耕地土壤有机碳、全氮和酶活性对植被恢复过程的响应

本文以黄土高原丘陵区陕北延安燕沟流域为例,研究了退耕地土壤有机碳、全氮和酶活性对植被恢复过程的响应。结果表明,随植被恢复年限的增加,植被盖度、多度和物种数均呈现先增加后减少然后又增加的趋势。同当年对照农地相比,随着植被恢复年限的增加,表层（0～20cm）土壤有机碳、全氮、蔗糖酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性均明显增加,过氧化氢酶活性随植被恢复年限的增加变化不明显。同对照农地相比,表层土壤有机碳、全氮、蔗糖酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性分别增加了35％～184．6％、5．7％～157．4％、89．6％～566％、32．9％～331．2％和0．18％～184．8％。表层土壤有机碳和脲酶活性对植被恢复的响应是在植被恢复初期（0～8年）,随植被恢复年限的增加而增加,植被恢复8～29年期间,随植被恢复年限的增加而减少,而植被恢复29a以后,又随植被恢复年限的增加而增加。而表层土壤全氮、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性对植被恢复的响应是在植被恢复初期（0～16年）,随植被恢复年限的增加而增加,植被恢复16～29年期间,随植被恢复年限的增加而减少,植被恢复29a以后,又随植被恢复年限的增加而增加。表层土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性与有机碳和全氮呈极显著的相关关系,而表层土壤过氧化氢酶活性与有机碳和全氮相关性不明显。     

浑善达克沙地植被恢复与重建途径研究

以浑善达克沙地为研究对象 ,探讨土地沙化、退化的自然、人为原因 ,在近自然林业理论指导下 ,提出了沙地植被恢复与重建的主要措施体系。沙地植被以自然恢复为主 ,辅以人工措施。为促进植被快速恢复 ,在实施生态移民的同时 ,调整土地利用结构和经营方式 ,实现生态系统物质“生产”和人类“生活”的耦合。     

Effect of vegetation on soil bacteria and their potential functions for ecological restoration in the Hulun Buir Sandy Land,China

To date, much of research on revegetation has focused on soil microorganisms due to their contributions in the formation of soil and soil remediation process. However, little is known about the soil bacteria and their functions respond to the diverse vegetational types in the process of vegetation restoration. Effects of dominated vegetation, i.e., Artemisia halodendron Turcz Ex Bess, Caragana microphylla Lam., Hedysarum fruticosum Pall. and Pinus sylvestris L. on bacterial community structures and their potential functions in the Hulun Buir Sandy Land, China were determined using high-throughput 16 S r RNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states(PICRUSt) in 2015. Although the dominant phyla of soil bacterial community among different types of vegetation, including Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, were similar, the relative abundance of these dominant groups significantly differed, indicating that different types of vegetation might result in variations in the composition of soil bacterial community. In addition, functional genes of bacterial populations were similar among different types of vegetation, whereas its relative abundance was significantly differed. Most carbon fixation genes showed a high relative abundance in P. sylvestris, vs. recalcitrant carbon decomposition genes in A. halodendron, suggesting the variations in carbon cycling potential of different types of vegetation. Abundance of assimilatory nitrate reduction genes was the highest in P. sylvestris, vs. dissimilatory nitrate reduction and nitrate reductase genes in A. halodendron, indicating higher nitrogen gasification loss and lower nitrogen utilization gene functions in A. halodendron. The structures and functional genes of soil bacterial community showed marked sensitivities to different plant species, presenting the potentials for regulating soil carbon and nitrogen cycling.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕植被恢复地土壤水稳性团聚体的变化特征

以黄土高原典型丘陵沟壑区—吴旗县为例,研究了退耕地不同植被恢复年限、不同植被类型和不同恢复方式下的土壤水稳性团聚体含量的变化。结果表明,>0.25mm土壤水稳性团聚体含量,在0～60cm土层随着退耕地恢复年限的延长而不断增加,乔木地相对较高,草地相对较低,灌木地介于两者之间。自然恢复方式>自然 人工恢复方式>人工恢复方式,坡耕地的团粒含量最低;在0～20cm土层,恢复前期土壤水稳性团聚体含量增幅较大,后期增幅较小,而40～60cm土层的变化规律则相反。对同一种植被类型,>5mm的土壤水稳性团聚体含量从0～20cm到40～60cm土层均呈下降趋势,并且在较浅土层灌木地的降幅相对较大,在较深土层乔木地的降幅相对较大。人为干预使得土壤水稳性团聚体从大粒径向小粒径转化,这种转化在较深土层表现的较明显。可见,在退耕地植被恢复中,具有较长恢复年限的乔木地,土壤的抗蚀性较强;自然 人工的恢复方式既缩短了植被恢复时间,也提高了土壤水稳性团聚体含量,从而改善了土壤结构。     

共和盆地沙区水分含量消长趋势评价

通过青海共和盆地流动沙丘和固定沙丘０－４０ｃｍ层水分含量的观测测定，建立了二元二次多项式回归方程，评价流动沙丘和固定沙丘在生长季期间，水分消长趋势变化，为改造和利用沙丘沙地提供可靠依据。     

Impact of large-scale vegetation restoration project on summer land surface temperature on the Loess Plateau,China

A large-scale afforestation project has been carried out since 1999 in the Loess Plateau of China. However, vegetation-induced changes in land surface temperature (LST) through the changing land surface energy balance have not been well documented. Using satellite measurements, this study quantified the contribution of vegetation restoration to the changes in summer LST and analyzed the effects of different vegetation restoration patterns on LST during both daytime and nighttime. The results show that the average daytime LST decreased by 4.3°C in the vegetation restoration area while the average nighttime LST increased by 1.4°C. The contributions of the vegetation restoration project to the changes in daytime LST and nighttime LST are 58% and 60%, respectively, which are far greater than the impact of climate change. The vegetation restoration pattern of cropland (CR) converting into artificial forest (AF) has a cooling effect during daytime and a warming effect at nighttime, while the conversion of CR to grassland has an opposite effect compared with the conversion of CR to AF. Our results indicate that increasing evapotranspiration caused by the vegetation restoration on the Loess Plateau is the controlling factor of daytime LST change, while the nighttime LST change is affected by soil humidity and air humidity.     

Human induced dryland degradation in Ordos Plateau,China, revealed by multilevel statistical modeling of normalized difference vegetation index and rainfall time-series

Land degradation causes serious environmental problems in many regions of the world,and although it can be effectively assessed and monitored using a time series of rainfall and a normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)from remotely-sensed imagery,dividing human-induced land degradation from vegetation dynamics due to climate change is not a trivial task.This paper presented a multilevel statistical modeling of the NDVI-rainfall relationship to detect human-induced land degradation at local and landscape scales in the Ordos Plateau of Inner Mongolia,China,and recognized that anthropogenic activities result in either positive(land restoration and re-vegetation)or negative(degradation)trends.Linear regressions were used to assess the accuracy of the multilevel statistical model.The results show that:(1)land restoration was the dominant process in the Ordos Plateau between 1998 and 2012;(2)the effect of the statistical removal of precipitation revealed areas of human-induced land degradation and improvement,the latter reflecting successful restoration projects and changes in land management in many parts of the Ordos;(3)compared to a simple linear regression,multilevel statistical modeling could be used to analyze the relationship between the NDVI and rainfall and improve the accuracy of detecting the effect of human activities.Additional factors should be included when analyzing the NDVI-rainfall relationship and detecting human-induced loss of vegetation cover in drylands to improve the accuracy of the approach and eliminate some observed non-significant residual trends.     

西北干旱地区水资源系统开发对植被的影响

水资源条件的变化对环境的影响突出反映在干旱区环境生态脆弱地带,并以地下水或地表水变化对环境中的植物因素产生影响。它们主要表现为:人工林退化、荒漠河岸林衰退,绿洲外围天然灌丛的衰败、草甸植被的变化等方面。而这种影响因其方式、数量和作用方向不同而异。植被保护和干旱区生态环境的改善已是十分迫切的问题。由于水资源系统与植被间有着复杂的物质循环、能量流动和信息传递的关系,因此应把水资源看作生物圈的组成部分,实行环境综合管理。依据干旱区土地生态系统构成的原理和结构,协调好水资源系统开发和植被保护的关系。     

层次分析法在新疆平原灌区土壤盐渍化研究中的应用

本文结合新疆平原灌区土壤盐渍化形成、治理以及现状,利用层次分析法,探讨了灌区内部土壤盐渍化的发生原因和治理措施的有效性。结果表明:干旱荒漠化气候和土壤历史积留盐分是灌区内土壤盐渍化的主导因子,贡献率达69.3%;地下水水位过高是引起土壤盐渍化的重要原因,贡献率11.1%;不完善的排水系统和不合理的灌溉方式也是土壤盐渍化的重要因素。各个治理措施组合权重的分配格局相对均衡,其中建立现代化的排水系统和通过平整土地、植树造林治理土壤盐渍化的效益较高,组合权重达31%。层次分析法可为灌区土地资源的管理、土壤盐渍化的治理提供定量依据。     

吉林省西部生态安全研究初论

本文利用GIS手段对吉林省西部存在的主要生态环境问题———水土流失、土壤退化、土地荒漠化进行敏感性研究,分析西部生态安全现状,认为吉林省西部发生生态环境问题的风险性极高,生态安全问题日益突出。讨论吉林西部生态安全研究的基本内容,建立了西部生态安全保障体系框架。为区域生态恢复、建设和可持续发展提供科学的依据。     

Effects of restoration modes on the spatial distribution of soil physical properties after land consolidation: a multifractal analysis

Soil physical properties (SPP) are considered to be important indices that reflect soil structure, hydrological conditions and soil quality. It is of substantial interest to study the spatial distribution of SPP owing to the high spatial variability caused by land consolidation under various land restoration modes in excavated farmland in the loess hilly area of China. In our study, three land restoration modes were selected including natural restoration land (NR), alfalfa land (AL) and maize land (ML). Soil texture composition, including the contents of clay, silt and sand, field capacity (FC), saturated conductivity (K_s) and bulk density (BD) were determined using a multifractal analysis. SPP were found to possess variable characteristics, although land consolidation destroyed the soil structure and decreased the spatial autocorrelation. Furthermore, SPP varied with land restoration and could be illustrated by the multifractal parameters of D₁, ∆D, ∆α and ∆f in different modes of land restoration. Owing to multiple compaction from large machinery in the surface soil, soil particles were fine-grained and increased the spatial variability in soil texture composition under all the land restoration modes. Plough numbers and vegetative root characteristics had the most significant impacts on the improvement in SPP, which resulted in the best spatial distribution characteristics of SPP found in ML compared with those in AL and NR. In addition, compared with ML, ∆α values of NR and AL were 4.9- and 3.0-fold that of FC, respectively, and ∆α values of NR and AL were 2.3- and 1.5-fold higher than those of K_s, respectively. These results indicate that SPP can be rapidly improved by increasing plough numbers and planting vegetation types after land consolidation. Thus, we conclude that ML is an optimal land restoration mode that results in favorable conditions to rapidly improve SPP.