菲律宾水稻生产及其发展战略研究

稻米是菲律宾人的主要食物. 多年来,菲人口快速增长,消费需求压力很大.虽然大面积推广现代水稻品种,促进了粮食大幅度增长,但是稻米生产整体水平低,不能满足人口快速增长的消费需求,每年要进口稻米60万t以上.实现菲律宾稻米自给的最佳途径是加快杂交水稻发展,工作的重点是尽快解决投入不足、种子短缺、推广乏力等问题.     

日本水稻生产发展变化及对我国的启示

社会经济的发展对稻米生产流通具有重要的影响。利用日本农林水产省的统计数据,分析了60年来日本水稻生产方式、劳动时间、消费流通渠道的变化,并结合目前我国稻米产业所处现状,探讨日本稻米产业发展对我国的启示。60年来,随着GDP的增长,日本水稻种植面积和水稻总产不断下降,得益于稻作技术的发展,水稻生产劳动时间显著缩短,且单产不断提高;随着人民生活水平的提高,稻米消费量不断下降,而民众对稻米品质的要求提高,日本优异的水稻品种资源奠定了其优良品质的基础;20世纪70年代以来,日本政府减少稻米统购统销数量,逐渐形成了以农协为主、直销为辅的稻米流通方式,极大提高了流通效率,新兴销售方式-电商等的出现又进一步提高了农户的种稻效益。近年来,我国水稻生产机械化程度逐步提高,稻米市场进一步开放,稻米产业发展正处于转型时期,少数已经达到比较好的水平,但大多数跟日本20世纪70-90年代时的稻米产业状况较相似。借鉴日本的稻米生产及流通方式的变化,我国应积极调整水稻生产方式,扩大水稻生产个体规模,加快水稻生产机械化进程,增加水稻生产公共基础设施建设,进一步引导优质稻发展,加强稻米品牌建设,实现产销对接。     

全球水稻科学家的世纪盛会——北京国际水稻大会侧记

20 0 2年 9月 1 6～ 2 0日在北京召开的国际水稻大会 ,是进入 2 1世纪全球水稻科学家的首次盛会。 1 2 0 0多名来自世界各地的水稻科学家聚首京城 ,盛况空前。我国著名的杂交水稻专家、福建省农科院院长———谢华安率领 1 2位水稻专家到会。众所周知 ,水稻是世界上最重要的粮食作物。全球年种植面积约 1 5 2亿hm2 ,约占谷物种植面积的 2 3% ;年产稻谷约 5 869亿t,约占谷物产量的 2 9%。目前 ,稻米是全球近一半人口——— 2 6亿人赖以生存的基本食粮。全球有 2亿个农户以稻米为其主要经济来源。随着人口的增长 ,2 0 2 5年全球依赖稻米的人…     

水稻纹枯病对水稻产量及米质的影响

水稻纹枯病是水稻的三大病害之一,由于水稻纹枯病只是一种隐性减产,并不被大多水稻生产者所重视,使该病目前危害程度愈来愈严重。本试验针对水稻纹枯病害对水稻产量及稻米品质的影响进行初步研究。探讨水稻纹枯病不同病害级别、不同病情指数对水稻产量和稻米品质的影响,得出水稻纹枯病不但影响水稻的产量,而且还严重影响水稻的稻米品质,以此引起水稻生产者对水稻纹枯病的重视。在生产上加强对水稻纹枯病的防治,确保水稻高产优质。     

印度尼西亚发展杂交水稻存在的问题与对策

水稻是印度尼西亚(以下简称印尼)的主要粮食作物,尽管印尼的水稻常年种植面积在1 180万hm2左右,但是水稻单产低,不能满足印尼人民的消费需求,每年须进口大米200万t左右。实现印尼稻米自给的有效途径是大力发展杂交水稻。介绍了目前印尼水稻生产的现状以及在发展杂交水稻中存在的问题和对策。     

浅析节水农业与抗旱节水型水稻育种

本文分析了我国水资源和农业用水现状,农业灌溉水利用率仅为发达国家的一半左右,一方水只能生产0.85kg的粮食,远低于2kg以上的世界发达国家水平;论述了国内外开展节水农业研究中所采用的新技术和新方法;指出干旱缺水始终是我国水稻生产面临的最大威胁。也是制约我国稻作面积扩大和产量提高的首要因子;培育耐旱、节水的稻作品种,发展节水稻生产,对水资源日益短缺,人口压力巨大,又以稻米为主食的中国21世纪“稻米安全”具有重要的战略意义。     

辽宁省水稻生产及其产业化现状、问题和发展对策

水稻是辽宁省重要的粮食作物。20世纪90年代以来 ,随着粮食购销形势和稻米市场消费结构的变化 ,辽宁省优质稻米生产迅速兴起 ,水稻产业化有了新的发展 ,无公害生产面积逐年扩大 ,绿色稻米、有机稻米开发方兴未艾。一、近几年辽宁省水稻生产现状1.水稻生产消费情况“九五”期间     

海南水稻生产现状分析及发展对策

介绍了海南水稻品种、种植面积、产量、生产方式等生产现状,分析了海南水稻种植面积下滑的主要原因,提出了充分利用海南独特资源加强水稻生产主导地位、提高水稻集约化生产水平、加快优质水稻品种研究和推广应用、发展现代稻米加工业、充分利用南繁平台带动海南水稻产业发展等对策。     

《水稻基因设计育种》一书读后

稻米是我国人民主要的食粮,水稻生产的重要性不言自明。自古以来,从事水稻生产的先民在不断改进耕作技术的同时,还从大田中选择优势的种子,培育良种,使产量不断提高,以满足人口不断增加的需要。古代农书如《齐民要术》等都记载了有关的内容。     

江苏省有机水稻生产现状调研

江苏是我国稻米生产与消费大省，推行绿色、有机健康水稻栽培，加快发展中高端优质稻米，已成为各级政府和社会关注的议题。本文通过对江苏省有机水稻生产现状进行调查，分析了江苏省有机水稻种植模式、肥料施用、病虫草害防治等情况，梳理了有机水稻生产中存在的突出问题和技术需求，并提出生产建议，以期对江苏省有机水稻生产起到一定的启示和推动作用，为加快有机水稻产业发展提供参考依据。     

稻麦双晚对病虫草发生的影响及解决措施

随着早熟晚粳、中熟晚粳广泛种植,水稻轻型省力栽培方式旱直播的推广,病虫也发生了变化,成熟期显著推迟,下茬无法在适宜播期种植,影响粮食丰产稳产。提出筛选早熟当家品种、大力推广机插秧、加大粮食烘干设备的投入、合理施肥、精准植保等对策。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

加强闽台科技合作交流发展我省甘蔗业

概述了海峡两岸农业交流与合作的现状,提出了应该共同呼吁尽快实现两岸“三通”,开放农业生物技术图书期刊资料交流以及开放生物学科方面网络的思路,以便为农业交流与合作的顺畅开展打好基础,并寄希望能够就糖蔗、果蔗以及甘蔗笋等方面的研究与开发到台湾学习取经,开展学术交流或与台湾同行共同开展研究,为我省甘蔗业的发展作出贡献。     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

Yield and quality of winter and spring triticales for forage and grain

In field experiments conducted over 2 years in Mediterranean conditions, five winter and five spring triticales were evaluated for forage and grain production in the same cropping season. The experiments had two treatments, namely harvesting for grain only, and dual-purpose forage and grain production. In the latter treatment, forage was cut when the first node was detectable (Zadoks' stage 31), without removing the apical meristems. Grain was harvested when ripe (Zadoks' stage 92) in both cut and uncut plots.
Environmental conditions affected grain production and protein content more than forage yield and quality. Winter triticales yielded about 43% more forage than spring types, but after forage removal the spring types yielded about 36% more grain than winter triticales.
Reductions in grain yield after clipping were more pronounced in winter (32%) than in spring (19%) types. Forage crude protein content was significantly higher in the spring types studied (24.6%) than in the winter types (23.5%), the opposite being true for fibre content (20.7 and 21.6% respectively). Grain crude protein content did not differ between grain and dual-purpose treatments, but was higher in the spring triticales (12.8%) than in the winter types (11.9%). There was more variability for the measured traits within the winter triticales studied than within the spring types.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.     

大豆几种常见病虫草害的诊断与防治

1大豆花叶病毒病 大豆病毒病（Soybean Mosaic Virus,SMV）是世界性病害之一。我国东北地区已鉴定的有5种,即大豆花叶病、顶枯病、蚕豆萎蔫病、南方菜豆花叶病、花生条纹病毒。其中大豆花叶病在全国大豆主要产区都有发生,十分常见。