生物多孔介质热风干燥数学模型及数值模拟

为了研究生物多孔介质在热风干燥过程中的热质传递机理以及其内部应力应变分布规律,根据生物多孔介质中温度、水分及应力之间复杂的耦合关系,基于菲克扩散定律、傅立叶导热定律和热弹性力学理论,建立了对流干燥条件下,含湿多孔介质内部传热传质过程热-湿-力双向耦合的数学模型。采用有限差分法编制相应的计算程序,对其进行数值计算,数值结果与马铃薯和胡萝卜对流干燥试验结果之间的相对误差均小于5%;进一步分析了干燥特性曲线,以及温度、干基含水率和应力应变的时空分布;最后分析了风温、风速等干燥条件以及多孔介质厚度对干燥过程的影响,结果表明:在一定试验条件下,风温越高,风速越大,切片厚度越薄,干燥时间越短。研究为改善生物多孔介质热质传递现象物理机理的理解提供参考。     

新疆无核白葡萄干精加工干燥工艺

为了使新疆无核白葡萄干经精加工而增值,进一步优化其清洗后的干燥工艺以保证葡萄干绿色感官品质。利用薄层试验干燥台模拟流化床干燥和网带干燥,在保证干燥后葡萄干品质的前提下,确定清洗后除去无核白葡萄干表面水分的干燥条件。结果表明:流化床干燥的较佳条件为:风温30～40℃,风速3.5～4.5m/s,料层厚度4层(约22mm),干燥时间为4min;网带干燥的较佳条件为:风温(40±2)℃,风速1.5m/s,料层厚度2.5层(约15mm),干燥时间约为9min。     

乙醇浸渍对切片茄子干燥特性和品质的影响

为了提高切片茄子的干制品质、缩短干燥时间,对热风干燥前的切片茄子进行了乙醇浸渍处理。以不同干燥温度(45、55、65℃)、预处理乙醇体积分数(0、5%、15%)和茄子切片厚度(1.0、1.5、2.0 cm)为试验因素,以干燥时间及干燥后产品的干燥速率、色泽、复水比和微观结构为评价指标进行正交试验。试验结果表明:干燥温度、乙醇体积分数和切片厚度对干燥时间均有显著影响(P0.05);综合评价的影响顺序由大到小依次为:切片厚度干燥温度乙醇体积分数;切片茄子的干燥过程属于降速干燥,通过费克第二定律得到切片茄子的水分有效扩散系数在2.74×10-9~7.75×10-9 m2/s;切片厚度对干燥后茄子片的复水比有显著影响(P0.05),复水比随着切片厚度的增加而减少;乙醇体积分数对干燥后茄子片的色泽具有显著影响(P0.05),而且可以改变干燥后茄子的微观结构改善物料外观品质。当乙醇体积分数为15%、干燥温度为65℃、切片厚度为1.0 cm时,干燥时间为225 min,复水比为4.93,明亮度为88.24,既有较快的干燥速率又能够得到比较好的色泽。研究表明适宜体积分数的乙醇浸渍预处理能够提高切片茄子的干燥速率、改善色泽,为高品质切片茄子快速干燥提供了理论依据。     

板栗气体射流冲击干燥特性和工艺优化

为了解决板栗深加工中的干燥问题,将气体射流冲击干燥技术应用于板栗干燥,研究了板栗仁在不同风温（70、75、80和85℃）和风速（10、12、14和16 m/s）下的干燥特性;根据单因素试验结果进行了风温、风速和预处理（不烫漂、100℃热水烫漂和100℃蒸汽烫漂）的正交试验。试验结果表明：板栗的整个干燥过程属于降速干燥,风温和风速对板栗的干燥速率均有显著影响,但风温对其的影响比风速更为突出;正交试验各因素对明亮度、蓝黄值和感官评分的影响顺序为：预处理＞风温＞风速,对缩短板栗干燥时间的影响顺序为：风温＞风速＞     

披碱草种子的气流冲击式转筒干燥试验

为研究气流冲击式转筒干燥结构参数（喷管直径、喷嘴高度与喷管倾角）与工艺参数（风温、风速与转筒转速）变化对牧草种子干燥速率与发芽率的影响,该文将气流冲击式转筒干燥技术应用于披碱草种子干燥,并通过Design-Expert 7.0软件对试验进行优化设计,建立了试验条件范围内平均干燥速率的预测模型。试验结果表明：气流冲击式转筒干燥技术可较好的应用于披碱草种子的干燥,干燥后的披碱草种子达到了国家一级种子标准;在试验条件范围内,风温、风速、风温和分支喷管倾角交互作用、风速和转筒转速交互作用对平均干燥速率的影响显著,影响大小依次为：风温＞风速＞风速和转筒转速交互作用＞风温和分支喷管倾角交互作用;各因素及其交互作用对发芽率的影响不显著。该研究为气流冲击式转筒干燥技术应用于种子的干燥提供了技术依据。     

曲拉热风干燥工艺参数筛选及色泽品质评价

为了降低曲拉因干燥过程引起的褐变,保证产品干燥后色泽良好,同时为曲拉干燥设备及工艺提供理论依据,该研究选择热风干燥的方式,以干燥后产品的亮度值L*、红度值a*和黄度值b*为目标,利用数据标准化的综合评分方法对3个目标评分。根据响应面中心组合设计理论,探讨了热风温度、物料厚度和风速对曲拉热风干燥工艺的影响,建立二次多项回归模型,并对干燥工艺进行了优化。结果表明,3个因素对综合评分的影响大小依次为：热风温度、风速、物料厚度;曲拉热风干燥最佳工艺参数为：热风温度41℃,物料厚度10 mm,风速60 m/min,此时得到最大综合分为0.9012;工艺优化后曲拉的亮度值L*比牧区自然暴晒干燥方式提高了7.18（P<0.05）,红度值a*和黄度值b*分别极显著的降低了1.41和10.29（P<0.01）,过氧化氢值（peroxide value, POV）、硫代苯巴比妥酸反应底物值（thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS）及5-羟甲基糠醛（5-hydroxymethylfurfural, 5-HMF）值分别极显著降低了1.15 g/100 g、0.84 mg/kg和1.973 mg/L（P<0.01）。表明该干燥工艺可有效降低曲拉干燥过程中脂肪的氧化程度与美拉德反应的发生,改善产品色泽品质。研究结果为曲拉热风干燥设备及工艺提供了理论依据。     

香菇分段变温红外喷动床干燥工艺参数优化

为获得节能低耗和品质较优的干香菇,利用红外喷动床干燥设备,对香菇分段变温干燥工艺进行试验研究。在单因素试验基础上运用Box-Behnken Design优化试验,研究前期风温、转换点含水率和后期风温对单位能耗、粗多糖含量、亮度L*值和收缩率的影响,通过加权综合评分法推导多项式回归模型,优化红外喷动床干燥工艺参数。经响应面优化的干燥参数为：前期风温56.00 ℃、转换点含水率53.00%、后期风温72.00 ℃,该工艺下单位能耗为143.52 kJ/g、粗多糖含量9.98 mg/g、亮度L*值68.11、收缩率83.15%,综合评分值为35.37,与预测值拟合度高达99.27%,表明应用红外喷动床干燥取得的香菇制品能满足当前香菇干燥的发展趋势及需求,为香菇干制品的综合应用及生产加工提供参考。     

多层洋葱热风干燥的研究

本文利用自制的热风干燥试验台,进行了洋葱多层(14层)的干燥试验研究,得到了风温、风速对干燥过程中各层含水率平均梯度与热耗的影响规律:提出了较佳的干燥工艺;求得了不同层数物料的气流阻力与风速的回归方程。     

气体射流冲击干燥无核紫葡萄及品质分析

采用气体射流冲击干燥技术设计的葡萄干燥试验装置,可实现温度自动控制,风速、热介质湿度的控制和数据采集与存储。利用该装置对无核紫葡萄干燥工艺和干燥品质进行研究,试验发现,气体射流冲击干燥无核紫葡萄存在预热阶段、恒速干燥阶段和降速干燥阶段,随着风温和风速的提高,恒速段干燥速率明显增加,干燥时间缩短,而降速段干燥速率提高不明显。试验风温和风速范围内所得葡萄干理化成分差异不显著;试验还针对Vc降解进行了动力学分析。在试验装置的基础上,开发设计了中试设备并投产运行,其最佳工艺参数为风温65℃,风速20 m/s,耗时为29 h。制得葡萄干含水率（干基）17.1%,可溶性固形物77.8%,可滴定酸2.3%,Vc 6.74×10^-2 mg/g。     

红枣片冷冻-红外分段组合干燥工艺优化

为开发一种提质增效的红枣片干燥工艺,比较了单一干燥（冷冻干燥、红外干燥、热风干燥和微波真空干燥）对红枣片干燥特性及品质的影响,选用冷冻与红外干燥分段组合的方法干制红枣片,以干燥时间和维生素C保留率为评价指标,采用三元二次通用旋转组合设计优化红枣片冷冻-红外组合干燥工艺参数,并与红外干燥（64℃,6.75 W/g）、冷冻干燥（-40℃,12 Pa,64℃）产品的干燥时间和品质进行对比分析。结果表明：1）冷冻与热风干燥的干燥时间最长,微波真空干燥最短,红外干燥次之;2）冷冻干燥产品品质较好,但酥脆性一般,红外干燥产品在色泽、质构（硬/脆度）、微观结构方面均好于热风和微波真空干燥产品,且酥脆性较好;3）转换含水率、红外温度和切片厚度对红枣片冷冻-红外组合干燥过程有显著影响（P<0.05）,对干燥时间影响主次顺序依次为转换含水率、红外温度、切片厚度,对维生素C保留率影响主次顺序依次为红外温度、转换含水率、切片厚度;4）采用响应曲面法优化与试验验证确定出较佳工艺参数为：转换含水率34 %、红外温度64℃、切片厚度5 mm,此时,干燥时间3.62 h,维生素C保留率68.92%;5）冷冻-红外组合干燥产品品质优于红外干燥,干燥时间比冷冻干燥缩短57.6%,维生素C保留率比红外干燥提高了34.6%。结果表明冷冻-红外组合干燥缩短了干燥时间同时保证了干燥品质,可为红枣片干制加工提供一种新的组合干燥技术和理论依据。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.