云南巧家马树黑颈鹤日间越冬时间分配和活动节律

2009年10月-2010年3月,采用瞬时扫描取样法对云南省昭通市巧家县马树镇大海子越冬的黑颈鹤（Grus nigricollus）种群进行了越冬时间分配和日间活动节律的研究。取食是黑颈鹤越冬期间最主要的行为,占（52.84±5.59）%,其次为警戒（19.85±3.64）%、搜寻（10.84±2.24）%和休整（9.24±6.41）%,其余行为依次为：行走（2.79±（0.66）%、飞行（2.56±1.63）%、争斗（1.45±0.48）%、其他（0.43±0.28）%。越冬期间黑颈鹤日间（9：00-18：00）行为呈现出上午和下午取食双峰、中午休息高峰的规律性变化。结合地理环境,提出马树黑颈鹤两个取食高峰与草海和大山包黑颈鹤种群间的差异性及其原因,并分析了马树越冬的黑颈鹤种群与在贵州草海越冬的黑颈鹤种群间在取食行为比例、警戒行为比例所存在的差异及其原因,并据此提出了针对性的保护建议。     

越冬黑颈鹤的时间分配、家庭和集群利益的研究

黑颈鹤Grus nigricollisd在冬期的行为活动按占用时间多少依次为取食、警戒、理羽、行走、搜寻、休息、社群。每日取食的第一个高峰是在9:00—11:00,第二个高峰在17:00—傍晚。集群鹤和家庭鹤获得了各自的利益。集群鹤以它相对较少的警戒时间(12.59％对16.52％)而赢得了较多的取食时间(77.63％对70.98％);而具有领域的家庭鹤尽管在建立和守卫领域方面消耗了较多能量,但是领域保证了食物供应。在三种类型的家庭中,二成一幼家庭可能是获益最大的家庭。     

笼养白鹤越冬行为的初步研究

采用瞬时扫描法研究了白鹤越冬行为的活动节律和时间分配.结果表明:越冬期笼养白鹤行为时间分配依次为静栖33.65%,觅食20.61%,理羽12.67%,避风11.37%,瞭望9.36%,啄雪草5.30%,游走2.96%,趴卧1.86%,鸣叫1.49%,展翅0.74%.笼养白鹤在越冬期活动有一定的节律性.两性间越冬期其行为和时间分配有一定的差异.不同的温度、天气条件,对笼养白鹤越冬行为有影响.     

贺兰山野化牦牛夏季昼间行为时间分配和活动规律

2010年7月4～18日,采用瞬时扫描法在宁夏贺兰山国家级自然保护区观测牦牛的行为,对贺兰山野化牦牛的夏季行为时间分配与活动规律进行了研究。将所有行为划分为运动、摄食、休息、社群和其他行为5种类型。结果表明,运动、摄食和休息是牦牛最主要的行为方式,分别占总行为时间的(41.06±2.36)%、(33.14±2.51)%和(22.84±4.71)%,社群和其他行为所占比例较少,分别为(1.49±0.17)%和(1.47±0.20)%。运动的2个高峰分别出现在8:00～10:00和15:00～16:00;摄食行为的高峰期出现在9:00～10:00和15:00～16:00,12:00～13:00有个小高峰出现:休息的高峰期出现在10:00～12:00和13:00～15:00;贺兰山牦牛呈现出取食-休息-取食的行为规律。利用非参数Mann-Whitney U检验对不同年龄的牦牛行为进行了比较,成体与幼体的社群行为差异显著(P<0.05),运动、摄食、休息和其他行为差异不显著。     

圈养条件下小熊猫指名亚种雨季的活动规律

2008年8⁹月,在姚家坪小熊猫繁育基地采用目标取样法和瞬时扫描取样法对19只圈养小熊猫指名亚种的活动规律进行了研究。结果表明:小熊猫雨季每天大部分时间用于休息(48%),其次是摄食(17%)和活动(14%),标记占10%,其他行为分配的时间较短。在行为节律上,休息行为所占比例最高,出现2个休息高峰,分别为10:009月,在姚家坪小熊猫繁育基地采用目标取样法和瞬时扫描取样法对19只圈养小熊猫指名亚种的活动规律进行了研究。结果表明:小熊猫雨季每天大部分时间用于休息(48%),其次是摄食(17%)和活动(14%),标记占10%,其他行为分配的时间较短。在行为节律上,休息行为所占比例最高,出现2个休息高峰,分别为10:00¹1:00、13:0011:00、13:00¹5:00时;活动行为在16:00和19:00时形成波峰;摄食有3个高峰,分别为9:00、11:00和20:00时,标记行为在9:00、16:00、19:00和20:00时出现频率较高;梳理行为只在17:0015:00时;活动行为在16:00和19:00时形成波峰;摄食有3个高峰,分别为9:00、11:00和20:00时,标记行为在9:00、16:00、19:00和20:00时出现频率较高;梳理行为只在17:00¹9:00时超过10%;其他行为所占比率较低。不同年龄组间小熊猫的行为时间分配有差异,老年在休息行为上明显高于幼年和成年,约占总行为的70%;幼年的活动行为高于成年及老年;成年的修饰及标记行为明显高于幼年和老年。     

野生和人工饲养鳄蜥夏季行为时间分配及节律差异

为了探析人工饲养是否会导致鳄蜥(Shinisaurus crocodilurus)行为时间分配及活动节律发生变化,2019年7月在广西大桂山国家级自然保护区,通过布置监控摄像头对22只野生鳄蜥和44只人工繁育鳄蜥进行监控,记录2种环境中被观察个体在每个时段(1 h)内每种行为的占用时长,并对数据进行整理分析。结果显示:夏季行为时间分配方面,野生鳄蜥种群的移动、捕食及晒太阳行为时间占比极显著高于人工饲养个体(P<0.01);2种环境中鳄蜥的静栖和隐蔽行为时间占比无显著差异(P>0.05)。夏季行为节律方面,当气温较高时(13:00—16:00),人工饲养个体静栖行为占比为73.04%～82.82%,而野生个体多选择隐蔽(行为占比56.82%～62.88%);野生个体移动行为占比有2个明显的高峰,分别位于07:00(5.42%)和18:00(6.02%),而人工饲养个体移动行为占比仅有1个明显高峰,位于19:00(2.34%);野生个体捕食行为有3个高峰,分别位于07:00(2.35%)、11:00(1.70%)及17:00(0.98%),而人工饲养个体几乎没有出现捕食行为(全...     

圈养条件下小熊猫指名亚种旱季的活动规律

2008年11～12月,在姚家坪小熊猫繁育基地采用目标取样法和瞬时扫描取样法对19只圈养小熊猫指名亚种的活动规律进行了研究。结果表明,圈养小熊猫1d大部分时间用于休息（56.2%）,其次是运动（25.1%）和采食（9.9%）,其余行为分配的时间较短。在行为节律上,休息行为除9：00～9：55外,其余时间均为所占比例最高的行为,出现4个休息高峰,分别为8：00～8：55、11：00～11：55、14：00～14：55和17：00～17：55,在9：00～9：55出现极低值16.3%,此时是运动和采食的高峰;运动行为在9：00～9：55、13：00～13：55和15：00～15：55形成波峰;采食有2个高峰,分别为9：00～9：55和19：00～19：55;标记行为在9：00～9：55、10：00～10：55和13：00～13：55出现频率较高,超过5%,修饰行为在9：00～9：55超过5%,其余时间标记和修饰行为均低于5%;其他行为所占比率较低。不同年龄组间小熊猫的行为时间分配有差异,老年在休息行为上明显高于幼年和成年,约占总行为的72%;幼年在休息、运动和标记行为上略高于成年;成年的修饰行为明显高于幼年和老年。     

鸳鸯越冬期日活动行为时间分配的研究

越冬期鸳鸯（Ａｉｘｇａｌｅｒｉｃｕｌａｔａ）日活动行为的时间分配有明显规律性。休息（４０％－８０％）是越冬期鸳鸯的主要行为．早晨和傍晚是鸳鸯的取食高峰时间。在下午的取食强度高于上午的取食强度。越冬中期（１２－１月）鸳鸯的游泳时间相对减少，休息时间相对延长。在雌雄个体日活动行为的差别上，雄性个体理羽行为的时间比雌性个体多；警戒活动大部分是由雄性个体担任；雌性个体的休息时间比雄性个体多。季节变化，气候条件，以及温度、时间对鸳鸯的日活动行为都有一定的影响。     

笼养东方白鹳越冬行为的研究

采用瞬时扫描法研究了东方白鹳（Cionia boyciana）越冬行为的活动节律和时间分配。结果表明：笼养东方白鹳在越冬期其活动有一定的节律性；越冬期的主要行为时间分配比例分别为静栖行为59．25％、避风行为11．17％、觅食行为6．41％、瞭望行为5．56％、理羽行为5．39％、游走行为5.14％；成年个体与幼雏在越冬行为时间分配上表现出了很大的差异；两性间越冬行为时间分配的差异不大；不同的温度、天气条件，对笼养东方白鹳越冬行为有影响。经观察发现：东方白鹳在高纬度北方地区越冬，对北方寒冷的天气有一系列的适应性，能在北方室外安全过冬。     

桑天牛寄生性天敌花绒寄甲成虫的日活动节律

花绒寄甲(Dastarcus helophoroides Fairmaire)是桑天牛等林木蛀干害虫重要的天敌昆虫,明确其雌、雄成虫的日活动行为节律,可为人工饲养和生物防治应用等提供理论依据。采用人工气候箱(温度22℃、RH 60%±10%)单头隔离饲养花绒寄甲成虫,对其移动、取食、饮水、木块处静息、木块外静息5种活动行为的日节律进行观察。各种活动行为的日时间分配:以木块处静息最多(63.39%),饮水行为最少(1.45%),各行为活动的日时间分配存在极显著差异。雌、雄成虫各活动行为的高峰时间:移动行为雌、雄成虫均出现在21:30;取食行为雌成虫在0:00,雄成虫在8:30和19:30;饮水行为雄成虫在6:00—6:30,雌成虫在8:30;木块处静息行为雌成虫在6:30,雄成虫在19:30;木块外静息行为雌成虫在10:00,雄成虫在10:00和13:30—14:30。雌、雄成虫各种活动行为在全天的时间分配:雌、雄成虫的移动、木块外静息及雌成虫的取食行为存在极显著差异,雌、雄成虫饮水和木块处静息及雄成虫取食行为均无显著性差异。雌、雄成虫各种活动行为在白天和夜晚时段的分配:雌雄成虫移动、雄成虫木块外静息行为存在极显著性差异,雌成虫木块外静息行为存在显著性差异,其他行为均无显著性差异。在上午、中午、下午和夜晚4个时间段的分配:雌、雄成虫的移动行为均存在极显著性差异,雌成虫取食及木块外静息行为存在显著性差异,其他行为均无显著性差异;4个时间段雌、雄成虫之间仅夜晚在木块处静息存在显著性差异。以上结果显示,花绒寄甲成虫活动行为受到明显的时间影响,白天大多数时间处于静息状态,夜晚20:00至次日5:00处于活跃期;各种活动行为日节律在雌、雄成虫之间的差异不显著。     

Scrapie in goats in Cyprus

Ovine scrapie was first recorded in Cyprus in 1985. Subsequently four dairy goats kept in two mixed flocks with affected sheep developed characteristic clinical signs similar to those seen in sheep. Fifteen goats from the two flocks were examined histologically and neurological lesions consistent with a diagnosis of scrapie were found in the four animals and in three others which had subsequently developed early neurological signs. These lesions were similar to those of naturally-affected sheep although neuronal degeneration and vacuolation were more severe in some cases.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.