短期驯化对米蛾卵饲养的东亚小花蝽捕食瓜蚜功能反应的影响

为探究米蛾Corcyra cephalonica卵饲养的东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri对瓜蚜Aphis gossypii的控害潜能及对其是否进行短期驯化的必要性,以水果黄瓜斯托克为寄主植物,在实验室条件下分别进行了米蛾卵饲喂及预先饲喂瓜蚜2 d的东亚小花蝽(5龄若虫和雌成虫)对瓜蚜的捕食功能反应研究。结果显示,2种处理的东亚小花蝽5龄若虫和雌成虫对瓜蚜的捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型反应模型,即随着猎物密度的增加,其对瓜蚜的捕食量先增加,后趋于稳定;其中预先饲喂2 d瓜蚜的东亚小花蝽5龄若虫在瓜蚜密度每皿为30头、雌成虫在每皿15头时,其捕食量均显著高于相同瓜蚜密度处理下一直饲喂米蛾卵的东亚小花蝽;其余瓜蚜密度下2种处理间无显著差异。瓜蚜驯化后的东亚小花蝽5龄若虫和雌成虫对瓜蚜的瞬间攻击率均高于未经瓜蚜驯化的。表明短期饲喂驯化可在一定程度上提高东亚小花蝽对靶标害虫瓜蚜的捕食能力和识别能力。     

东亚小花蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食能力评价

为研究天敌昆虫东亚小花蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食能力,本试验在室内条件下评价了东亚小花蝽3～5龄若虫和雌成虫对草地贪夜蛾1～3龄幼虫的捕食能力,观察了东亚小花蝽的捕食行为。结果表明：东亚小花蝽3～5龄若虫和雌成虫只捕食草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫,24 h内捕食量无显著差异（7～9头）;5龄若虫和雌成虫平均取食时间（18.48和18.29 min）显著短于3、4龄若虫（45.94和43.795 min）。72 h内,未见东亚小花蝽捕食草地贪夜蛾2龄及以上幼虫。东亚小花蝽捕食草地贪夜蛾时,其口针可从草地贪夜蛾幼虫的任何部位进行刺吸,当刺吸完一个部位后,迅速转移到其余位置进行刺吸,直至草地贪夜蛾幼虫只剩表皮,呈干瘪状态。试验表明东亚小花蝽对草地贪夜蛾初孵幼虫具有较好的控制效果,对草地贪夜蛾的生物防控有较大潜力。     

东亚小花蝽对茶棍蓟马成虫的捕食功能

为明确东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri对茶棍蓟马Dendrothrips minowai的捕食作用和生物防治潜能,于室内系统研究东亚小花蝽3～5龄若虫和成虫对茶棍蓟马雌成虫的捕食行为、捕食功能反应、搜寻效应、自身干扰反应及两者之间的相互干扰效应。结果表明,东亚小花蝽取食单头茶棍蓟马雌成虫的时间随着自身发育阶段的增大而变短,成虫取食时间最短,为7.40 min。在一定的猎物密度范围内,东亚小花蝽3～5龄若虫与成虫对茶棍蓟马的捕食作用均符合HollingⅡ功能反应模型,东亚小花蝽3～5龄若虫与雌成虫的捕食量均随猎物密度的增加而升高。东亚小花蝽雌成虫对茶棍蓟马雌成虫的瞬时攻击率、捕食能力和日最大捕食量均最高,分别为0.459、124.05和250.00头。东亚小花蝽对茶棍蓟马的捕食量与猎物密度呈正相关,但搜寻效应与猎物密度呈负相关,且东亚小花蝽雌成虫的搜寻效应最高。东亚小花蝽对茶棍蓟马的捕食作用同时受自身密度的影响,随着自身密度的增大其平均捕食率降低。东亚小花蝽成虫的捕食作用率随着自身密度和猎物密度的增大而降低。表明东亚小花蝽对茶棍蓟马有较好的生物防治潜能。     

东亚小花蝽对草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫的捕食作用

为明确天敌昆虫东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda幼虫的捕食潜力,在室内测定东亚小花蝽5龄若虫和成虫对草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫的日捕食量,并对其捕食功能、搜寻效应和干扰效应进行分析。结果表明:东亚小花蝽5龄若虫和成虫对草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫的捕食功能反应符合Holling II模型;东亚小花蝽5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫的日最大捕食量、瞬时攻击率和处理单头猎物的时间分别为20.833头、0.747和0.048 d;东亚小花蝽成虫对草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫的日最大捕食量、瞬时攻击率和处理单头猎物的时间分别为11.236头、1.355和0.089 d。东亚小花蝽的日捕食量与草地贪夜蛾密度呈正相关,搜寻效应与草地贪夜蛾密度呈负相关。东亚小花蝽自身密度对其捕食作用的干扰符合Hassell模型,对草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫的捕食作用率随自身密度的增加而降低。     

粘虫卵饲养东亚小花蝽的初步研究

东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri是一种重要的捕食性天敌，为了加快东亚小花蝽商品化进程，本研究评价了以粘虫Mythimna separata卵作为东亚小花蝽替代饲料的饲养效率。结果表明，东亚小花蝽取食粘虫卵可以完成其正常的生长发育，东亚小花蝽成虫获得率为77.5%，平均单雌产卵量为72.5粒。在食物充足的情况下，雌性东亚小花蝽世代取食总量为80.4粒。以上结果对东亚小花蝽的规模化饲养和害虫绿色防控具有重要的技术支撑和应用前景。     

东亚小花蝽对西花蓟马、二斑叶螨和桃蚜的捕食能力及捕食选择性研究

室内研究了东亚小花蝽对西花蓟马、二斑叶螨和桃蚜的捕食能力及在3种害虫共存条件下的捕食选择性。试验结果表明,东亚小花蝽对西花蓟马、二斑叶螨和桃蚜均具有捕食能力。捕食能力最初随着猎物数量的增加而增加,当猎物数量不断增加时,其捕食量趋于恒定值。在猎物数量充足时,东亚小花蝽对于二斑叶螨、蚜虫和蓟马的日均捕食量分别为17、12.5头和12头。3种猎物共存时,东亚小花蝽对西方花蓟马的捕食选择性均强于对二斑叶螨和桃蚜。选择性依次为西方花蓟马桃蚜≈二斑叶螨。猎物数量相同时取食西花蓟马的数量为12.6头,二斑叶螨和桃蚜的数量分别1.2头和2.4头。     

东亚小花蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食效应

为探明东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda幼虫的控制潜力,开展了不同温度下东亚小花蝽对不同龄期和密度的草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食功能反应与干扰作用研究。结果表明:当东亚小花蝽捕食1龄或2龄草地贪夜蛾幼虫时,其捕食功能反应与HollingⅡ模型拟合度较好。东亚小花蝽对草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫在20℃、25℃和28℃下的瞬时攻击率分别为0.772 4、1.090 0、0.673 6,处理单头幼虫的时间为0.174 9、0.173 7、0.295 5 d,对2龄幼虫,在20℃、25℃和28℃下的瞬时攻击率分别为0.794 5、1.153 8、0.392 2,处理单头幼虫的时间为0.218 9、0.805 6、0.696 0 d;东亚小花蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食量表现出随着猎物密度增加而上升,随自身密度的增加而下降的趋势;同一温度下,东亚小花蝽对1龄幼虫的日均捕食量和寻找效应均高于2龄幼虫,寻找效应与猎物密度成反比;东亚小花蝽对3龄和4龄草地贪夜蛾幼虫的日均捕食量为0;田间自然状态下东亚小花蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的控制率为34.62%。     

高效氯氟氰菊酯对东亚小花蝽捕食功能反应的影响

为了研究高效氯氟氰菊酯对东亚小花蝽雌成虫捕食功能反应的影响,比较分析了LC₂₅、LC₅₀、LC₇₅高效氯氟氰菊酯胁迫3日龄东亚小花蝽雌成虫后,对大豆蚜捕食量、寻找效应、猎物密度效应、种内分摊竞争效应和功能反应等的影响。研究表明,对照组与LC₂₅、LC₅₀高效氯氟氰菊酯胁迫的东亚小花蝽成虫受猎物密度效应影响明显,而LC₇₅高效氯氟氰菊酯胁迫的东亚小花蝽成虫受猎物密度效应影响不明显;在药剂浓度为0 mg/L和140 mg/L时,捕食量达到的最大值和最小值分别为12.33和0.83头,寻找效应达到的最大值和最小值分别为0.96和0.10;受不同浓度药剂胁迫的东亚小花蝽成虫对大豆蚜的捕食能力和寻找效应均随着药剂浓度的增加而下降;捕食量随大豆蚜虫口密度增加而增多,种内竞争分摊强度随小花蝽数量增加而增强,平均捕食量降低;在LC₅₀高效氯氟氰菊酯胁迫下,东亚小花蝽成虫捕食作用率方程为E=0.1255P^-0.2956,分摊竞争强度方程为I=0.5401logP^-0.0033。     

东亚小花蝽若虫对西花蓟马若虫的捕食作用

在室内条件下进行东亚小花蝽2、4龄若虫对西花蓟马若虫的捕食功能反应与搜寻效应试验.结果表明在供试温度下,其捕食功能反应均符合Holling Ⅱ型方程;相同温度下,东亚小花蝽若虫的捕食量随猎物密度的增加而增加,而搜寻效应随之降低.相同猎物密度条件下,18～26℃之间,随着温度的升高,东亚小花蝽若虫对西花蓟马若虫的捕食量增加、搜寻效应增强;而在26～30℃之间,趋势相反.26℃时,东亚小花蝽2、4龄若虫日捕食量最大,捕食上限分别达18.2头和38.2头;处置1头猎物所需时间(Th)最低,分别为0.0549天和0.0262天;瞬时攻击率(a)s最高,分别为1.0574和1.3665.东亚小花蝽2、4龄若虫捕食作用率与其密度的关系分别为E=0.4034P-0.6669和E=0.3851P-0.4767;分摊竞争强度与其密度的关系分别为I=1.01671gP 0.0172和I=0.80881gP 0.0142.     

东亚小花蝽若虫对大豆蚜捕食功能的研究

本文研究了东亚小花蝽4～5龄若虫捕食大豆蚜的功能反应和寻找效应.结果表明,在供试温度下其捕食功能反应符合Holling Ⅱ型方程.在相同温度下,东亚小花蝽4～5龄若虫的捕食量随着猎物密度的增加而增大,搜寻效应随着猎物密度的增加而降低.在18～26℃,随着温度的升高,东亚小花蝽4～5龄若虫对大豆蚜的捕食量增加,而在26～34℃则有相反的趋势.在相同猎物密度条件下,随着东亚小花蝽4～5龄若虫密度的增大,其平均捕食量逐渐减少,捕食作用率E也相应地降低,捕食作用率E与东亚小花蝽4～5龄若虫密度P的关系为E=0.1249 P-0.1776,分摊竞争强度I与东亚小花蝽4～5龄若虫密度P的关系为I=0.3526 lg P+0.0152.     

花生-玉米间作种植模式对蓟马类害虫的控制效果

为明确花生-玉米间作种植模式对蓟马类害虫的控制效果,通过3年田间试验系统调查花生单作、玉米单作和花生-玉米间作3种种植模式下蓟马及其主要捕食性天敌东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri的种群数量动态特征及不同种植模式下东亚小花蝽和蓟马的益害比。结果显示,花生-玉米间作种植模式下东亚小花蝽种群密度显著高于花生单作种植模式,花生-玉米间作种植模式下82.94%以上的东亚小花蝽来源于玉米斑块;与2种单作种植模式相比,花生-玉米间作种植模式未显著减少蓟马的种群密度;东亚小花蝽种群密度与蓟马种群密度呈显著线性关系;花生-玉米间作种植模式下东亚小花蝽与蓟马的益害比均显著低于其他2种单作种植模式。表明花生-玉米间作种植模式在局域农田小范围空间尺度下能显著提高捕食性天敌的种群密度,但并不能显著减少蓟马类害虫种群数量。     

不同功能植物对棉花蚜虫及其捕食性天敌的影响

为明确功能植物对棉花蚜虫及其捕食性天敌的调控作用,通过田间系统调查和室内选择行为反应试验测定4种功能植物对棉花蚜虫及其捕食性天敌种群动态的影响。结果显示,4种功能植物均可涵养多异瓢虫Hippodamia variegata、中华通草蛉Chrysoperla sinica和东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri等捕食性天敌,其中蛇床草Cnidium monnieri上的捕食性天敌总数最多,达821头。蛇床草种植区棉花上多异瓢虫和中华通草蛉的种群数量均显著高于对照区棉花,而棉蚜Aphis gossypii、棉长管蚜Acyrthosiphon gossypii和棉黑蚜Ap.craccivora的种群数量均显著低于对照区棉花;油菜Brassica napus种植区棉花上的中华通草蛉种群数量显著高于对照区棉花,棉长管蚜种群数量则显著低于对照区棉花;薄荷Mentha haplocalyx种植区棉花上的多异瓢虫和中华通草蛉种群数量均显著高于对照区棉花,棉蚜和棉长管蚜种群数量均显著低于对照区棉花;罗勒Ocimum basilicum种植区棉花上的棉长管蚜和棉黑蚜种群数量均显著低于对照区棉花。此外,棉蚜和棉长管蚜种群数量与捕食性天敌总数之间呈显著负相关;蛇床草和罗勒植株的挥发物显著吸引多异瓢虫和中华通草蛉,罗勒和薄荷植株的挥发物显著驱避有翅棉蚜。表明功能植物蛇床草、油菜、薄荷和罗勒可为棉田涵养捕食性天敌,而薄荷和罗勒还能驱避棉花蚜虫,可用于棉田害虫及天敌的生态调控。     

人为打破滞育对东亚小花蝽越冬成虫生殖的影响

东亚小花蝽是多种农作物害虫的捕食性天敌。实验表明,在２７℃、ＲＨ７０％、２４ｈ的光照条件下,可在３～４ｄ内终止其越冬成虫的滞育,所需时间极短,并对其生殖力的影响不大。     

Research on and use of biological methods of pest control in glasshouse crops in Poland1

In 1966/1967, the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis and the hymenopteran parasite Encarsia formosa were introduced into Poland. This introduction led to extensive research on the principles and practical use of biological and integrated programmes of pest control in glasshouse crops. Additional species were later introduced (Macrolophus costalis, Amblyseius mckenziei, Neoseiulus cucumeris, Cycloneda limbifer, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri), and research was also undertaken on local species such as Aphidoletes aphidimyza and Aphidius matricariae. At present, after 25 years of research, modem and effective mass rearing of natural enemies has been organized, and they are applied over 600 ha of glasshouse crops. For correct development of biological methods in glasshouses, new introductions, research, and mass rearing of new species are necessary.     

Associations betweenFrankliniella spp. andOrius niger populations in cotton

The distribution of theFrankliniella speciesF. occidentalis (Pergande) andF. intonsa (Trybom) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), and of the predatory bugOrius niger (Wolff) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), in various organs of the cotton plant, as well as prey — predator interactions between thrips andO. niger, were investigated over 6 years in cotton fields in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. The highest number of larvae ofFrankliniella spp. were found inhabiting bolls, whereas the adults colonized mainly flowers. The majority of predatory bug nymphs were present on leaves, followed by bolls, whereasO. niger adults visited mostly flowers. The thrips larvae were most likely preyed upon on flowers and squares, and bolls were safe plant parts for thrips, with a low predation rate. An intermediate but relatively high predation rate occurred on cotton leaves. In further field experiments, the effects of insecticide treatment on the relationships betweenO. niger andFrankliniella spp. were investigated. These trials revealed that a higher correlation existed between the numbers of adultO. niger in flowers andFrankliniella spp. in non-treated cotton fields than in insecticide-treated fields. The proportions of prey/predator in flowers ranged from 1.53 to 19.28 and were below four thrips per predator at most sampling dates in some of the non-treated cotton fields. It is concluded thatO. niger is an effective predator that can play an important role in suppressing population increase ofFrankliniella spp. in cotton. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 12, 2006.     

黄带犀猎蝽对斜纹夜蛾3、4龄幼虫的捕食功能反应

为明确黄带犀猎蝽Sycanus croceovittatus对斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura的控害潜能,在实验室条件下对黄带犀猎蝽3~5龄若虫和雌雄成虫对斜纹夜蛾3、4龄幼虫的捕食功能反应、搜寻效应和自身密度干扰反应进行研究。结果表明,黄带犀猎蝽对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的捕食功能反应均符合Hol-ling II型和Holling III型2种模型;在拟合Holling II模型中,黄带犀猎蝽3~5龄若虫和雌雄成虫对斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫的日均最大捕食量分别为2.78、4.17、4.35、12.50和8.33头,控害效能分别为5.53、6.54、8.78、14.75和10.42;对斜纹夜蛾4龄幼虫的日均最大捕食量分别为2.56、2.86、3.85、3.57和4.35头,控害效能分别为2.23、3.94、4.54、11.32和5.70,其中雌成虫的控害效能最大。在拟合Hol-ling III模型中,对斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫的日均最大捕食量分别为2.75、4.10、4.32、10.76和7.41头,最佳寻找密度分别为1.19、2.03、1.73、5.28和3.88头/盒;对斜纹夜蛾4龄幼虫的日均最大捕食量分别为2.38、2.78、3.55、3.58和4.00头,最佳寻找密度分别为1.83、1.50、2.06、0.95和2.10头/盒。搜寻效应与害虫密度呈负相关;种内干扰效应与天敌密度呈正相关。表明黄带犀猎蝽成虫对斜纹夜蛾3、4龄幼虫的捕食能力优于黄带犀猎蝽若虫。     

食物对兹沃尔新小绥螨生长发育和繁殖的影响

为探究不同食物对兹沃尔新小绥螨Neoseiulus zwoelferi种群生长、发育和繁殖的影响,采用年龄-龄期两性生命表分析测定兹沃尔新小绥螨取食卢氏叶螨Tetranychus ludeni、甜果螨Carpoglyphus lactis和香蒲Typha orientalis花粉后的存活率、发育历期、寿命及繁殖情况。结果显示,3种食物均能满足兹沃尔新小绥螨生长发育和繁殖的需求。卢氏叶螨处理组的净增殖率和总繁殖率分别是28.99和36.99,均显著高于其他2个处理组;以甜果螨、卢氏叶螨和香蒲花粉为食的兹沃尔新小绥螨从卵发育至成螨所需时间分别为5.28、7.34和6.87 d,种群倍增时间分别3.35、4.22和11.77 d,前者显著短于其他2个处理;甜果螨处理组和卢氏叶螨处理组的雌成螨平均寿命分别比香蒲花粉处理组长2.75 d和4.92 d,但两者之间无显著差异;卢氏叶螨处理组雌成螨产卵天数最长,为17.84 d,产卵前期时间最短,为2.75 d,产卵量最大,为38.15粒/雌;香蒲花粉处理组雌成螨产卵天数最短,仅1.82 d,产卵前期时间最长,为5.89 d,产卵量最少,为3.36粒/雌。甜果螨处理组的内禀增长率、周限增长率分别为0.21 d-1和1.23 d-1,均显著高于其他处理组,但平均世代周期为14.65 d,显著低于其他处理组。表明3种食物均可使兹沃尔新小绥螨完成整个世代,其中甜果螨是室内饲养兹沃尔新小绥螨的最佳食物,香蒲花粉可以作为短期饲养的食物。     

栗苞蚜的生活习性及其防治对策

为了对栗苞蚜Moritziella castaneivora Miyazaki进行有效监控,控制其蔓延及制定合理的防治策略,通过林间调查及室内观察研究栗苞蚜对日本栗的为害、主要生活习性和天敌对其捕食行为。结果表明,栗苞蚜对银寄和筑波为害炸苞率分别达(7.4±6.0)%和(8.6±5.5)%;4龄若蚜的耐饥力强于成蚜,二者离开寄主20 h后可分别存活50%和13%,且1龄若蚜迁移力明显强于成蚜;栗苞蚜卵在20:00的孵化率明显高于8:00和14:00。龟纹瓢虫、黑襟毛瓢虫、七星瓢虫和草蛉对栗苞蚜卵具有较强的捕食能力,龟纹瓢虫平均捕食栗苞蚜卵量约为43粒/h,平均取食1个卵为10.1 s,搜寻速率为8.5粒/min。此外,研究表明初春施用石硫合剂可有效减少虫口基数,防止当年栗苞蚜大发生。     

基于自然寄主的黑肩绿盲蝽大规模饲养技术

黑肩绿盲蝽Cyrtorhinus lividipennis（Reuter）是稻飞虱的重要捕食性天敌。研发黑肩绿盲蝽人工饲养技术对开展稻飞虱绿色可持续防控及其生物学基础研究具有重要作用。本研究采用水稻幼苗作为产卵寄主、以自然寄主褐飞虱作为猎物,从饲养器具、饲养流程及方法等方面建立了一套简便实用的黑肩绿盲蝽规模化饲养技术。利用该技术可连续饲养并提供龄期整齐的黑肩绿盲蝽成虫;经过6个月饲养,发现10 m²房间可日产黑肩绿盲蝽成虫1000～1600头。该饲养技术适合黑肩绿盲蝽的长期规模化饲养,同时也为其他捕食性天敌昆虫规模化饲养提供参考。     

Contribution of Biological Control to Integrated Pest Management of Tephritid Fruit Flies in the Tropics and Subtropics

The biological control of pest tephritid flies using parasitoids has been successful in relatively few subtropical and tropical regions. The best documented successes were in Hawaii and Florida, USA, Fiji and southern Europe. There were relatively limited successes in Australia, Costa Rica and Mexico. With the accidental establishment of new pest tephritids, such as Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel) in Hawaii or Bactrocera papayae Drew and Hancock in Australia, foreign exploration for new parasitoids is essential. A renewal of interest in classical biological control has recently occurred, although not at the same level as in the 1940s and 1950s. New parasitoid species are currently being obtained for several tephritids, such as Ceratitis capitata (Weidemann), B. latifrons and Anastrepha suspensa (Loew). The advances in mass rearing and quality control technology for parasitoids has enabled researchers to perform large-scale field testing of these parasitoids to determine the potential of augmentative releases. Numerous studies on the augmentative release of parasitoids have been done. Historically, the larval—pupal parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) has been the most frequently studied parasitoid, due to the ease of rearing this species. However, recent successes in rearing other species with different biologies, e.g. the egg—pupal parasitoid Biosteres arisanus (Sonan), the gregarious eulophid, Tetrastichus giffardianus (Silvestri) and the pupal parasitoid, Coptera sp., will enable researchers to broaden the repertoire of parasitoid species for the future. Both successes and failures in augmentative releases have occurred. Without knowledge of the behavioural ecology of parasitoids, the reasons for success or failure can only be surmised. Recent research on the dispersal and host habitat finding of tephritid parasitoids will provide insights into improving augmentation and conservation strategies. The integrated pest management (IPM) of tephritid flies in the tropics has been less well-developed than research and programmes for tephritids in temperate zones. Significant emphasis is now being placed on the development of quarantine treatment methods that are environmentally sound; thus IPM will take a larger role. Several existing pest management strategies are reviewed which show the potential for compatibility with the activities of tephritid parasitoids. These include trap cropping, insecticides with selective toxicity to the target pests, mass trapping with parapheromones, the sterile insect technique and field sanitation.