基于天然XY雌鱼培育YY超雄尼罗罗非鱼的新方法

前期报道了利用尼罗罗非鱼LG22上性别连锁的分子标记检测到养殖群体存在天然XY雌鱼,但其能否用于培育YY超雄罗非鱼尚不清楚。本研究首先引入遗传性别受LG22染色体严格控制的CQ尼罗罗非鱼群体和具有天然XY雌鱼的WC群体,将CQ群体XY雄鱼与WC XY雌鱼杂交,检验杂交F1 YY超雄鱼是否可用于控制后代性别,并比较杂交F1 XY和YY罗非鱼体质量、性腺指数、血清激素水平和性腺基因表达情况。研究发现,CQ XY雄鱼和WC XY雌鱼交配,获得的F1 中具有25%的YY超雄鱼,经鉴定为全雄且可育。将F1 YY超雄鱼与WC XX雌鱼、WC XY雌鱼（母本）、杂交F1 XX雌鱼和CQ XX雌鱼交配,后代几乎全雄,仅在与F1 XX雌鱼交配后代中有2尾雌鱼（雄性率98%）。在孵化后180 d,杂交F1中XY和YY个体的体重、性腺指数、血清激素水平差异不显著。基因表达分析发现,YY鱼精巢中AmhX/AmhY mRNA表达显著高于XY鱼,而Dmrt1 和Cyp11b2 mRNA表达水平差异不显著。杂交F1 YY和XY鱼生理指标无明显差异。因此,采用尼罗罗非鱼天然XY雌鱼能够培育YY超雄鱼,且该YY超雄鱼能够用于罗非鱼性别控制。     

提高奥尼杂交鱼雄性率

何谓奥尼杂交鱼？目前讲的奥尼杂交鱼是用奥利亚罗非鱼雄鱼与尼罗罗非鱼雌鱼杂交得到的子代。奥尼杂交鱼雄性率高、生长快、起捕率高,深受人们欢迎。那么,怎样提高奥尼杂交鱼的雄性率呢？1．双亲纯度要高。奥尼杂交鱼的双亲为奥利亚罗非鱼和尼罗罗非鱼,由于奥利亚罗非鱼的性染色体组成雄鱼为ZZ,雌鱼为ZW,与尼罗罗非鱼及我国“四大家鱼”不同（尼罗罗非鱼雄免性染色体组成为XY,雌鱼为XX）。利用奥利亚罗非鱼雄鱼（ZZ）与尼罗罗非鱼雌免（XX）杂交,它们后代性染色体组成为ZX,在理论上应是百分之百为雄鱼,但实际上获得100％雄性…     

新的养殖对象——奥尼鱼

奥尼鱼为奥利亚罗非鱼雄与尼罗罗非鱼雌杂交产生的子代,这种杂交鱼雄性率可达90％以上,其生长速度、群体重量、回捕率均优于双亲,体态丰满,体型较短而高。1986年经南京水产良种场进行的奥尼鱼双亲与奥尼鱼夏花对照试验的结果,奥尼鱼养成的平均规格为200克。较奥利亚罗非鱼高35克,较尼罗罗非鱼高55克。回捕率为     

一种新型罗非鱼──ZY异配型超雄罗非鱼的产生

罗非鱼的雄鱼比雌鱼长得大、长得快,有两种方法可以产生全雄或超雄罗非鱼用做商品鱼：其一是激素法,在鱼苗开始吃食时人工投喂拌有甲基睾丸酮的饲料使雌鱼雄性化,但是对人体和环境生态的影响受到质疑;另一种方法是通过杂交法产生,如奥利亚雄鱼（基因型是ＺＺ）与尼罗雌鱼（基因型是ＸＸ）杂交,由于雄性基因强于雌性基因Ｘ,所以其子代鱼全是ＺＸ型雄鱼,但如果其他染色体上也含有Ｘ型基因,则该鱼可能是显雌性。故亲鱼的混杂导致雄性比率的下降是多年来全雄奥尼商品鱼生产上亟待解决的问题。如果能够直接产生ＺＹ异配型超雄罗非鱼用做…     

三种罗非鱼的鉴别

罗非鱼,又称非洲鲫鱼。目前我国主要养殖的为奥尼鱼和尼罗罗非鱼。奥尼鱼是指奥利亚罗非鱼（雄）与尼罗罗非鱼（雌）杂交所得的杂交鱼,由于这两种罗非鱼不同的性别决定机制,使杂交后代雄性率极高,如所用亲鱼纯度较高,雄性率可达95％以上,甚至100％。奥尼鱼苗种生产及养殖过程中,对奥利亚罗非鱼和尼罗罗非鱼的鉴别极为重要,下面就这两种罗非鱼及其杂交后代作一简单形态比较,以供养殖户参考。     

奥利亚罗非鱼(WZ♀)×尼罗罗非鱼(XY♂、YY♂)杂交子代的性比分析

在两口4m×2m×1.5m的水泥池中各放入体质量1.4~1.5kg雄尼罗罗非鱼Oreochromis nilotica(XY♂)1尾,体质量0.4~0.6kg奥利亚罗非鱼O.aureus(WZ♀)7尾和4尾,每尾注射0.5个鲤脑垂体(PG)悬浮液催产。另在池塘内两口1.5m×1m×1m的32目网箱中各放入体质量1kg左右的雄尼罗罗非鱼(YY♂)1尾,然后分别放入体质量0.4~0.6kg的雌奥利亚罗非鱼(WZ♀)2尾和1尾,未注射催产剂。各箱配组繁苗20d后,移走亲本,将子代单独饲养至性别鉴定,分析杂交子代的性比,以判断子代中WY型罗非鱼的性别。结果测得3组WZ♀×XY♂的子代性比(雌雄比)分别为:114∶111、40∶164和4∶16,1组WZ♀×YY♂的子代性比为3∶503。卡方分析表明,前3组中有两组子代性比与1∶3的期望值相吻合(P0.089和P0.79),一组不吻合(P0.001);后1组的子代性比与0∶N的期望值相吻合(P=0.92)。实验结果推断WY型罗非鱼为雄性,通过探讨导致少数实验值偏离理论值的原因,认为目前构建WY♀-YY♂超雄罗非鱼自繁体系不可行。     

罗非鱼新添一代“骄子” 养殖业发展前途无量——推广优良养殖新品种奥尼鱼

我国新引进的奥利亚罗非鱼(雄性)与尼罗罗非鱼(雌性)杂交产生的子代鱼——奥尼鱼，它的雄性率为93％以上，即群体中绝大部份为雄鱼。众所周知，一般雄性罗非鱼生长速度均快于雌性罗非鱼，个体也比雌鱼大。因而奥尼鱼亦同样具有这一特性，它的生长速度很快，当年夏花，饲养5-6个月一般可达150克／尾(3两／尾)以上，在1984年与1985年的生长对比试验中，     

莫桑比克罗非鱼YY型雄性同配体雌性转化研究

<正> 自然界中,莫桑比克罗非鱼(Oreochromismossamoicus)的性别遗传机制为 XX♀—XY(?)类型。有关此鱼 XX 和 XY 仔鱼的性转化研究表明,雄性激素能诱导遗传上的雌性同配体(XX)为生理上的雄鱼,雌性激素也能诱导遗传上的雄性异配体(XY)为生理上的雌鱼。将转化雌鱼(XY♀)和原种雄鱼(XY     

尼罗罗非鱼新品种“鹭雄1号”的制种研究

采用多年定向选育的尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)雌鱼做母本,采用由性别二系配套技术繁殖的尼罗罗非鱼超雄鱼做父本,构成XX♀/YY♂尼罗罗非鱼新品种繁育体系,可规模化繁育全雄性尼罗罗非鱼新品种"鹭雄1号"。"鹭雄1号"的突出特点是遗传雄性率高,达到99.00%以上,较其它所有尼罗罗非鱼品系的雄性率高出1倍左右,同时具有生长迅速和出肉率高的优良性状。     

奥尼鱼苗种繁育技术

奥尼鱼是指采用纯种奥利亚罗非鱼(雄)与尼罗罗非鱼(雌)进行种间杂交所得的子一代杂交鱼,如所选亲本纯度较高,则奥尼杂交鱼的雄性率可达95%以上.由于雄性罗非鱼比雌性生长速度快,养殖高雄性的奥尼鱼可大大提高产量,同时该品种具有抗病力强、易捕捞、加工出肉率高等特点,所以,深受养殖户的欢迎.目前,在广东养殖罗非鱼品种的覆盖率高达80%～90%,在一些罗非鱼主产区甚至更高.现将奥尼鱼的繁殖技术介绍如下:……     

Involvement of FGF9/16/20 subfamily in female germ cell development of the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) have been proved to participate in a wide variety of processes, including growth, differentiation, cell proliferation, migration, sex determination and sex differentiation. The roles of FGF9/16/20 subfamily members in the gonadal development of teleost fish have not yet been reported. Three FGFs (16, 20a and 20b) of the FGF9/16/20 subfamily were cloned from the Nile tilapia by RT-PCR and RACE. Phylogenetic, bioinformatic and syntenic analyses demonstrated that these cloned FGFs are genuine FGF16, 20a and 20b. Our analyses further supported the non-existence of FGF9 ortholog and the existence of two FGF20 paralogs in teleost genomes. Tissue distribution analysis by RT-PCR demonstrated that FGF16 was expressed in a wide range of tissues including the testis and ovary, FGF20b in the brain, pituitary, intestine and ovary, but not in the testis, while FGF20a in the brain, pituitary and spleen, but not in the gonad. These results were consistent with the Northern blot analysis. The expression profiles of FGF16 and FGF20b during normal and sex reversed gonadal development were investigated by real-time PCR. Both showed much higher expression in the XX ovary and 17 beta-estradiol induced XY ovary compared with the XY testis and fadrozole and tamoxifen induced XX testis, with the highest in both sexes at 120?dah. Strong signals of FGF16 and FGF20b were detected in phase II oocytes by in situ hybridization. These data suggest that FGF9/16/20 subfamily is involved in the early oocyte development of the female.     

西北太平洋秋刀鱼主要体征及繁殖特性研究

根据2014年6—7月和10—11月于西北太平洋公海两航次采集的秋刀鱼样本,分析其性别比例、体长和体质量组成、摄食等级,以探究其生长、性腺及繁殖特性。研究结果表明,随着月份的增大,秋刀鱼雌性比例逐渐降低,雄性占比升高;6、7月雌、雄样本优势体长组与体质量组范围均较10、11月小;体长和体质量关系中,秋刀鱼雌性生长系数为3.24,雄性为2.82;各月样本胃饱满度以1级为主,F检验表明,除0级外,4个月内各摄食等级间呈显著差异(P<0.01);秋刀鱼雌、雄样本性腺发育以Ⅱ期为主,各性腺等级间差异不显著(P>0.05),雌性性腺指数在Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ期内大于雄性,Ⅴ、Ⅵ期内相反,逻辑斯蒂方程表明,秋刀鱼50%性成熟体长雌性为284.7 mm,雄性为267.4 mm;雌性秋刀鱼绝对繁殖力为1032～17 708粒/尾,平均值为(5522±3196)粒/尾,绝对繁殖力高的个体体长和体质量分别为280～320 mm、110～150 g。     

Genetic contribution of parents in sex determination of honmoroko Gnathopogon caerulescens

The honmoroko has been inferred to have an XX/XY sex determination system, but the parental genome can also affect the sex ratio of the offspring. The extent of parental effects on sex determination was examined by checking the sex ratios of F1 and F2 gynogenetic diploids and control diploids. Eleven gynogenetic broods from different females consisted of all or nearly all females, but eight broods showed a variable proportion of males (<50 %). One second-generation brood of gynogenetic diploids consisted wholly of females, but others produced some males. In crosses with a control diploid female, four males from a high-percentage male brood of gynogenetic diploids produced offspring with a balanced sex ratio. Sib-mating between a gynogenetic female and three gynogenetic males from the brood produced predominantly male progeny. These results suggest that there are at least four possible genotypes: genotypic female (XX), phenotypic female carrying a silent Y chromosome, genotypic male (XY), and genotypic supermale (YY). These inferences suggest that this fish has an XY system but a relatively high proportion of females possess a mutated, silent Y chromosome which does not lead to testis formation.     

1种快速鉴定金钱鱼遗传性别的方法

金钱鱼(Scatophagus argus)是我国东南沿海名优养殖鱼类, 具有 XY 性别决定系统, Dmrt1 是其性别决定候选基因。金钱鱼生长具有性别二态性, 雌鱼生长快于雄鱼。目前缺乏快速鉴定金钱鱼遗传性别的分子标记, 阻碍了其性别控制育种技术的建立。本研究以公布的金钱鱼基因组数据, 在 Dmrt1 附近设计多对标记引物, 并通过 PCR 扩增验证标记的性别特异性。其中, 标记引物 Dmrt1-Marker-4-F/R 在雌鱼中仅扩增出一条 593 bp X 染色体条带, 而在雄鱼中能扩增出 593 bp 和 693 bp 两条条带, 分别来自 X 和 Y 染色体, 表明该标记为共显性标记。利用该标记检测我国南海沿岸 3 个不同地理群体 213 尾金钱鱼的遗传性别与表型性别完全一致。此外, 快速 DNA 提取试剂盒提取的片段较短 DNA 样品也可用于该对标记引物准确鉴定遗传性别。本研究建立了一种快速、准确、经济可靠的金钱鱼遗传性别鉴定方法, 将旨为促进金钱鱼性别控制育种技术的建立, 并为金钱鱼性别决定与分化机制研究提供依据。     

17β-雌二醇诱导黄颡鱼雌性化的研究

该研究通过对17β-雌二醇(E2)的投喂方式和投喂时间进行比较,探索了XY全雄黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)的雌性化方法,进而建立3个家系(XY♀×XY♂),结合性别分子标记对黄颡鱼雌性化诱导的成活率和性逆转率进行了对比研究。结果显示,卤虫(Artemia sp.)组从开口第1天进行诱导的性逆转率为75.20%,而从开口第5天进行诱导得不到发育好的雌性;从开口第1天投喂激素,饲料组的成活率与卤虫组无显著差异(P>0.05),而性逆转率显著高于卤虫组(P<0.05);分子标记Y1和Y2相结合能够准确鉴定黄颡鱼的遗传性别;对照组中3个家系的成活率和各个基因型性别比例均无显著差异(P>0.05),成活率为51.00%~56.67%,XX雌性占比为90.91%~97.44%,XY雄性占比为94.56%~95.96%,而YY则为雄性;诱导组中3个家系的成活率和性逆转率均无显著差异(P>0.05)。结果表明,采用含50 mg·kg-1 E2的微颗粒饲料从开口第1天开始诱导30 d,并运用遗传性别与表型性别鉴定相结合的方法能够有效筛选获得发育良好的XY/YY雌性黄颡鱼。     

青岛文昌鱼遗传多样性的RAPD分析

采用RAPD技术对青岛文昌鱼雌、雄各11条个体共22个样本进行遗传多样性检测。从40个寡聚核苷酸随机引物中筛选出17个扩增重复性好、条带清晰、特异性强的引物,对每个个体基因组DNA进行了扩增。得到RAPD产物的分子量在200～2200bp之间,产物总计127个位点,其中,多态位点60个(占47．24％)。计算个体间遗传相似系数平均为0．8656,个体间遗传距离平均为0．1344。用Shannon多样性指数量化的遗传多态度(Ho),雄性群体(0．1912)高于雌性群体(0．1125),平均遗传多态度(Hpop)为0．1519。文昌鱼遗传多态度所占的比例在群体内为0．2553,而雌、雄群体间为0．7447。在文昌鱼雌、雄个体RAPD产物中,两个电泳图谱上能读出明显的雄性特征带,估计可能与雄性文昌鱼具有异型性染色体有关,这与XY型性别决定机制相吻合。引物OPC12扩增产物250bp为雄性文昌鱼所特有,可能为区别性别的分子标记。用NJ法进行聚类分析,结果表明,22个个体明显按性剐聚成两类,文昌鱼雌、雄个体基因组间的差异较大。     

Comparative gonad histology and semen quality of normal (XY) and neo‐males (XX) of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

With an overarching objective of improving the hatchery production of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) all‐female progeny, this study comparatively evaluated the reproductive parameters between normal (genotype XY) and neo‐males (genotype XX). Four normal (XY) and seven neo‐ (XX) males, from the same brood stock, distinguished by their ability to or lack of expressing semen, respectively, were comparatively evaluated. The left testicular lobe was used for histomorphometric analyses, while the right for semen collection and sperm quality analyses. Histomorphometric observations revealed that neo‐male testes are irregularly shaped, and have poorly formed seminiferous ducts, higher proportions of interstitial tissue and lower gonadosomatic index (p < .05). In addition, hypertrophied and cyst forming Sertoli cells were found in these individuals which collectively appear to form a physical barrier, precluding the semen collection by standard stripping techniques and reducing sperm quality. Particularly, semen motility (80.69 ± 2.4% and 57.2 ± 36.5% for XY and XX respectively) and duration of motility (99.31 ± 28.03 s and 66.84 ± 23.83 s for XY and XX respectively) of neo‐males were most compromised (p < .05). Interestingly, the TUNEL assay indicated no signs of apoptotic tissue suggesting that the histological differences may relate to delayed physiological/sexual maturity of neo‐males.     

Immunocytochemical localization of gonadotropins during the development of XX and XY Nile tilapia

Gonadal development and steroidogenesis in teleosts is regulated by two gonadotropic hormones; luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Earlier studies in tilapia have shown that FSH-β and LH-β appear by 14 days after hatching (dah), results from the current study corroborate with these previous reports in tilapia. Here we demonstrate the appearance of LH in pituitary between 14 and 20 dah. In addition to this the present study primarily focuses on any possible differences in appearance of LH-β and FSH-β immunoreactivity between XX and XY population of Nile tilapia. LH immunoreactivity was found to be lower in pituitary of XX fish when compared to XY fish. The development of FSH-β immunoreactivity in pituitary of the Nile tilapia is also presented. Overall, it remains to be established what significance these findings on the appearance of gonadotropins hold for sex differentiation in tilapia. F. Sakai and I. Swapna contributed equally.     

吉富罗非鱼IGF-1基因的基因型对生长和体型的影响

通过比对6尾吉富罗非鱼(Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia,GIFT)的胰岛素样生长因子1(Insulin-like Growth Factor 1,IGF-1)基因外显子1-部分内含子2和外显子3-部分内含子4序列,共找到3个SNPs位点,分别为内含子1_A1307G、内含子1_G1319T和内含子3_C6T.使用PCR-RFLP法检测了5个家系共121尾吉富罗非鱼在内含子1_A1307G和内含子3_C6T的基因型,分析不同基因型与生长性状的相关性.结果表明,内含子1_A1307G与雌鱼增重和体厚/体长值均显著相关(P＜0.05),但与雄鱼的相关性不显著(P＞0.05);内含子3_C6T与雄鱼和雌鱼的增重分别呈显著(P＜0.05)和极显著相关(P＜0.01),与雌鱼体高/体长显著相关(P＜0.05).为了验证所选标记在其他家系的表现,本实验检测了来自60个家系的417尾吉富罗非鱼在内含子1_A1307G、内含子3_C6T的基因型与增重性状的相关性,结果具有相同趋势.本实验筛选到与吉富罗非鱼体型和增重相关的SNP位点2个,可作为辅助育种标记.