木薯秆/木薯渣生物质人造板的制备研究

介绍了一种生物质人造板的制备工艺路线,以木薯秆(芯层)/木薯渣(表层)质量比、板材密度以及施胶量为试验因素,静曲强度和内结合强度为主要评价指标,利用正交试验设计法研究各工艺因素和生物质人造板相关理化性能的内在联系,结果表明,最佳的制备工艺为:木薯秆与木薯渣质量比为3:l、板材密度为0.7g/cm~3、施胶量为18%,制备的生物质人造板类似于普通刨花板,其性能技术指标达到了GB/T4897—2003《刨花板》中规定的干燥状态下使用的普通用板要求。     

烟秆制备刨花板的力学性能研究

烟秆为烟草采摘烟口t-后的废弃物,为了更好的利用这种原料,利用不同含水率（9％、6％、3％、0％）和烟秆不同部位（上部、中部和下部）的刨花制成刨花板,测定刨花板的内结合强度、弹性模量和静曲强度,分析含水率和烟秆部位对刨花板力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着含水率从0增加至9％,刨花板的内结合强度从0．35MPa增加至0．58MPa,其弹性模量和静曲强度呈先增后减趋势,当含水率在6％时,烟秆刨花板的弹性模量和静曲强度最大。不同部位的烟秆刨花对刨花板的内结合强度、弹性模量、静曲强度有显著影响,其中,利用中部烟秆刨花制备的刨花板的内结合强度、弹性模量、静曲强度最小。利用烟秆刨花制备的刨花板其力学性能能达到国家标准的要求,因此利用烟秆制备刨花板是可行的。     

蓖麻秆制造人造板研究初探

分析了蓖麻秆的供应现状和蓖麻秆的原料特性,认为蓖麻秆用作人造板工业化生产是可行的;并在实验室试制了蓖麻秆刨花板和蓖麻秆纤维板,按照相关国家标准测试了板材的主要性能.结果表明,当脲醛树脂胶施胶量为12%、热压温度180℃、热压时间30 s/mm、板材密度为0.8g/cm3时,蓖麻秆刨花板的主要性能均能达到国家刨花板标准要求;当施胶量达到16%、热压温度180℃、热压时间30 s/mm、密度为0.86 g/cm3时,不添加防水剂的蓖麻秆纤维板除了吸水厚度膨胀率外,其余指标均能达到国家标准要求.     

木质与蒿杆混合刨花板的制备

利用蒿秆刨花代替部分木质刨花生产刨花板,试验采用正交试验方法,以刨花板的吸水厚度膨胀率、内结合强度、表面结合强度、静曲强度及握螺钉力等力学性能为评价指标,优化木质刨花与蒿秆刨花混合刨花板的制备工艺。正交试验结果表明,木质刨花与蒿杆刨花原料配比5:5,热压工艺为:热压温度155℃,热压时间40s/mm,施胶量12%。所制备的板材的吸水厚度膨胀率6.31%、静曲强度32.1MPa、握螺钉力1.84kN、内结合强度0.92MPa、表面结合强度0.82MPa。     

烟秆/木材刨花板的初步研究烟秆

初步探讨了实验室条件下烟秆/木材刨花板的生产工艺,研究了热压时间、施胶量、密度、木刨花加入量等因素对板材的静曲强度、内结合强度、吸水厚度膨胀率的影响.实验结果表明,烟秆/木材刨花板的静曲强度和吸水厚度膨胀率较纯烟秆刨花板有所提高,内结合强度相差不大.     

灰木比对水泥刨花板力学性能的影响

对不同灰木配比的水泥刨花板力学性能进行试验研究,结果表明:在研究范围内水泥刨花板的密度、内结合强度、弹性模量和静曲强度都随灰木比的升高而增强,吸水厚度膨胀率随着灰木比的升高而降低。当灰木比为1:1时,板材的静曲强度为8.4 MPa;当灰木比为1.5:1时,板材的静曲强度为14.6 MPa;当灰木比为2:1时,板材的静曲强度为15.6 MPa水泥刨花板的力学强度在灰木比为2:1时达到最高。     

无醛三层刨花板生产工艺研究

以红松刨花和桦木刨花为原料,使用木材氧化剂、交联剂,在温度为125℃、压力2.0 MPa的工艺参数条件下试验生产出无醛三层刨花板。该板的力学性能指标达到GB/T 4897.2-2003标准的要求,实测静曲强度为12.31 MPa、内接合强度0.27 MPa、表面结合强度0.84 MPa、2 h吸水厚度膨胀率0.74%。     

响应曲面法在刨花板制造中的应用

笔者应用响应曲面法建立目标参数模型,对不同工艺条件下的刨花板制造的模型进行了详细分析和讨论。并得出刨花板性能指标的相应分析模型和实验室条件下的优化工艺参数。结果表明:最优工艺条件为含水率达到A=14.7%;施胶量B=18.09%;热压温度C=155.78℃。实测内结合强度为1.09MPa,静曲强度为18.28MPa,吸水厚度膨胀率为4.82%。试验结果均符合国标指定要求,响应面法模型拟合效果较好。     

豆秸刨花板工艺的研究

对豆秸刨花板的制造工艺以及利用杨木单板、三聚氰胺浸渍纸对豆秸刨花板进行覆面处理进行了初步研究。分析了板的密度、施胶量、热压时间、热压温度 4个变量因子对豆秸刨花板性能的影响。试验结果表明用豆秸制造刨花板是完全可行的 ,其产品主要物理力学性能 :密度 ( ρ) 0 80g/cm3、静曲强度 (MOR) 1 9 9MPa、内结合强度 (IB) 0 45MPa、吸水厚度膨胀率 (TS) 3 3 %均达到了GB/T4 897- 92中的技术指标。贴面处理后的豆秸刨花板 ,其静曲强度、弹性模量均有较大提高。     

基于淀粉水解改性脲醛树脂制备MDF的应用研究北大核心

将木薯淀粉水解后与甲醛、尿素等原料共缩聚合成改性脲醛树脂,将其应用于环保型MDF制备。结果表明:改性脲醛树脂为浅黄色不透明液体,游离甲醛含量<0.10%,贮存期>25 d。FT-IR分析表明,木薯淀粉水解液参与了树脂的固化反应,主要以醚键及亚甲基键连接,体系中尚存有未水解的木薯淀粉。TG分析表明:随着木薯淀粉水解液添加量增加,树脂残碳率增大,当木薯淀粉水解液添加量为12%时,树脂残碳率为14.08%。当木薯淀粉水解液添加量为12%时,MDF的内结合强度为0.60 MPa,表面结合强度为1.12 MPa,静曲强度为27.2 MPa,弹性模量为2630 MPa,甲醛释放量仅为0.038 mg/m3,均符合国家标准要求。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.