Height,competition and yield potential in winter wheat

Summary A monogenic dominant male sterility is used for hybrid production in autumn and winter cauliflower. The ratio of male sterile plants in the backcross progenies of autumn cauliflower was 1:1 over five years (1987–1991). However, a significant deficit of male sterile plants was observed in the winter type over the same period.The influence of the temperature on the male sterile phenotype was studied within backcross progenies planted inside polythene tunnels. Six classes of phenotype were defined during the flowering period (from May to November). At low temperature, some male sterile plants developed partial to complete male fertility, whereas at high temperature, male fertile plants became male sterile.Segregation among the progenies of self-pollinated unstable male sterile plants did not deviate from the expected 3:1 ratio. Plants homozygous for the male sterility allele have been revealed by test crosses with a male fertile plant.For use in seed production, stable male sterile plants are vegetatively maintained; however, crossing lines isogenic except at the MS locus would allow male sterile plants to be raised from seed.     

Digenic nature of male sterility in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

Summary A cross was made between two nearly isogenic lines differing for male sterility genes, viz. ms₁ms₁Ms₂Ms₂ s Ms₁Ms₁Ms₂ms₂. F₁ plants yielded F₂ populations which segregated either in 3:1 or 9:7 ratios of fertile vs male sterile individuals. Test crosses between male sterile and male fertile sibs in the 9:7 segregating populations provided a few lines in which most of the progenies were male sterile. A 3:1 ratio model of male steriles vs fertiles is suggested and the value of the system is discussed.Contribution A.R.O. Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50 250, Israel No. 3703-E, 1992 series.     

甘蓝型油菜轮回选择研究 Ⅰ.向不同细胞质来源的基因型中导入显性核不育基因

以同时携带显性核不育基因Ms和显性不育抑制基因Rf的甘蓝型油菜为父本,含有相应隐性等位基因的同类型油菜为母本,经一代杂交成功地把显性核不育基因导入具不同细胞质来源的基因型中。90％以上的杂种一代、回交和复交组合均表现为1可育:1不育的分离。在第一批转育所用的15个亲本中,有3个对由Ms基因控制的雄性不育性有抑制作用,它们能使相应的杂种在F_1全部可育。不同的细胞质对Ms基因的表达没有影响。尽管遗传背景以及异地和不同生长季节种植造成的环境因素的差异对Ms表达有微弱影响,个别组合中有少量半不育株产生,但由Ms基因控制的雄性不育性在绝大多数情形下是稳定的,完全可以应用于甘蓝型油菜的轮回选择研究。     

Wnafstu棉花雄性不育系遗传类型研究

 以中棉所41、陕7359（系）、陕2089（系）、陕2234、陕024（系）5个陆地棉种质和8046-1、8046-2、8046-3三个与不育系具相同遗传背景的可育种质为测试父本,采用连续多代和多父本分别株对株测交,对西北农林科技大学发现的暂定名Wnafstu的雄性不育系进行研究。结果表明,5个陆地棉种质父本与不育系测交后,子代均为100%不育株;3个与不育株具相同遗传背景的可育株分别与不育株测交后,子代有不育和可育株两种类型,分离没有规律。据此认为,该不育系属细胞质雄性不育类型。一般陆地棉种质与其杂交,都可保持其不育性。与其具相同遗传背景的可育种质对不育系育性有恢复功能。提出了对该不育系下一步研究的方向。     

Chromosomal location of fertility restoring genes for ‘wild abortive’ cytoplasmic male sterility using primary trisomics in rice

Summary Identification and location of fertility restoring genes facilitates their deployment in a hybrid breeding program involving cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) system. The study aimed to locate fertility restorer genes of CMSWA system on specific chromosomes of rice using primary trisomics of IR36 (restorer), CMS (IR58025A) and maintainer (IR58025B) lines. Primary trisomic series (Triplo 1 to 12) was crossed as maternal parent with the maintainer line IR58025B. The selected trisomic and disomic F₁ plants were testcrossed as male parents with the CMS line IR58025A. Plants in testcross families derived from disomic F₁ plants (Group I crosses) were all diploid; however, in the testcross families derived from trisomic F₁ plants (Group II crosses), some trisomic plants were observed. Diploid plants in all testcross families were analyzed for pollen fertility using 1% IKI stain. All testeross families from Group I crosses segregated in the ratio of 2 fertile: 1 partially fertile+partially sterile: 1 sterile plants indicating that fertility restoration was controlled by two independent dominant genes: one of the genes was stronger than the other. Testcross families from Group II crosses segregated in 2 fertile: 1 partially fertile+ partially sterile: 1 sterile plants in crosses involving Triplo 1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11 and 12, but families involving triplo 7 and triplo 10 showed significantly higher X² values, indicating that the two fertility restorer genes were located on chromosome 7 and 10. Stronger restorer gene (Rf-WA-1) was located on chromosome 7 and weaker restorer gene (Rf-WA-2) was located on chromosome 10. These findings should facilitate tagging of these genes with molecular markers with the ultimate aim to practice marker-aided selection for fertility restoration ability.     

Chloroplast-DNA variation in the wild and cultivated olives (Olea europaea L.) of Morocco

The male sterile plants that segregated in a BC₅F₂ of `C. sericeus × C. cajan var. TT-5' population were maintained by sib mating. The male sterile plants were crossed with ICPL-85012.Approximately 50% of the F₁ plants were sterile. F₂ plants derived from the fertile F₁ plants did not segregate for male sterility. The reciprocal hybrid i.e. ICPL-85012 × Fertile derivatives from C. sericeus × TT-5, did not express male sterility. However, among the 12 F₂ plant to row progenies, two segregated 25% male sterile plants and remaining 10 did not segregate. The segregation pattern in subsequent progenies revealed that the sterility was under control of a single recessive allele. Studies on the backcross and their BC₁F₂ and BC₁F₃progenies revealed another sterility gene which was found to be dominant in inheritance. This paper shows that what was thought to be cytoplasmic male sterility from C. sericeus cytoplasm is actually a single dominant gene possibly acting in concert with a single recessive gene to mimic cytoplasmic male sterility. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

萍乡核不育水稻的新恢复系及遗传分析

在构建萍乡核不育水稻显性核不育基因定位群体时,我们意外发现一些前人报道的保持系表现出恢复性,为此本试验对这几个品系与萍乡核不育水稻杂交后代育性分离做了系统的分析。结果表明,萍乡核不育水稻不育单株与可育单株杂交F₁代的不育株与可育株按1∶1分离,高温自交后代不育株与可育株按3∶1分离。萍乡核不育水稻不育单株分别与桂99、特青和9311BB23杂交,它们的F₁代均可育,表现恢复性。由F₁代产生的F_1:2家系中出现全可育群体和育性分离群体的比例为1∶1。其中育性分离群体中不育株与可育株按3∶13进行分离。从育性分离的F_1:2家系中的可育株自交产生的F_2:3家系出现全可育群体和育性分离群体的比例为7∶6。这些分离规律表明,桂99、特青和9311BB23具有恢复基因,并对萍乡核不育水稻的显性核不育基因表现出显性上位作用,能抑制显性不育基因的表达,从而使不育性转变为可育。     

水稻三明显性核不育基因的初步鉴定

2001年在福建省尤溪县西城镇凤元村进行两系核不育系育性鉴定时, 在SE21S/Basmati 370组合编号为S221的800多株F₂代分离群体中发现1株与其他不育株的花粉败育形态不同的植株。经测交、回交、姐妹交的后代育性分离调查, 不育株与可育株呈1︰1分离, 以不育株为母本与普通品种配制杂交组合, 其后代育性呈1︰1分离, 可育株后代分离不出不育株, 表明S221不育性受核内1对显性不育基因控制。     

通过组织培养获得棉花不育株

棉花（ＧｏｓｓｐｉｕｍｈｉｒｓｕｔｕｍＬ．）体细胞培养获得的再生植株中存在很大差异,其中育性变异表现最突出,在１９９０～１９９１年培养再生的植株中发现９个不育株,其中１株雌雄全不育,形态上表现高大紧凑,花器小,畸形,柱头四裂,电镜观察表明其它粉粒空瘪,内容物少,另２株为雄性不育,电镜观察发现其花粉粒外壁发育不良。用鄂荆１号做父本与其杂交,Ｆ１代值株均不育,鄂荆１号回交ＢＣ１不育株与可育株呈１：１分     

Identification and inheritance of male sterility in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Summary Some plants without pods but with gynophores were observed in two F₄ progenies of two crosses of goundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). The flowers on these plants had translucent white anthers with no or a few sterile pollen grains. Three such plants in the succeeding generation were hand pollinated with pollen from a short-duration Indian cv. JL 24. The resulting F₁ hybrid plants (male sterile x JL 24) were normal. Chi-square tests for segregation for male fertile and male sterile plants in F₂ and F₃ generations indicated that the male sterility in these crosses of groundnut is governed by two recessive genes. We designate these genes as ms₁ and ms₂ with ms₁ms₁ms₂ms₂ being a male sterile genotype.Submitted as ICRISAT J. A. No. 1812.     

Inheritance of male sterility mutations induced in haploid sorghum tissue culture

Summary A high frequency of male sterile mutants regeneration was shown in callus cultures derived from leaves and panicles of haploid sorghum (Ms_c1, A1 cytoplasm) and a spontaneous autodiploid obtained from this haploid. The cultures derived from the embryos of this autodiploid yielded significantly fewer mutants. Absolutely or partially male sterile mutants appeared among the regenerants or in the progeny of fertile regenerants. In the self-fertilized progenies of partially male sterile mutants and in the hybrids of sterile mutants with autodiploid line (i.e. under one and the same nuclear genome) male sterility mutations were inherited as cytoplasmic. Non-Mendelian segregation of sterile, partially male sterile and fertile plants was observed in these progenies. Partially male sterile plants were characterized by somatic segregation of male sterility genetic factors. In test-crosses with some CMS A1 fertility restorers, mutations were manifested as nuclear recessive while with others as nuclear dominant. These differences are supposed to be the result of interaction of fertility restorer genes of these testers with the novel cytoplasm. Male sterility mutations accompanied with female sterility were inherited as nuclear recessives.Abbreviations f fertile - ps partially male sterile - s male sterile plants     

谷子(Setaria italica)显性雄性不育基因的发现

1978年我们在“澳大利亚谷×吐鲁番谷”的杂交后代中,得到1份雄性不育材料,经7个遗传世代的研究发现,其不育株测交和回交,后代育性始终按1∶1分离,自交后代育性分离为3(不育)∶1(可育);其可育株育性不分离。它的不育性是受核内的显性雄性不育基因控制的。这是在谷子中的首次发现。它在理论研究、杂种优势利用和谷子育种中都有很高的价值。     

Genetics of fertility restoration in A2-based cytoplasmic genetic male sterility system in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan)

The three short duration cytoplasmic genetic male sterility (CGMS) hybrids developed using A₂ (Cajanus scarabeoides) cytoplasm-based male sterile lines (CORG 990047A, CORG 990052A and CORG 7A) and the restorer inbred AK 261322 and their segregating populations (F₂ and BC₁F₁) were subjected to the study of inheritance of fertility restoration in pigeonpea. The fertility restoration was studied based on three different criteria, namely, anther colour, pollen grain fertility and pollen grain morphology and staining. The F₂ and BC₁F₁ populations of the three crosses, namely, CORG 990047A × AK 261322, CORG 990052A × AK 261322 and CORG 7A × AK 261322, segregated in the ratio of 3:1 and 1:1, for anther colour (yellow:pale yellow), pollen grain fertility (fertile:sterile) and for pollen grain morphology and staining. The above study confirmed that the trait fertility restoration was controlled by single dominant gene. This finding can be utilized for the identification of potential restorers, which can be further used in the development of CGMS-based hybrids in pigeonpea.     

Genetic analysis of male sterility in rice mutants with environmentally influenced levels of fertility

Summary Twenty-six male sterile plants grown in the field were recovered in the M7 generation from ethyl methane sulfonate-treated material of the rice cultivar M-201. Fertility increased five-fold when ratooned plants from the field were grown in a growth chamber with a 12 hour daylength. Crosses between mutant and normal fertile cultivars produced fertile F₁ plants. Female fertility was normal as judged by percent seed set from unbagged panicles of parental and recombinant lines. Transgressive segregation for fertility was observed for all crosses in the F₂ and F₃ generations. Five of 37 F₃ male sterile plants showed moderate levels of seed fertility under winter greenhouse conditions and reduced seed set when transplanted to summer field plots. Fertility data from reciprocal crosses suggested cytoplasmic factors had little or no effect on levels of male sterility in the mutant lines. Chi-squared analyses of F₂ and F₃ generation results indicated male sterility of the mutants is conditioned by two nuclear genes with epistatic effects.     

Characterization for agronomic use of cytoplasmic male-sterility in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) introduced from H. resinosus Small

A backcrossing programme was carried out both to assess the stability of a cytoplasmic male‐sterility (CMS) source from Helianthus resinosus, designated RES1, and to incorporate it into inbred sunflower lines (HA89, RHA271, RHA801). All the progenies, grown in different environments, were completely male‐sterile. This suggests that the expression of this cytoplasm is stable. Female‐fertility of lines HA89, RHA271 and RHA801 carrying CMS RES1 were compared with those of the corresponding fertile inbred lines. There were no differences in the number of seeds per head. This indicates that female‐fertility is not affected by RES1 cytoplasm. Cytological studies showed that meiosis proceeds normally until the tetrad stage; consequently, the absence of pollen is caused by alterations that take place during postmeiotic stages. With the aim of identifying male‐fertility restorer genotypes, crosses were made between HA89 (CMS RES1) plants and different annual diploid and perennial hexaploid Helianthus species. All the diploid germplasm evaluated behaved as a CMS RES1 maintainer. However, the hexaploid species, H. resinosus, H. x laetiflorus, H. pauciflorus and H. tuberosus, restored pollen fertility in CMS RES1 plants.     

中国首例燕麦雄性不育的发现及遗传鉴定

对1994年发现的我国首例燕麦雄性不育材料进行了特征特性的观察和细胞学鉴定、以及不育性遗传的研究,结果表明:(1)该材料不育度为100%,属“无花粉型”的雄性不育,不育株小抱子败育发生在四分体形成后期到花粉粒形成早期阶段。(2)不育株与不同品种测交的F1代,6个组合表现育性恢复,2个组合出现一些完全不育株;恢复育性的植     

Genetic linkage between male sterility and non‐spiny trait in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)

Genetic male sterility (GMS) exists naturally in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). In the existing safflower GMS lines, sterile and fertile plants are distinguishable at flowering. This causes delay in fertile plants rouging and reduction in hybrid purity. In this investigation, a cross between a spiny GMS parent 13‐137 and a spiny non‐GMS parent ‘A1’ was effected. One sib cross, SC‐67, producing non‐parental‐type non‐spiny sterile and spiny fertile plants in F₃ was advanced to F₉ through sib crossing between non‐spiny sterile and spiny fertile plants. Mendelian digenic segregation was not observed for non‐spiny trait and male sterility. The results revealed strong linkage between these traits. The linkage was confirmed in F₂ generations of crosses between a non‐spiny marker‐linked GMS line (MGMS) and five elite lines. Male sterility–linked non‐spiny trait could distinguish sterile and fertile plants at elongation stage. The MGMS would be useful in production of pure F₁ hybrid seed and development of elite populations.     

Effective Transfer of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility from Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) to Rape (Brassiest napus L.)1)

One of the CMS systems presently investigated by rape breeders is the alloplasmic system derived from a male sterile radish and transferred to rape. However, these male sterile lines of rape with the radish cytoplasm exhibit yellow leaf colour at low temperatures. Moreover, no restorer genes for this system are known to occur in rape. The present investigation was, therefore, directed to the formation of new cross combinations between radish and rape in order to eliminate the above mentioned problems by additional transfer of corresponding radish genes into the rape recipient. After the initial intergeneric crosses, male sterile hybrids were received by in-vitro embryo culture and colchicine treatment. These hybrids were not backcrossed to rape as usual, but to one of the monogenomic ancestral species of rape, in order to increase the probability of allosyndesis between radish and rape chromosomes. After subsequent back-crossing with rape, the desired male sterile plants with 38 chromosomes were recorded, forming normal green leaves even at low temperatures. In a parallel backcross programme, restorer genes from male fertile radish were also transferred into rape by the same backcrossing procedure. The first alloplasmic male fertile plants were found in the BC: generation. They were cross pollinated to male sterile plants to prove their potential of fertility restoration.     

RAPD markers linked with restorer genes for the C-source of cytoplasmic male sterility in rye (Secale cereale L.)

The study was aimed at the identification of random amplified polymorphic DNA markers linked to genes controlling male sterility in rye with the C‐source of sterility‐inducing cytoplasm. Markers of male sterility were distinguished using bulk segregant analysis, carried out on the two F₂ crosses between male sterile and male fertile inbred lines. Screening of polymorphisms revealed by 1000 arbitrary 10‐mer primers allowed the detection of 10 markers in the cross between 711‐cmsC and DS2 lines and seven markers in the cross between 544‐cmsC and Ot0‐20 lines. Five markers were common for the two crosses, which allowed comparative mapping to be performed. Ten markers were mapped on the 4RL chromosome arm where two linked quantitative trait loci (QTL) for male sterility were discovered. Additional QTL of minor effect on male fertility were detected between the two linked markers provisionally assigned to the 6RS chromosome arm. The effectiveness of the marker‐assisted selection (MAS) for male‐sterile genotypes was evaluated.     

应用双单倍体克服籼粳交的不亲和性初探

通过对籼粳交Ｆ１体细胞愈伤组织的秋水仙素处理和四倍体花药培养，建成了水稻四倍体诱导及双单倍体分解系统。应用这一系统获得了４４个籼粳交组合的双单倍体及其自交４后代。对这些双单倍体及其后代的遗传分析表明，籼粳交育性可能受寡基因控制，双单倍体途径通过改变正常的世代交替过程，能部分克服籼粳交的不育性及倾籼或倾粳的偏态分离，并具有比Ｆ２更丰富的遗传多样性。在双单倍体一代群体中，育性正常的植株约占４０％，这是