小麦节水高产的土壤水分调控标准研究

简明阐述了小麦节水高产的土壤水分调控理论依据,系统研究了影响土壤水分调控标准的主要因素的相互作用与特点,总结提出了调控标准与范围以及农水措施相结合的栽培技术,小麦的水分利用效率达到１．６１ｋｇ／ｍ３,对指导当前节水农业实践具有现实意义     

小麦节水高产的土壤水分调控标准研究

简明阐述了小麦节水高产的土壤水分调控理论依据，系统研究了影响土壤水分调控标准的主要因素的相互作用与特点，总结提出了调控标准与范围以及农水措施相结合的栽培技术，小麦的水分利用效率达到１．６１ｋｇ／ｍ＾３，对指导当前节水农业实践具有现实意义。     

基于ARM的土壤水分监测系统

节水灌溉是我国农业工程领域的一个重点。文章设计了土壤水分监测系统,选用Cortex-M0内核的STM 32F0处理器作为主控芯片,利用YL-69传感器对土壤水分进行数据采集,并在LCD1602液晶显示器上面实时显示,使用C语言对系统进行编程,并在keil4软件中进行调试。该系统解决了国内外的土壤水分分析系统造价高、使用复杂、难以推广的问题,实用价值和经济市场效益较好。     

无人机技术在现代农业中的应用

无人机这一新型的农业机械在我国农业发展中发挥着重要作用,促进了我国农业的现代化进程。分析了无人机在农业上的应用及其优势,阐述了无人机在现代化节水技术中对土壤水分全面实时精准监测的应用,并就无人机在未来节水农业中的发展趋势进行了探讨,为促进我国精准化节水技术的发展提供理论依据,也为农用无人机的进一步改进与发展奠定基础。      

土壤水分入渗特性的时间变异规律研究

以大量的大田土壤水分入渗试验资料为依据,分析农业生产周期内土壤水分入渗特性的时空变异规律。结果表明:给定土壤质地条件下,不同耕作条件土壤入渗能力差异甚大;在农业生产周期内,土壤入渗能力、土壤入渗速度和土壤的稳定入渗率随着耕作条件的发展而呈减小趋势;各种耕作条件土壤水分入渗过程有所不同。研究结果为土壤水分入渗特性的进一步研究和节水灌水技术参数的确定提供参考。     

节水农业与农业系统工程

水资源不足已经成为制约我闷农业可持续发展的主要因素之一。为此，通过对我国节水农业发展中所而临的问题进行分析研究，利用系统工程的观点，对我国节水农业发展提出宏观系统决策的依据以及相应的对策建议；在分析我国水资源状况的基础上，提出了调整灌溉结构和对节水农业加强综合性研究和开发的观点；并指出由于地区差异性，各地节水农业的发展模式应具有多样性特点。     

机械化旱作节水机械技术应用研究

为了解决我国西北、东北地区土壤水分难以保存,水资源利用率不高的问题。笔者根据多年的基层工作实践,分析了机械化旱作节水机械类型及其技术内容和要求,阐述了重点发展机械化旱作节水农业的必要性。实践证明:要想提高机械化旱作节水机械技术应用效率,就必须调查研究当地自然环境,选择不同生态条件下相应的机械化旱作节水机械类型,保证农作物对水分的需求,实现我国旱作农业水资源的高效利用。     

我国农业应对干旱灾害的技术研究现状及展望

干旱灾害对农业生产的威胁最大,造成农业经济损失较严重。分析了我国农业干旱具有发生频率高、持续时间长、受灾范围广、经济损失大、突发性和季节性较强的特点,从农艺技术、化学调控措施、节水灌溉技术与应急抗旱装备等方面,探讨了目前我国农业应对旱灾的技术研究现状,分析了我国农业生产过程中应对干旱存在的问题,提出今后我国农业应对干旱灾害的研究重点,主要是加强对农作物干旱发生发展规律的研究,大力推广农业节水技术提高作物水分利用效率,加强研发适合区域农业生产特点的应急性抗旱装备,大力开展抗旱预警技术研究与防控预案制定等方面。     

农业节水灌溉设备的主要类型与普及情况分析

我国的农业生产结构和水资源条件具有很强的区域性差异,在现阶段农业用水普遍匮乏的条件下,大力推广节水灌溉技术具有积极的现实意义。从节水灌溉的理念出发,说明了节水灌溉的实施条件,并对常用的节水灌溉技术及相关设备进行了介绍,说明了不同节水灌溉方式的特点,总结了现阶段技术普及现状与制约因素。     

节水农业中土壤水研究有关问题的探讨

水资源紧缺,发展节水农业势在必行。土壤水是“四水”转化和SPAC的中心环节和联系纽带,因此,土壤水是节水农业研究的重要组成部分。探讨高效利用土壤水及以调控根际、计划湿润层土壤水分指标的节水新技术,对节水农业研究和农业可持续发展有重要的现实意义。     

Effects of sand column, furrow and supplemental irrigation on agricultural production in an arid environment

The effects of supplemental irrigation, sand columns and blocked furrows on soil water distribution and barley yield were studied on arid soils affected by surface crusts. The sand columns were 50 mm diameter, 600 mm deep, and filled with sand of 0.375 mm mean diameter. The blocked furrows were trenches about 250 mm deep, 300 mm wide, and 6 m long established perpendicular to the slope direction. Sand column and furrow treatments significantly increased soil water storage compared with natural or control treatments. Soil water storage significantly increased by about 210% and 230% near the center of the sand column and the furrow treatments, respectively, relative to the control treatment. For sand column treatments, soil water storage decreased linearly with distance from the center of the sand column to about 2.5 m, while for the furrow treatment soil water storage decreased logarithmically to a distance of about 1.0 m, beyond which the soil water storage was not significantly different from the natural or control treatments. The furrow and sand column treatments significantly increased the water application efficiency, seasonal consumptive use and barley grain and straw yields compared with natural and control treatments. Increasing furrow spacing increased the catchment area and consequently crop production per furrow, but decreased crop production per unit total (cultivated and catchment) area. Decreasing sand column spacing reduced surface runoff and increased soil water storage and consequently barley grain and straw yields. Supplemental irrigation is essential for grain production in limited rainfall areas. Soil management is also required to overcome the problems of the soil surface crusting and the low permeability of subsurface soil layers for maximum rainwater efficiency, and for optimal crop production with minimum supplemental irrigation water. Where agricultural land is not limited, furrowed soil surfaces appear to be the most suitable technique for barley grain production. Sand columns with sprinkler irrigation might be more suitable for growing barley as forage crop where agricultural land is limited. Received: 19 October 1998     

Assessing benefits of irrigation and nutrient management practices on a southeast Florida royal palm (Roystonea elata) field nursery

Many of the best management practices (BMPs) that are recommended for agricultural producers have not been scientifically evaluated for their conservation benefits considering the soil, climate, and hydrology of the proposed application location. The goal of this study was to compare royal palm (Roystonea elata) production in south Florida, USA, using tensiometer automated irrigation and reduced soil applications of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), to that of traditional grower practices considering water savings, nutrient inputs, crop yield, crop nutrient status, soil nutrient status, and economic analyses. The study consisted of six treatments: (1) control (i.e., a grower irrigation rate and N and P fertilizer rates); (2) irrigation system automated to irrigate when soil water suction exceeded 5 kPa and the grower N and P rates; (3) irrigation system automated to irrigate when soil water suction exceeded 15 kPa and the grower N and P rates; (4) irrigation system automated to irrigate when soil water suction exceeded 15 kPa and 50% of the grower N and P rates; (5) the grower irrigation rate and 75% of the grower N and P rates; and (6) the grower irrigation rate and 50% of the grower N and P rates. Irrigation water volume applied, plant diameters, and plant heights were measured periodically throughout the study and plant tissue samples and soil samples were collected periodically for analysis of N and P content. Significant differences among treatments were only observed for the irrigation water volume applied. Automating the irrigation system to irrigate at soil suction exceeding 5 and 15 kPa resulted in 75 and 96% less water applied, respectively, than traditional irrigation scheduling practices used by a grower. Economic analyses suggested that all treatments would result in financial savings ranging from 7 to 34% per ha considering a 5-year, 2 ha investment. Thus, automating irrigation based on soil water suction for palm production in southern Florida, USA and similar locations will result in more sustainable agricultural production systems by benefiting the environment (less nutrients and water applied) and the grower (lower cost).     

A mathematical model for simulating water balances in cropped sandy soil with conventional flood irrigation applied

In this paper, a model that integrates various complex model components for the purposes of water balance modeling throughout crop development in arid inland region under the conventional flood irrigation practiced is presented. These components are modules for calculating dynamic soil water content based Richard's equation, potential and actual evapotranspiration, and crop root water uptake. Soil water content in the active root zone and soil evaporation simulation obtained from the model were test using field data in 2003. The low values of MARE and high values of R² and PE in the active root zone of soil profile as well as daily soil evaporation indicated that the soil water balance simulation model presented in the paper can be used with reliable accuracy to simulate the components of water balance in cropped sandy soil under the conventional flood irrigation condition in arid inland regions. The model simulation on components of water balance using observed field data in 2004 indicated that large quantities – about 43% of irrigation water (amounting to 840 mm) – were consumed by deep percolation, only small (less than 41%) proportions of irrigation water used by the plants for transpiration. The current irrigation scheme is characterized by the unreasonable agricultural water management with the waste of water in the irrigational system in this region. The impact of irrigation scheduling on water balance presented in this paper showed that the reasonable irrigation scheme with more frequent irrigation and less amounts is more suitable for the irrigation of spring wheat in Heihe River basin, northwest China. Therefore, to establish a decision-making system for agricultural irrigation scheme and to utilize the limited water resources in this region have become an urgent problem that needs to be solved.     

新疆干旱区膜下滴灌土壤水平衡模拟

膜下滴灌技术是干旱农业区高效节水灌溉的重要手段,以玛纳斯河流域石河子试验站实测数据为基础,运用HYDRUS-2D模型对1膜4行方式下新疆棉田的土壤水运动进行了二维模拟,探讨膜下滴灌在1膜4行覆膜方式下土壤水平衡状况。结果表明,1膜4行覆膜方式下的膜下滴灌技术使新疆棉田无效水分蒸发量以及深层渗漏量大大减少,数值模拟方法可较好地模拟新疆棉田的土壤水平衡状态。上述研究可为宏观尺度上的膜下滴灌模拟与研究提供借鉴,同时对保障干旱区农业生产也有积极作用。     

隔沟交替灌溉研究进展

隔沟交替灌溉是以通过改善作物根信号功能、光合作用、蒸腾作用和气孔导度等生理特性,进而提高作物产量为目的的一项高效节水灌溉技术。介绍了隔沟交替灌溉技术发展概况,系统阐述隔沟交替灌溉的作用机理,主要包括根系系统的吸收补偿功能、农田土壤水分消耗和水分利用效率变化3个方面,明确了该技术在作物栽培中的应用效果与发展前景。隔沟交替灌溉可显著提高作物产量和水分利用效率,在优质高产节水型农业生产中具有重要意义。      

宁波市农业节水区划中模糊聚类分析与应用

农业节水区划是农业水资源高效利用规划和实施的重要依据。根据宁波市自然与社会情况,选取地貌形态、土壤类型、农业结构、缺水程度等指标组成农业节水分区指标体系,并建立相应评判标准,专家评议确定各项指标权重。采用模糊聚类方法,将宁波市划分5大类型区,针对各类型区特点提出相应的农业节水措施,用于指导农业灌溉和生产。     

广泛实施集流节灌挖掘农业发展潜力

系统阐述了集流节灌对抑制水害（利于山区的水土保持和平原的雨季排水）、缓解水资源矛盾（水电的时空调节）、提高农作物品质方面的意义。进而提出大力推广集流节灌技术,开发利用农业用水资源,挖掘发展潜力,保证农业可持续发展     

西北现代生态灌区建设理论与技术保障体系构建

灌区是我国粮食安全和现代农业发展的基础保障,同时也是区域经济发展和生态环境保护的重要基石。然而西北地区独特的气候、地貌及社会经济状况导致了灌区生产能力和生态服务功能难以满足现代生态农业发展的需求。通过系统分析西北灌溉农业发展中面临的水资源过度开发、土壤盐碱化严重、生态环境功能低下等方面的问题,阐述了西北现代生态灌区的内涵与特征,并基于农业生产“功能水分”来源,将西北灌区划分成了灌溉依赖型灌区、灌溉主导型灌区、灌溉补充型灌区和灌溉提质型灌区4类。以灌区农业生产系统、物能输配系统、生态环境系统为建设对象,提出了灌区生态服务功能优化配置、灌区农田物能调控和灌区生态系统安全评估三大核心理论,构建了灌区系统控污与景观价值提升技术、灌排系统管控技术、作物生境要素综合调控技术三大关键技术,从而形成了西北现代生态灌区理论与技术保障体系,为我国西北灌溉农业高质量可持续发展提供理论与技术指导。     

根区等高覆盖灌溉——一种新的农田节水集成配套综合技术初探与展望

结合我国干旱半干旱地区农业生产中普遍存在的农田高效节水灌溉、水肥一体化施肥、秸秆覆盖还田、提高土壤肥力等主要问题,采用农机与农艺相结合的方法,以创新农田高效节水灌溉的技术与方法为中心,同时注重把水肥一体化施肥、秸秆覆盖还田等主要问题与之深度融合,形成一种新的农田节水集成配套综合技术——根区等高覆盖灌溉。在对这一综合技术的概念、实现方式、功能定位等进行初步探讨的同时,对开展根区等高覆盖灌溉综合技术研究前景进行了展望。     

加速发展排灌机械是农业节水节能高效增产的关键

阐述了我国排灌机械的现状，分析了发展我国节水型排灌机械的影响因素，提出了加快排灌机械发展的措施