杏仁油微胶囊制备工艺的优化

杏仁油中不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,为防止杏仁油的氧化,扩大杏仁油的用途,以麦芽糊精和牛乳分离蛋白为壁材,大豆卵磷脂为乳化剂,采用喷雾干燥法对超临界CO<,2>萃取的杏仁油进行了微胶囊化研究,采用响应面分析法研究了微胶囊的最佳配方,正交法确定了喷雾干燥的最佳工艺参数.结果表明:杏仁油微胶囊包埋最佳配方为杏仁油质量分数25%、牛乳分离蛋白质量分数25%、大豆卵磷脂质量分数2%和麦芽糊精质量分数48%,在20 MPa压力下均质处理;喷雾干燥适宜的工艺参数为进风温度180℃,出风温度80℃,进料温度50℃.在上述优化条件下可制得高质量高包埋率的杏仁油微胶囊产品,包埋率达94.7%.     

核桃油微胶囊化工艺的研究

为了防止核桃油的氧化，扩大核桃油的用途，用分子络合、乳化包埋、复凝聚等方法对超临界CO₂流体萃取的核桃油进行了微胶囊化研究，以确定产品的最佳生产工艺条件。试验结果表明：采用喷雾干燥法，以大豆分离蛋白和麦芽糊精、β-环状糊精和阿拉伯胶、明胶和阿拉伯胶为壁材，均可制得高质量高包埋率的核桃油微胶囊产品；喷雾干燥法制备核桃油微胶囊适宜的工艺参数为：进料浓度20%～30%，进料温度50～60℃，进风温度160～180℃，出风温度70～80℃。     

猕猴桃籽油微胶囊化技术研究

猕猴桃籽油中不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,特别是亚麻酸含量高达63.99%.为防止猕猴桃籽油的氧化,采用喷雾干燥法对猕猴桃籽油进行微胶囊化研究,并对产品进行了电镜观察和氧化试验.结果表明:壁材采用1∶1的大豆分离蛋白与麦芽糊精,芯材与壁材的配比为1∶1.5,料液总固形物含量为25%,在30～35 MPa压力下均质处理,喷雾干燥进风温度180℃,出风温度80℃,制得的微胶囊结构理想,抗氧化性较好.     

嗜酸乳杆菌真空喷雾干燥微胶囊化技术的研究

以阿拉伯胶、β-环糊精、可溶性淀粉、明胶、脱脂奶粉为壁材，根据正交试验确定微生态菌株嗜酸乳杆菌细胞微胶囊化的最佳真空喷雾干燥进风温度、壁材浓度和芯材浓度，并对其粒子直径进行分析。结果表明，β-环糊精与阿拉伯胶以9∶1配比为理想壁材，喷雾干燥进风温度170℃、壁材浓度20%和芯材浓度6%为最佳组合，活菌数达10⁸ cfu/g以上，微胶囊粒子直径平均为20 μm。     

柞蚕粉微胶囊化制备工艺的研究

为了更好得开发利用柞蚕资源,该文通过对微胶囊壁材的初选试验和包埋工艺的研究,确定了以spo-mo350变性淀粉、阿拉伯胶做为壁材,以柞蚕粉做为芯材,利用喷雾干燥的方法制备柞蚕粉微胶囊。通过正交试验确定微胶囊包埋最佳工艺参数为：spo-mo350变性淀粉/阿拉伯胶的质量比为4∶1,进风温度180℃,出风温度115℃,芯材/壁材的质量比为1∶1,壁材占乳化液比例30%,包埋率达86.4%。该微胶囊包埋工艺能够较好的解决柞蚕粉存在的腥味重、易氧化等问题,使其具有更广阔的应用前景。     

鱼油微胶囊射流空化制备工艺优化及理化性质研究

研究目的是以大豆分离蛋白为壁材,对射流空化制备鱼油微胶囊的工艺进行优化。采用喷雾干燥法,研究壁材添加量、乳化剂添加量、芯材添加量及射流空化处理时间对乳液稳定性和鱼油微胶囊包埋率的影响,通过响应面试验分析各因素,得到最优微胶囊制备工艺,并对制备的微胶囊产品同市售产品的结构、理化特性及稳定性进行对比分析。结果表明:在壁材添加量3.21%、乳化剂添加量0.21%、芯材添加量19.70%、射流空化处理时间11.25 min工艺条件下得到的乳液稳定性较好,鱼油微胶囊的包埋率达到94.14%。微胶囊产品微观结构呈球形颗粒,结构致密,颗粒形态完整,粒径小,表面含油率较低,包埋效果好;水分含量为3.07%,溶解度为96.30%,休止角为40.39?,溶解性较好;差示扫描量热分析结果显示,微胶囊热溶解温度较高,可用于常温贮藏。包埋后的鱼油经加速贮藏试验表明微胶囊化可以提高鱼油的氧化稳定性,延长鱼油贮藏期。     

复合维生素微胶囊制备中壁材用量及浓度对成品的影响

为了掩盖维生素的不良滋、气味,提高其稳定性,该文分别以黄原胶、阿拉伯胶、瓜尔豆胶、卡拉胶、明胶等为壁材,以盐酸硫胺素(VB1)、核黄素(VB2)、盐酸吡哆醇(VB6)、叶酸和烟酰胺的混合物为芯材,采用冷冻干燥工艺,结合粉碎、筛分,制备复合维生素微胶囊,考察了壁材/芯材比、壁材浓度对微胶囊中维生素荷载量、包埋率和稳定性的影响.结果表明;以黄原胶、阿拉伯胶或瓜尔豆胶为壁材时,维生素的包埋率高且稳定性好,是较适宜的壁材;随着壁材/芯材比的增加,维生素的包埋率增加,稳定性提高,而荷载量降低,合适的壁材芯材比为5:1(m/m);壁材浓度过高对制备不利,过低则导致维生素包埋率低,合适的壁材浓度为1:50 (m/V).在上述制备条件下,微胶囊中维生素的荷载量在0.2 g/g以上,包埋率达95%以上,稳定性明显提高.     

复合高吸水树脂的制备及性能研究

以过硫酸铵为引发剂,以丙烯酸和丙烯酰胺为单体,以高岭土为无机填料,采用反相悬浮法制备高岭土复合淀粉接枝丙烯酰胺—丙烯酸高吸水树脂。探讨了单体质量比、高岭土添加量等因素对产品性能的影响,研究了产品的保水能力,并对产品的结构进行了分析和表征。研究结果表明,该高吸水性树脂具有一定的凝胶强度、流变性,且成本相对较低,可以将其应用到建筑混凝土等材料中,通过树脂的吸水及保水能力从而提高混凝土的保水性,在水土保持边坡防护方面具有很好的应用前景。     

微胶囊核桃粉加工工艺的研究

核桃油脂含量在50%～70%,其中90%以上是不饱和脂肪酸,因此被中医学认为有降低胆固醇、防止动脉硬化、补气养血、美容和抗衰老等作用.但是,核桃仁中大量的不饱和脂肪酸极易氧化,使其储存时间有限.本研究采用喷雾干燥微胶囊造粒法对核桃粉的加工工艺进行了研究,利用明胶、大豆分离蛋白、糊精等水溶性壁材包裹核桃仁中的油脂,再经喷雾干燥脱去壁材中的水分使之成为O/W型微胶囊,从而防止油脂与外界氧的接触,得到了油脂含量高达35.3%、包埋率 85.7%、预测保质期12个月的核桃粉产品.     

银杏叶提取物微胶囊化研究

为使银杏叶提取物能在食品领域得到充分有价值的应用，探索采用微胶囊技术来解决银杏类黄酮难溶于水及强烈苦味的问题。本研究选用阿拉伯胶和β-环状糊精作为银杏黄酮微胶囊壁材，通过喷雾干燥进行微胶囊化。结果表明：选用阿拉伯胶和β-环状糊精(1∶1)作为银杏黄酮的微胶囊壁材，能达到较好的微胶囊化效果，且芯材与壁材的最佳配比为0.1 g/g。最佳喷雾干燥工艺条件为：进料固形物浓度为25％，进风温度为180℃，进料速度为35 mL/min。产品微胶囊化效率达90％以上。     

Supercritical carbon dioxide processing of pyrethrum oleoresin and pale

Possible refining of crude hexane extract (CHE) from pyrethrum flowers and further refining of Pyrethrum Board of Kenya (PBK) pale product is investigated with both liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide. The experiments were carried out in a small pilot plant with a 200 mL extractor and three cyclonic separators in series. To understand the dynamics of pyrethrin extraction, CHE was extracted in a single step; pyrethrin concentration was found to be improved from 0.16 to 0.50 g/g. The effects of temperature and pressure on the quality of the extract were studied at 29 degrees C and 80 bar and at 40 degrees C and 100 bar. Liquid CO(2) processing (29 degrees C, 80 bar) yielded slightly better product quality. A comparison study of CHE and PBK pale processing with supercritical CO(2) (40 degrees C, 100 bar) showed that the final products were similar in terms of pyrethrin content. Extraction of both PBK pale and CHE in two steps with different operating conditions improved their purity.     

Phenols in citrus peel byproducts. Concentrations of hydroxycinnamates and polymethoxylated flavones in citrus peel molasses.

In addition to the main flavanone glycosides (i.e., hesperidin and naringin) in citrus peel, polymethoxylated flavones and numerous hydroxycinnamates also occur and are major phenolic constituents of the molasses byproduct generated from fruit processing. Although a small number of the hydroxycinnamates in citrus occur as amides, most occur as esters and are susceptible to alkaline hydrolysis. This susceptibility to alkaline hydrolysis was used in measuring the concentrations of hydroxycinnamates in citrus peel molasses. The highest concentrations of hydroxycinnamates occurred in molasses of orange [C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck] and tangerine (C. reticulata Blanco.) compared to grapefruit (C. paradisi Macf.) and lemon [C. limon (L.) Burm.]. Concentrations of two phenolic glucosides, phlorin (phloroglucinol-beta-O-glucoside) and coniferin (coniferyl alcohol-4-beta-O-glucoside), were also measured. Measurements of the polymethoxylated flavones in molasses from several tangerine and orange varieties showed that these compounds occurred in the highest amounts in Dancy tangerine, whereas samples from two other tangerine molasses contained significantly lower levels, similar to those in the molasses samples from late- and early/mid-season oranges.     

宽皮柑橘移动夹持剥皮力学特性与果皮分离特性试验研究

为了解决目前柑橘剥皮设备,果皮一次剥净率较低,且损伤率较高。需要人工二次剥皮等问题,探索宽皮柑橘剥皮方法,该文以温州蜜柑为研究对象,利用自制的试验平台开展柑橘剥皮试验,对比了不同加载条件(不同剥皮方向、剥皮宽度及剥皮速度)对温州蜜柑的果皮分离过程中拉力值以及果皮分离位移的影响规律。试验结果表明:1)柑橘的剥皮特性具有各向异性,剥皮方向对剥皮特性具有显著性影响(P0.05),沿柑橘轴向方向剥皮,剥离的果皮长度与径向相比长约15%,且剥皮过程果皮能够均匀剥离;2)柑橘果皮分离过程中大致存在3种果皮断裂形态,其中剥离的果皮形态呈对称状,剥皮过程较为平稳;而剥离的果皮形态呈偏移或是果皮边缘带锯齿状,剥皮过程均存在波动过程,果皮呈斜向撕裂,剥离的果皮长度小于正向撕裂的对称状果皮长度;3)剥皮宽度、剥皮速度对柑橘果皮分离的最大拉力值有显著影响(P0.05),对果皮分离位移影响不显著(P0.05),其对剥皮长度影响较小,根据试验指标及自身剥皮设备参数,夹持较宽(采用环割划皮)的果皮,较高的剥皮速度(300 mm/min以上),利于提高剥皮效率。该研究可为宽皮柑橘的机械剥皮加工设备提供一定的理论依据。     

Purification of citrus peel juice and molasses

Citrus peel juice and molasses are extremely bitter and unpalatable byproducts of orange and grapefruit juice production. Major components of interest are soluble sugars, glucose, fructose, and sucrose, which account for 60-70% of the dry solids. Analyses indicate that the remaining components are suspended tissue fragments, proteins, organic acids, mineral ions, phenolic compounds, and polyols. A purification sequence that removed a majority of bitter limonoids and phenolic compounds by adsorption on nonionic, macroporous resins was tested. Residual phenolic compounds were removed by adsorption on activated carbon or anion-exchange resin, which also removed anions of organic and inorganic acids. Taste panel results suggested that debittered products could be acceptable for food uses.     

Inhibitors of 15-lipoxygenase from orange peel

A series of polymethoxylated flavonoids has been isolated from orange peel, and their inhibitory activity toward soybean 15-lipoxygenase was determined. The strongest inhibition was shown by 3,5,6,7,3',4'-hexamethoxyflavone (IC(50) = 49 +/- 5 microM). Sinensetin, nobiletin, tangeretin, tetramethylscutellarein, and 3,5, 6,7,8,3',4'-heptamethoxyflavone were somewhat less active, with IC(50) values of 70-86 microM, comparable to the positive control quercetin (IC(50) = 68 +/- 5 microM). Demethylation apparently results in less active compounds, with 5-O-demethylsinensetin having an IC(50) value of 144 +/- 10 microM. Some other orange peel constituents were isolated and tested as well, hesperidin (IC(50) = 180 +/- 10 microM) and ferulic acid (111 +/- 2 microM), showing moderate activity. The polymethoxylated flavonoids were virtually inactive as scavengers of the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl radical. Hesperidin was only slightly active (24.2 +/- 0.7% scavenged at a concentration of 2 mM), and ferulic acid showed good activity (IC(50) = 86.4 +/- 0.7 microM). From this, it appears that orange peel constituents may counteract enzymatic lipid peroxidation processes catalyzed by 15-lipoxygenase in vitro. The radical scavenging activity of orange peel extracts is only modest.     

Fate of apple peel phenolics during cool storage

Consumption of certain phenolics in the diet is considered beneficial to human health. In this study, individual phenolics were measured by diode-array HPLC at monthly intervals in the peel of Granny Smith, Lady Williams, and Crofton apple cultivars stored in air at 0 degrees C for 9 months. The concentrations of total phenolics significantly differed among the cultivars examined, with Lady Williams peel having significantly more phenolics (over 4000 microg x g(-1) peel fresh weight) than Crofton (2668 microg x g(-1) peel fresh weight) and Granny Smith, which had the lowest concentration of total phenolics (1275 microg x g(-1) peel fresh weight). There were also significant differences in individual phenolics among cultivars and during storage. Quercetin glycosides were the only flavonols identified, with quercetin rhamnoglucoside being the most abundant phenolic in the peel. Chlorogenic acid was the major cinnamic acid derivative, with high concentrations, up to 412 microg x g(-1)) peel fresh weight, in Crofton peel. A pre-storage diphenylamine (DPA) treatment had few significant effects on peel phenolic metabolism. Where differences did occur, fruit treated with DPA retained higher concentrations of total peel phenolics during storage than fruit not treated with DPA. Storage of all cultivars for up to 9 months in air at 0 degrees C induced few significant changes in the peel phenolic concentrations. This indicates that phenolic metabolism in apple peel is relatively stable, and the health benefits of phenolics in apple peel should be maintained during long-term storage.     

柚皮中柚皮苷乙醇提取工艺研究

该文采用乙醇浸提法从柚皮中提取柚皮苷,在单因素试验的基础上用正交试验进行工艺参数的优化,其适合的工艺条件为：提取温度60℃,提取时间90 min,提取液乙醇浓度50%,液料比25∶1(v/w),在此工艺条件下进行试验,柚皮苷提取率为91.784%。     

Paprika (Capsicum annuum) oleoresin extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide.

Paprika oleoresin was fractionated by extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide (SCF-CO(2)). Higher extraction volumes, increasing extraction pressures, and similarly, the use of cosolvents such as 1% ethanol or acetone resulted in higher pigment yields. Within the 2000-7000 psi range, total oleoresin yield always approached 100%. Pigments isolated at lower pressures consisted almost exclusively of beta-carotene, while pigments obtained at higher pressures contained a greater proportion of red carotenoids (capsorubin, capsanthin, zeaxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin) and small amounts of beta-carotene. The varying solubility of oil and pigments in SCF-CO(2) was optimized to obtain enriched and concentrated oleoresins through a two-stage extraction at 2000 and 6000 psi. This technique removes the paprika oil and beta-carotene during the first extraction step, allowing for second-stage oleoresin extracts with a high pigment concentration (200% relative to the reference) and a red:yellow pigment ratio of 1.8 (as compared to 1.3 in the reference).     

Characterization of peppercorn, pepper oil, and pepper oleoresin by vibrational spectroscopy methods

NIR-FT-Raman as well as ATR-IR and NIR spectroscopy in combination with efficient chemometric algorithms was applied for rapid determination of piperine in black and white ground pepper and green whole pepper berries as well as pepper oleoresins. Most of the well-resolved Raman signals detected in the spectra of pepper and the related oleoresins can be assigned to piperine, which is known to be the main pungent principle in these products. On the basis of the specific key bands of piperine, also selective Raman mappings were successfully performed to determine the in situ distribution of the alkaloid in the whole green berry and the dried peppercorn as well. It was found that piperine occurs more or less in the whole perisperm of the green fruit. Furthermore, the content and composition of the volatile fraction in various pepper samples were determined by applying the mentioned vibrational spectroscopy techniques. Whereas only NIRS measurements present sufficient reliability to predict the main essential oil substances directly in ground black and white pepper, all spectroscopy methods applied in this study can be used to analyze individual terpenoids in the hydrodistilled oil. It can be assumed that some of the new, efficient vibrational spectroscopy methods have the potential to replace the standard analysis procedures presently applied for the quality control of peppercorns, pepper extracts, and pepper oil.