Processing index of barley grain and dietary undigested neutral detergent fiber concentration affected chewing behavior,ruminal pH,and total tract nutrient digestibility of heifers fed a high-grain diet

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of processing index (PI) of barley grain and dietary undigested neutral detergent fiber (uNDF) concentration on dry matter (DM) intake, chewing activity, ruminal pH and fermentation characteristics, total tract digestibility, gastrointestinal barrier function, and blood metabolites of finishing beef heifers. The PI was measured as the density after processing expressed as a percentage of the density before processing, and a smaller PI equates to a more extensively processed. Six ruminally cannulated heifers (average body weight, 715 ± 29 kg) were used in a 6 × 6 Latin square design with three PI (65%, 75%, and 85%) × 2 uNDF concentration (low and high; 4.6% vs. 5.6% of DM) factorial arrangement. The heifers were fed ad libitum a total mixed ration consisting of 10% barley silage (low uNDF), or 5% silage and 5% straw (high uNDF), 87% dry-rolled barley grain, and 3% mineral and vitamin supplements. Interactions (P < 0.01) of PI × uNDF were observed for DM intake, ruminating and total chewing time, and DM digestibility in the total digestive tract. Intake of DM, organic matter (OM), starch, and crude protein (CP) did not differ (P > 0.14) between low and high uNDF diets, but intakes of NDF and acid detergent fiber were greater (P = 0.01) for high uNDF diets regardless of barley PI. Heifers fed high uNDF diets had longer (P = 0.05) eating times (min/d or min/kg DM) and tended (P = 0.10) to have longer total chewing times (min/kg DM) than those fed low uNDF diets. Additionally, heifers sorted (P = 0.01) against long particles (>19 mm) for high uNDF diets but not for low uNDF diets. Altering PI of barley grain did not affect (P > 0.12) total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration, molar percentages of individual VFA, or duration of ruminal pH < 5.8 and <5.6. Total VFA concentration was less (P = 0.01), acetate percentage was greater (P = 0.01), and duration of ruminal pH < 5.8 and <5.6 was less (P = 0.05) for high compared with low uNDF diets. Digestibility of DM, OM, and CP was greater (P = 0.02) for low vs. high uNDF diets with PI of 65% and 75%, with no difference between low and high uNDF diets at PI of 85%. Blood metabolites and gastrointestinal tract barrier function were not affected (P ≥ 0.10) by the treatments. These results suggest that increasing dietary uNDF concentration is an effective strategy to improve ruminal pH status in finishing cattle, regardless of the extent of grain processing, whereas manipulating the extent of barley processing did not reduce the risk of ruminal acidosis.     

Effect of fortifying concentrate supplement with fibrolytic enzymes on nutrient utilization, milk yield and composition in lactating goats

Thirty lactating Beetle‐sannen crossbred goats were randomly divided into 3 groups based on first fortnight milk yield, and then adjusted to body weights to study the effect of fibrolytic enzyme supplementation on digestibility and milk production. Goats in the control group (C) were fed 500 g of concentrate supplement (CS) without exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (control; CG) or CS fortified with cellulase and xylanases @ of 4000 and 12500 (EG₁) or 8000 and 18 750 IU/kg (EG₂), respectively. CS was offered in two equal proportions just after milking at 7 and 17 h. After feeding CS, goats were fed 1200 g of wheat straw as roughage in two equal parts at 08.00 and 18.00 hours. Milk yield was studied for 3½ months. Milking was done by hand. Changes in body weight were also recorded. After a preliminary period of 60 days of feeding, a 7‐day digestibility trial was conducted in two intervals with 5 animals from each group at a time. The increase in either wheat straw or NDF intake due to the enzyme mixture was only 3%. There was significant improvement (P < 0.05) in the diet digestibility of DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF and total carbohydrates (TC) between the control and EG₁ and EG₂ goats. Improvements were greater (P < 0.05) in the latter group. Microbial protein (MBP) was estimated based on purine derivatives and creatinine excreted in spot urine samples. MBP increased about 10 and 15% in EG₁ and EG₂, but these values were statistically invalid. Phenomenally milk yield, fat and SNF were significantly (P < 0.001) changed with progression of lactation. On a temporal basis, fortnightly changes in FCM yield of this study could be grouped as 1 month each of first and last and 1½ of middle phase of lactation. Repeated measure analysis showed 180 to 260 mL/day of higher FCM and 16 to 20 g/day of higher SNF yield (P < 0.001) in EG₂ than control or even EG₁ during 5 to 7^th fortnight. However, no significant impact (P > 0.05) was noticed on TF. Feed intake, g/kg FCM yield was also 7% less in EG₂ than either CG or EG₁. The study concluded that apart from increased digestibility, fortification of CS with cellulase and xylanases enzymes improved FCM yield in the last quarter of lactation in goats, and improved body weights by 5% (P > 0.05). While the digestibility of the diet was higher in EG₁ and EG₂, the impact on FCM and SNF yield was noticed only on EG₂. Our study indicated that CS of lactating goats may be fortified with 8000 and 18 500 IU/kg CS in the last quarter of lactation.     

Changes in chemical composition and digestibility of three maize stover components digested by white‐rot fungi

Maize stover (total stem and leaves) is not considered a ruminant feed of high nutritive value. Therefore, an improvement in its digestibility may increase the viability of total forage maize production systems in marginal growth regions. The objective of this study was to describe the changes in chemical composition during the storage of contrasting components of maize stover (leaf, upper stem and lower stem) treated with either of two lignin degrading white‐rot fungi (WRF; Pleurotus ostreatus, Trametes versicolor). Three components of maize stover (leaf, upper stem and lower stem), harvested at a conventional maturity for silage production, were digested with either of two WRF for one of four digestion durations (1–4 months). Samples taken prior to fungal inoculation were used to benchmark the changes that occurred. The degradation of acid detergent lignin was observed in all sample types digested with P. ostreatus; however, the loss of digestible substrate in all samples inoculated with P. ostreatus was high, and therefore, P. ostreatus‐digested samples had a lower dry matter digestibility than samples prior to inoculation. Similarly, T. veriscolor‐digested leaf underwent a non‐selective degradation of the rumen‐digestible components of fibre. The changes in chemical composition of leaf, upper stem and lower stem digested with either P. ostreatus or T. veriscolor were not beneficial to the feed value of the forage, and incurred high DM losses.     

Selenium supplementation improves nutrient intake and digestibility,and mitigates CH4 emissions from sheep grazed on the mixed pasture of alfalfa and tall fescue

Low selenium (Se) in soil and forage can adversely affect on the quality of animal-derived foods, and hence on human health. Lambs grazed on mixed pastures of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) were supplemented with five levels of Se [0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 µg/kg body weight (BW)]. The intake of dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) varied with the level of Se supplementation, with a peak at 6 µg Se per kg BW (p ≤ 0.05). Gross energy (GE) intake, digestive energy (DE) intake and metabolic energy (ME) intake were higher at 6 µg Se per kg BW than at other Se levels (p < 0.01); in addition, methane energy (CH₄-E) output was lower at 6 µg Se per kg BW. Supplementation with Se significantly increased nitrogen (N) intake, faecal N and urine N, for which the peak values were 20.2 g N/, 5.62 g N/day and 7.92 g N/day, respectively, at 6 µg Se per kg BW. Se intake, blood Se, faecal Se, urine Se and retained Se were negatively correlated with forage crude protein (CP) content (p < 0.001) but were positively correlated with the content of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) (p < 0.001) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) (p < 0.001). Thus, we recommend the addition of 6 µg Se per kg BW to sheep grazed on pastures in regions with low soil Se.     

粘毛鼠尾草种子油脂理化性质和脂肪酸成分

为探究粘毛鼠尾草（Salvia roborowskii）是否具有作为非粮生物柴油能源植物的潜质,本试验采用索氏提取法、气相色谱法测定了生长在川西北高原阿坝州红原县的野生粘毛鼠尾草种子的含油量、油脂理化性质以及脂肪酸含量。结果表明,粘毛鼠尾草种子含油量为43.36%,油脂碘值、皂化值分别为93.31、190.58 mg·g-1;脂肪酸成分以油酸和亚油酸为主,含量分别为49.95%和37.52%;计算得其相应生物柴油的十六烷值和冷滤点分别为53.94和-4.65 ℃。通过与我国生物柴油评价标准对比发现,粘毛鼠尾草在作为非粮生物柴油能源植物方面具有一定的潜在研发价值。     

Effect of a diet high in energy and protein on growth,carcase characteristics and parasite resistance in goats

The effects of a high-energy and high-protein diet on growth, parasite resistance and carcase characteristics were studied using local goats with an average initial body weight (BW) of 12.0 (SD = 0.7) kg. Thirty-two animals were allocated to a completely randomized factorial design, with four animals of each sex per treatment. The factors were: two diets (diet H with high content of crude protein (CP) and metabolizable energy (ME), and diet L with low content of CP and ME) and deworming (DW) or non-deworming (NDW). The highest dry matter (DM) intake was obtained for goats fed diet H combined with DW, but there was no significant difference between DW or NDW for goats fed diet H. The goats fed diet L and DW had significantly better total DM intake than NDW goats. The average daily gain of animals fed diet H was 86 and 92 g/day compared to 27 and 40 g/day for diet L, for NDW and DW animals, respectively. Feeding diet H resulted in higher slaughter weight and consequently also higher empty BW, carcase weight and dressing percentage and lower feed conversion ratio. Dewormed animals had significantly higher empty BW than NDW animals. There were significant effects of diet and parasite control on Faecal egg count (FEC: number of parasite eggs per gram of faeces (e.p.g.)), with NDW animals fed diet L having higher FEC than animals fed diet H.     

Effect of genotype on chemical composition,ruminal degradability and in vitro fermentation characteristics of maize residual plants

The objective of this study was to determine the changes to residual plant feeding value of early‐ and late‐maturing maize varieties. The influence of the cell wall carbohydrate composition, in terms of neutral and acid detergent fibre (NDF and ADF) content, NDF and dry matter (DM) degradability, and in vitro organic matter digestibility and gas production on the feeding value of a range of maize genotypes, was measured. The different genotypes were allotted into two maturity groups (MG I – early to mid‐early: S210‐S240; MG II – mid‐late to late: S 250‐S280) and harvested at four different harvest dates (depending on the DM content of the kernels). The maize varieties of MG I had lower NDF and ADF contents and higher ruminal DM degradability, in vitro digestibility and gas production and thus a higher feeding value than MG II at the same stage of physiological maturity. A strong negative relationship between NDF content and the ruminal DM degradability (r = ?0.81) was observed. The data indicate that the early‐maturing varieties permit a larger flexibility in harvesting due to a longer period of starch inclusion into the kernel whilst simultaneously maintaining a good supply of rumen‐available fibre. Conclusively, the higher feeding value of the early‐maturing varieties, based on lower NDF and high DM digestibility, permits more flexibility in the harvesting period over the later‐maturing varieties.     

Effect of coarse ground corn, sugar beet pulp and wheat bran on the voluntary intake and physicochemical characteristics of digesta of growing pigs

The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of a coarse ground cereal and two fibrous ingredients incorporated in the diet on the physicochemical properties of digesta and productive parameters of pigs during the first stage of the growing period. A total of 96 pigs (initial body weight, BW, 15 kg) were distributed into four experimental treatments: the control diet (CT) consisted of corn, barley and soybean meal milled to pass through a 2.5 mm screen; the coarse corn diet (CC) was prepared by milling the corn to a coarser particle size (4.0 mm screen); the sugar beet pulp diet (SBP) and the wheat bran diet (WB) were prepared by replacing some of the corn for sugar beet pulp (80 g/kg) or wheat bran (100 g/kg) respectively, in order to contain a higher amount of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP). Three experimental periods were considered (7, 21 and 42 days) during which body weight (BW) and voluntary feed intake were assessed. At the end of each period eight animals per diet were slaughtered. Weight of the gastrointestinal tract and its compartments (full and empty) was recorded and the contents were sampled. Digesta samples were analysed for water concentration, water retention capacity (WRC), ammonia and short-chain fatty acids concentration (SCFA). Histological study of the proximal colon tissues was also performed. In general, the different parameters evaluated showed differences between the experimental periods, but few interactions were recorded. Animals fed CC, SBP and WB diets presented a lower feed intake (P ≤ 0.009) compared to CT fed animals. Compared to the control diet, coarse grinding of corn provoked an increase in the colonic digesta content (P = 0.032). Similarly, animals fed the SBP diet compared to CT animals, showed an increase in the contents (P = 0.009) of hindgut, and in the concentration of water in the digesta (P ≤ 0.011). Compared to CT diet the SBP diet lowered the ammonia concentration in the hindgut contents (P ≤ 0.045) and increased the concentration of SCFA in the distal colon (P ≤ 0.025). Animals fed the SBP diet also showed a lower number of lymphoid nodes in the colonic mucosa compared to the other diets (P ≤ 0.043). Minor modifications were observed associated with the incorporation of wheat bran in the diet, but colonic water from WB fed animals showed a tendency to increase cytolytic capacity. The results confirm major changes in the voluntary intake and physicochemical properties of digesta as affected by the incorporation in the diet of a fibrous ingredient or coarse grinding of cereals.     

Effect of neutral detergent soluble fibre on digestion, intestinal microbiota and performance in twenty five day old weaned rabbits

The effect of neutral detergent soluble fibre (NDSF) level on digestibility, fermentation traits, intestinal microbiota and performance was studied in weaned rabbits. A control diet (DA) containing 103 g NDSF/kg DM included dehydrated alfalfa as the main source of fibre. Another diet (B-AP) was formulated by replacing half of the dehydrated alfalfa with a mixture of beet and apple pulp resulting in 131 g NDSF/kg DM. A third diet (OH) was obtained by substituting half of the dehydrated alfalfa with a mix of oat hulls and a soybean protein concentrate and contained 79 g NDSF/kg DM. All diets contained similar levels of total fibre (NDSF + neutral detergent fibre), starch and protein (446, 208, and 199 g/kg DM, respectively). Forty-two rabbits (14/diet) weaned at 25 days were used to determine faecal digestibility from 32 to 35 days of age. This group, plus another nine rabbits/diet (23/diet), were used to determine weight of stomach and caecum and their contents, caecal fermentation traits and similarity rate (SR) of intestinal microbiota. Another 105 and 245 weaned rabbits were used to determine growth traits and mortality, respectively. From 25 to 39 days of age, rabbits were fed the experimental diets and from 39 to 60 days they were fed a commercial diet, including robenidine hydrochloride in all diets. Drinking water was supplemented with apramicine sulfate and tylosine tartrate throughout the experimental period. Faecal and energy digestibility increased linearly by 8% and NDF digestibility by 43% between extreme diets with NDSF inclusion (P < 0.001). Weight of total gastrointestinal tract decreased linearly and quadratically with NDSF reduction (P = 0.008 and P = 0.089, respectively). Stomach pH decreased linearly with increasing levels of NDSF (P ≤ 0.041). Weight of caecal contents increased linearly between animals fed OH and B-AP diets (P < 0.001). Level of inclusion of NDSF had no effect (P ≥ 0.12) on pH, VFA concentration and VFA molar proportions in caecal contents. Treatments appeared to influence the SR of caecal microbiota but a lesser effect was observed on ileal microbiota. Post weaning feed efficiency (25–39 days) increased linearly (P < 0.001) with NDSF inclusion by 10% between extreme diets, and by 3% in the whole fattening period (P = 0.027). Average feed intake during the post weaning (25–39 days) and the whole fattening period increased with NDSF reduction (P ≤ 0.079). No effect of NDSF was detected on average daily gain (P ≥ 0.15). Mortality decreased linearly with increasing levels of NDSF in the post weaning and in the whole fattening period (P = 0.086 and 0.016, respectively).     

Effects of different protein sources completely replacing fish meal in low‐protein diet on growth performance,intestinal digestive physiology,and nitrogen digestion and metabolism in nursery pigs

The study compared the effects of selected proteins replacing fish meal in low‐protein diets on piglets’ growth performance, intestinal digestive physiology, and nitrogen digestion and metabolism. Five reduced CP, amino acid (AA)‐supplemented diets containing 4% of either S50, HP300, concentrated degossypolized cottonseed protein (CDCP), P50, or fish meal were assigned to six pens with 11 pigs for a 28‐day study period. Compared with fish meal, dietary proteins did not affect growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, serum hormone levels and biochemical parameters, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of CP and most AA, colonic short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA) contents, duodenal and ileal morphology, digestive enzyme activity, and pH in small intestine of piglets. However, HP300, CDCP, and P50 decreased (p < 0.05) fecal N excretion per weight gain. AID of Ile in S50 and HP300 and Glu in P50 were improved (p < 0.05), and AID of Gly in other proteins was reduced (p < 0.05). S50 and P50 lowered (p < 0.05) the contents of colonic isobutyric and isovaleric. S50 and HP300 reduced (p < 0.05) jejunal villus height. CDCP increased (p < 0.05) the pepsin activity in stomach. S50, HP300, and CDCP decreased (p < 0.05) pH in the proximal colon. Overall, the selected proteins could completely replace fish meal in low‐protein diet without impairing piglets’ growth via maintaining intestinal digestive physiology, and nitrogen digestion and metabolism.     

Comparison of in vitro digestibility and chemical composition among sugarcane bagasses treated by four white-rot fungi

The capabilities of four white‐rot fungi to improve the digestibility of sugarcane bagasse for ruminants were determined. Bagasse was cultured with Lentinula edodes, Pleurotus eryngii, Pleurotus salmoneostramineus, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora (ATCC 90467) or C. subvermispora (CZ‐3) at 26°C for 8, 12 or 16 weeks. The in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) and in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility (IVNDFD) in untreated bagasse were 45.6 and 40.3%, respectively. Meanwhile, the bagasse cultured with L. edodes and two strains of C. subvermispora, respectively, for 12 weeks, were elevated to 68.6 and 59.1%, 60.6 and 49.9% and 59.9 and 49.0%, respectively. In contrast, the IVOMD and the IVNDFD in bagasse cultured with P. eryngii and P. salmoneostramineus were the same or lower than those in untreated bagasse. In vitro gas production (IVGP) in bagasse cultured with L. edodes and two strains of C. subvermispora for 12 weeks was also higher than that of untreated bagasse. These changes in IVOMD, IVNDFD and IVGP demonstrate that L. edodes has a higher capability of improving the digestibility for ruminants than C. subvermispora, P. eryngii or P. salmoneostramineus.     

呼伦贝尔沙质草地土壤理化特性的沙漠化演变规律及机制

为了了解呼伦贝尔沙质草地沙漠化过程中土壤理化特性的变化规律,于2009年在呼伦贝尔沙地的陈巴尔虎旗设置样地,调查分析了不同类型沙漠化草地土壤理化特性的差异和变化特征,探讨了土壤理化特性沙漠化演变规律和机制,得到如下结果, 1) 随着沙漠化的发展,草地土壤细颗粒(黏粉粒)含量明显下降,沙粒含量明显增加,土壤质地发生粗化,其中以中度和严重沙漠化阶段土壤粘粉粒损失最为严重;2)沙漠化过程中,土壤容重和土壤温度变化不显著,土壤紧实度显著下降,土壤含水量略有增加;3)土壤有机碳和土壤氮、磷含量明显下降,同时土壤C/N大幅度下降,表层土壤pH明显下降;4)土壤有机碳和养分含量的变化与土壤黏粉粒含量,土壤硬度的变化与土壤黏粉粒和有机质含量均呈显著正相关,土壤容重、土壤温度和土壤含水量的变化与土壤机械组成的相关性均未达到显著水平;5)沙漠化过程中,土壤黏粉粒的损失是导致土壤粗化,致使土壤紧实度、土壤有机碳和养分含量下降的主要原因,而土壤容重、土壤水分和温度状况的变化受沙漠化影响较小。     

Effect of oat decortication on chemical composition,in vitro digestibility and in situ degradability

The effect of decortication on chemical composition and degradability characteristics of four Danish oat varieties was investigated. Effective degradability (ED) and post-ruminal disappearance (PRD) were measured by in situ and mobile bag techniques respectively. Decorticated oat showed higher (p = .01) concentrations of crude protein (CP; 134 vs. 108 g/kg DM) and crude fat (71.6 vs. 53.1 g/kg DM) and a higher (p = .001) organic matter digestibility (OMD; 888 vs. 703 g/kg OM) than oat. The content of total fatty acids (FA) in DM was higher in decorticated oat. The proportion of linoleic acid (C18:2 n6) increased (p < .05) due to decortication, while the linolenic acid (C18:3 n3) proportion of total FA decreased in decorticated oat. Decortication increased (p = .01) the concentration of amino acids (AA), but the proportion of lysine in total AA decreased (p < .002). Effective degradability (ED) of both DM and CP was (p < .001) higher in decorticated oat. Decortication increased the total tract disappearance (TTD) and PRD of CP (p < .001). In conclusion, decortication can be used as a practical approach to increase the nutritional value of oat.     

鱼粉的不同理化特性对饲料膨化、淀粉糊化和硬度的影响

本研究的目的是鉴定鱼粉的理化性质,及其对机械能、淀粉糊化、颗粒耐久性及硬度的影响。试验基于膨化、干燥和包被条件评估了鱼粉的13种理化特性。利用最小二乘法回归建立多变量模型(R^2=0.91-0.97)。机械能的升高水平伴随着系水力和颗粒平均粒径的显著降低(P <0.05),但蛋白溶解度和可溶蛋白(分子量<0.2 kDa)显著升高(P <0.05)。淀粉糊化度的升高伴随着系水力的显著降低(P <0.05)及蛋白溶解度的显著升高(P <0.05)。颗粒硬度的升高显著降低pH和不溶性蛋白(P <0.05),同时显著升高了盐分及分子大小为5～6、20～35及> 60 kDa的水溶性蛋白成分(P <0.05)。鱼粉作为一种理化特性复制的蛋白原料,其物理化学性质对测定的机械能、淀粉糊化度、耐久性和硬度均有很大影响。主成分分析和最小二乘法回归是识别鱼粉特性的有效方法。     

不同利用方式对新源县春秋草地土壤理化性质的影响

通过调查确定了新源县则克台镇春秋草地的4种利用方式：打草、自由放牧、分段放牧、划区轮牧,对比分析了不同利用方式下的土壤理化性质。结果表明,自由放牧方式土壤砂粒含量最高,平均达到21.23%,粉粒含量最低,且在10～20 cm土层显著高于划区轮牧方式（P<0.05）。4种利用方式下,土壤容重为1.08～1.26 g·cm-3,土壤没有表现出压实效应。放牧利用方式下土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷含量高于打草地,其中,划区轮牧和自由放牧草地土壤有机质含量高于分段放牧方式,自由放牧方式仅使土壤表层碱解氮显著升高,其土壤速效钾和有效磷的含量均低于分段放牧和划区轮牧。因此,划区轮牧和分段放牧是研究区较为合理的利用方式,可防止土壤养分降低。但是,与划区轮牧相比,分段放牧使土壤表层砂粒含量增高,容重增大,有机质含量降低,所以,采用分段放牧时,应适当降低利用强度。     

Effects of utilization modes on soil physical and chemical properties of spring-autumn grassland in the Xinyuan county

通过调查确定了新源县则克台镇春秋草地的4种利用方式：打草、自由放牧、分段放牧、划区轮牧,对比分析了不同利用方式下的土壤理化性质。结果表明,自由放牧方式土壤砂粒含量最高,平均达到21．23％,粉粒含量最低,且在10～20cm土层显著高于划区轮牧方式（P〈0．05）。4种利用方式下,土壤容重为1．08～1．26g·cm^-1,土壤没有表现出压实效应。放牧利用方式下土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷含量高于打草地,其中,划区轮牧和自由放牧草地土壤有机质含量高于分段放牧方式,自由放牧方式仅使土壤表层碱解氮显著升高,其土壤速效钾和有效磷的含量均低于分段放牧和划区轮牧。因此,划区轮牧和分段放牧是研究区较为合理的利用方式,可防止土壤养分降低。但是,与划区轮牧相比,分段放牧使土壤表层砂粒含量增高,容重增大,有机质含量降低,所以,采用分段放牧时,应适当降低利用强度。     

Performance,carcass characteristics and chemical composition of beef affected by lupine seed,rapeseed meal and soybean meal

To test the effects of different protein sources and levels on performance, carcass characteristics and beef chemical composition, concentrates with three protein sources [Lupine seed (L), Rapeseed meal (R) and Soybean meal (S)] and two protein levels [‘normal protein’ (NP) or ‘high protein’ (HP)] were fed to 36 Simmental calves. Calves initially weighed 276 ± 3.9 kg and averaged 6 months of age and were randomly allocated to the six treatments. Maize silage was offered ad libitum and supplemented with increasing amounts of concentrates (wheat, maize grain, protein sources, vitamin–mineral mix). Normal protein and HP diets were formulated to contain 12.4% and 14.0% crude protein (CP) dry matter (DM) respectively. At the end of the fattening period of 278 days, the final live weight averaged 683 ± 14.7 kg. Neither level of protein nor its interaction with protein sources had any effects on most of the traits studied. Feeding the R diet significantly increased final weight, average daily gain (ADG), DM intake and CP intake in relation to the L diet; no differences were observed between the L and S diets for these measures. No differences were observed between the R and S groups in final weight or ADG, but the calves fed the R diet consumed more DM and CP than the calves fed the S diet. Bulls fed R diet had higher carcass weight and dressing percentage than the L groups, and no significant differences were detected between the S and L groups. Chemical composition of the Musculus longissimus dorsi was not significantly affected by source of protein. Also, the major saturated fatty acid (SFA) (C16:0 and C18:0) did not significantly differ among the three treatments. Samples from R group had significantly higher proportions of C16:1 t9, C18:1 c11, C18:2 c9 t11, C18:3 c9, 12, 15 and ΣC18:1 t fatty acids in relation to L and S groups. Although polyunsaturated fatty acid/SFA ratio was similar for the three dietary groups, n‐6/n‐3 ratio and Σn‐3 fatty acids content were significantly greater for bulls fed R diet in relation to those fed L and S diets.     

补播对天祝高寒退化草地植被和土壤理化性质的影响

为了探究补播对高寒退化草地植被组成以及土壤理化性质的影响,于2007―2009年在甘肃省天祝县开展了退化草地补播垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)+无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)+中华羊茅(Festuca sinensis)改良治理退化草地的研究。结果表明,补播有效增加了禾草类和莎草类植被,提高了退化草地地上和地下生物量。补播后第3年,土壤表层物理性状、养分以及微生物生物量与不补播相比,具有明显优势。土壤表层0-40cm,土壤容重降低、孔隙度变大、含水量提高,土壤养分和微生物生物量C、N含量升高,退化草地得到了有效治理。     

兰州市南北两山典型灌丛土壤理化性质

采用野外实地观测和室内测定相结合的方法,以兰州市南北两山4种典型灌丛(红花锦鸡儿、柽柳、红砂、千头柏)0～80 cm土壤层为研究对象,探讨不同灌丛土壤理化性质的变化规律,为该地区今后灌丛营造中树种选择提供理论依据.研究表明:1)红花锦鸡儿灌丛的土壤容重、持水量、孔隙度、渗透速率均好于其他灌丛类型;各灌丛的土壤pH在7....     

多功能专用肥对土壤理化性质和制种玉米增产效果的影响

在甘肃河西内陆灌区的制种玉米（Zea mays）田内,采用室内盆栽和田间试验方法,筛选了多功能专用肥配方,评价了其对土壤理化性质和玉米增产效果的关系。结果表明,多功能专用肥最佳组合比例为聚乙烯醇30 kg、保水剂30 kg、（NH4)2HPO4 420 kg、ZnSO4·7H2O 52 kg、CO(NH2)2 736 kg和糠醛渣225 kg。多功能专用肥与传统化肥功效比较,土壤总孔隙度、团聚体、自然含水量、蓄水量、有机质分别增加了1.50%、1.29%、1.02%、16.60 m3·hm-2和0.44 g·kg-1,土壤容重、pH值分别降低了0.04 g·cm-3和0.06;制种玉米幼苗生长速度、地上部分干质量分别增加了0.73 mm·d-1和0.80 g·株-1,穗粒数、穗粒质量、百粒重、产量分别增加了12.68粒、33.96 g、0.20 g和311.63 kg·hm-2;增产值、施肥利润分别增加了1 558和517元·hm-2。本研究表明,多功能专用肥的施用可改善土壤的理化性状,增加玉米的产量。