The influence of dietary selenium as selenium yeast or sodium selenite on the concentration of selenium in the milk of Suckler cows and on the selenium status of their calves

The aim of this trial was to determine whether the selenium status of suckling calves could be improved by supplementing their dams' diet with organic Se instead of sodium selenite. A herd of 103 Hereford cows, which were on grass paddocks all year round, was divided into two groups. Both groups had free access to a mineral supplement that contained 30 mg of Se/kg; for one group the source of the Se was a Se yeast product, and for the other group the source was sodium selenite. The basal feed contained .02 mg of Se/kg DM. During the trial, the mean daily consumption of the mineral supplement was approximately 110 g/cow. The calving season started in the middle of March and ended in the middle of May. Blood samples were taken from 11 cows and their calves in the yeast group and from nine in the selenite group at the end of April and again at the beginning of June, and milk samples were taken at the same times. At both samplings, the concentration of Se in whole blood and the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the erythrocytes of the cows and calves in the yeast group were higher than in the samples from the animals in the selenite group. The same pattern was seen for plasma, except for the cows at the first sampling. The mean concentrations of Se in whole blood from calves in the yeast and selenite groups were 130 and 84 microg/L, respectively, and plasma concentrations were 48 and 34 microg/ L, respectively. Mean Se concentration in the milk from the yeast group (17.3 microg/L) was higher than that in milk from the selenite group (12.7 microg/L). There were significant correlations (r = .59 to .68) between the concentrations of Se in the cow's milk or cow's whole blood compared with Se concentrations in the calves whole blood and plasma or with the erythrocyte GSH-Px activity of the calves. The Se status of the calves in the selenite group was considered to be marginal, but the status of the calves in the yeast group was considered to be adequate. Supplementation of the suckler cows' diet with organic Se in the form of Se yeast rather than sodium selenite improved the Se status of their calves when the Se was mixed into a mineral supplement containing 30 mg of Se/kg. In practice, such supplementation would probably eliminate the risk of nutritional muscular degeneration in suckling calves.     

The effects of injectable sodium selenite on immune function and milk production in Sardinian sheep receiving adequate dietary selenium.

The aim of this preliminary study was to determine the effects of selenium (Se) injection on Se status, cell-mediated immunity (CMI), milk yield and milk somatic cell count (MSCC) of ewes fed adequate amounts of Se, and on Se status, passive immunization and CMI of their offspring. Thirty days before lambing, 36 Sardinian ewes were assigned to one of three groups. One group (NT) was not treated; a second group (BL) was given 5 mg of Se on day 30 before lambing; a third group (BLL) was given 2.5 mg of Se on day 30 before lambing and at lambing. Selenium was given intramuscularly as sodium selenite. Selenium status was assessed by measuring glutathione peroxidase activity of erythrocytes (GSHpx-E). The CMI was measured by determining the increases in double skinfold thickness after intradermal injection of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). Compared to their NT counterparts, ewes belonging to BL and BLL groups and their offspring had significantly higher GSHpx-E (P < 0.01). The GSHpx-E values of lambs were positively related to those of their mothers (P < 0.0005). Ewes of group BL had a greater (P < 0.01) response to PHA 6 h after injection than ewes of the NT group. Lambs born to BL and BLL ewes had a greater (P < 0.0001) response to PHA 24 h after injection. Responses of ewes and lambs to PHA 24 h after injection were positively related (P < 0.05). Serum immunoglobulin at 10 days of age did not differ significantly among the three groups of lambs. Compared to the NT group, milk yield on day 70 of lactation was significantly higher in BL ewes (P < 0.05). The MSCC was not affected significantly by Se injection. Immunoresponsiveness and milk yield might represent additional and appropriate criteria to consider when re-evaluating Se requirements of dairy sheep.     

Effect of dietary supplementation with selenium-enriched yeast or sodium selenite on selenium tissue distribution and meat quality in beef cattle

The objective was to determine the concentration of total Se and the proportion of total Se comprised as selenomethionine (SeMet) and selenocysteine (SeCys) in postmortem tissues of beef cattle offered diets containing graded additions of selenized enriched yeast (SY; Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3060) or sodium selenite (SS). Oxidative stability and tissue glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity of edible muscle tissue were assessed 10 d postmortem. Thirty-two beef cattle were offered, for a period of 112 d, a total mixed ration that had been supplemented with SY (0, 0.15, or 0.35 mg of Se/kg of DM) or SS (0.15 mg of Se/kg of DM). At enrollment (0 d) and at 28, 56, 84, and 112 d following enrollment, blood samples were taken for Se and Se species determination, as well as whole blood GSH-Px activity. At the end of the study beef cattle were killed and samples of heart, liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle (LM and psoas major) were retained for Se and Se species determination. Tissue GSH-Px activity and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were determined in skeletal muscle tissue (LM only). The incorporation into the diet of ascending concentrations of Se as SY increased whole blood total Se and the proportion of total Se comprised as SeMet, as well as GSH-Px activity. There was also a dose-dependent response to the graded addition of SY on total Se and proportion of total Se as SeMet in all tissues and GSH-Px activity in skeletal muscle tissue. Furthermore, total Se concentration of whole blood and tissues was greater in those animals offered SY when compared with those receiving a comparable dose of SS, indicating an improvement in Se availability and tissue Se retention. Likewise, GSH-Px activity in whole blood and LM was greater in those animals offered SY when compared with those receiving a comparable dose of SS. However, these increases in tissue total Se and GSH-Px activity appeared to have little or no effect in meat oxidative stability.     

Effects of dietary levels of selenium-enriched yeast and sodium selenite as selenium sources fed to growing-finishing pigs on performance, tissue selenium, serum glutathione peroxidase activity, carcass characteristics, and loin quality.

This research evaluated the efficacy of inorganic and organic Se sources for growing-finishing pigs, as measured by performance and various tissue, serum, carcass, and loin quality traits. A total of 351 crossbred pigs were allotted at an average BW of 20.4 kg to six replicates of a 2x4 factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design. Pigs were fed diets containing Se-enriched yeast (organic) or sodium selenite (inorganic), each at .05, .10, .20, or .30 mg Se/kg diet. A non-Se-fortified basal diet was a ninth treatment group. Five pigs per pen were bled initially and at 30-d intervals with serum analyzed for Se and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity. At 55 kg BW, one pig per pen from each of three replicates was killed, and tissues were collected for Se analysis. At 105 kg BW, the remaining pigs in the three replicates were killed, carcass measurements were collected, tissues were analyzed for Se, and loin quality was evaluated for pH, drip loss, and lightness. No performance or carcass measurement benefit resulted from either Se source or dietary Se levels. Pigs had a lower serum Se concentration and GSH-Px activity when the basal diet was fed, but both increased as dietary Se level increased (P<.01). Serum GSH-Px activities were increased by pig age and reached a plateau when the diet contained approximately .10 mg Se/kg (P<.01) at d 30, and 60 of the trial, and at .05 mg Se/kg diet at d 90 of the trial. The organic Se group fed .05 and .10 mg Se/kg had serum GSH-Px activities that tended to be lower than those of pigs fed the inorganic Se source, but GSH-Px activities in both groups were similar at higher Se levels. Tissue Se contents increased linearly as the dietary Se level increased, but the increase was markedly higher when organic Se was fed, resulting in an interaction (P<.01) response. Loin drip loss, pH, and lightness were unaffected (P>.15) by organic Se source or level, but there was a trend for a higher drip loss (P = .11) and a linear (P<.01) increase in loin paleness when the inorganic Se level increased. These results indicate that neither Se source nor Se level had an effect on pig performance or carcass measurements, but organic Se source increased tissue Se concentrations. Inorganic Se may, however, have a detrimental effect on loin quality, as reflected by higher drip loss and a paler color. Using serum GSH-Px activity as the measurement criterion, the supplemental dietary Se requirement did not seem to exceed .10 and .05 mg Se/kg diet for the growing and finishing phases, respectively, when added to a basal diet containing .06 mg Se/kg.     

Effects of bacterial organic selenium,selenium yeast and sodium selenite on antioxidant enzymes activity,serum biochemical parameters,and selenium concentration in Lohman brown-classic hens

Veterinary Research Communications - This study compares the effects of sodium selenite, selenium yeast, and enriched bacterial organic selenium protein on antioxidant enzyme activity, serum...     

Effect of selenium supplementation with sodium selenite and selenium nanoparticles on iron homeostasis and transferrin gene expression in sheep: a preliminary study

The present research aimed at evaluating the effects of sodium selenite and selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) on iron homeostasis and the expression of transferrin and its receptor-binding protein genes. Twenty one Lori-Bakhtiary sheep were randomly allocated into 3 groups. Groups 1 and 2 orally received Se NPs and sodium selenite (1 mg kg(-1)) for 10 consecutive days, respectively. Group 3 served as the control. Blood and sternal bone marrow samples were collected at different supplementation intervals. Various factors such as serum iron concentration, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), and transferrin saturation percent were determined. The expression of transferrin and transferrin binding receptor genes was also studied. Results showed a decreasing trend in serum iron concentration particularly during the early and middle stages of supplementation (0-20 days) with Se NPs or selenium ions. Conversely, the TIBC level increased in sera especially during these periods (0-20 days) in animals that received selenium NPs or selenium ions. Our results also showed that expression of transferrin and its receptor genes was considerably increased during supplementation of the animals by both selenium compounds for 10 or 20 days. After this period, the expression of the mentioned genes significantly decreased, especially in animals that received selenium ions.     

Effect of dietary sodium nitroprusside as a source of cyanide on the selenium status of chicks given diets of varying selenium concentration

1. The interaction between dietary cyanide, given in the form of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), and selenium has been studied in two experiments with growing chicks from 14 to 38 d of age.

2. In experiment 1, dietary selenium at 10 mg Se/kg reduced growth, food intake and efficiency of utilisation, and increased relative liver size and selenium content. All of these effects were eliminated by the addition of 0–1 g SNP/kg except for liver selenium content, which progressively declined towards control values as SNP was increased to 0–4 g/kg in increments of 0.1 g/kg. At 0.3 g SNP/kg, cyanide toxicity, as judged by decreased growth, reached significance.

3. In experiment 2, similar effects were observed with selenium at 10 mg Se/kg and SNP at 0.3 g/kg, but selenium deficiency was not evident from growth indicators when selenium supplementation of the diet was omitted completely, nor did these indicators suggest that deficiency was induced by cyanide.

4. In both experiments, plasma and liver glutathione peroxidase activity reflected the dietary selenium content. There was an interaction with dietary SNP content. With selenium intake at a toxic level, SNP increased enzyme activity, further evidence of alleviation of selenium toxicity, but when selenium intake was low and normal, SNP decreased activity in liver, an indication that cyanide could induce deficiency.

5. A possible mechanism for alleviation of selenium toxicity is proposed.     

Incorporation of selenium into egg proteins from dietary selenite

1. The deposition of selenium in egg components has been investigated in two experiments in which sodium selenite was added to a conventional cereal‐based layer diet.

2. Addition of graded amounts of selenite up to 4 mg Se/kg resulted in linear increases in the selenium content of egg white and yolk, and in protein fractions derived from them. The presence of selenium in yolk phosvitin indicates that deposition is not dependent upon the presence of cysteine.

3. Addition of sodium nitroprusside at 0–15 and 0–3 g/kg to diets having an addition of selenite at the highest concentration, 4 mg Se/kg, resulted in substantial reductions in the selenium concentration in egg components.

4. Samples from eggs laid by hens receiving a diet containing an additional 8 mg selenite Se/kg were subjected to dialysis against sodium hydroxide or cysteine, or subjected to reduction with hydrochloric acid and zinc under anaerobic conditions. Comparisons were made with similar samples prepared from eggs laid by hens on the control diet.

5. Both sodium hydroxide and cysteine were more effective at extracting additional diet‐derived selenium from whole white than from whole yolk. The proportion of selenium that could be extracted from the water‐soluble or the high density fractions of yolk by either reagent was similar for both control and high selenium samples. However, neither reagent was effective at removing selenium from the ovalbumin or globin fractions of white from control eggs but substantial amounts were extracted from high selenium samples.

6. Most of the selenium was present in non‐reducible forms in all samples. There was significantly more reducible selenium in ovalbumin from control eggs than from all other samples but even so non‐reducible selenium accounted for two thirds of the selenium present.

7. The differential responses to chemical treatment suggest that selenium can be deposited in eggs in an unspecified number of different forms. These have still to be characterised but site of formation of egg proteins, liver or oviduct, has a bearing on the forms of selenium deposited.     

Effects of dietary potassium and sodium on magnesium utilization in sheep

Two metabolism trials were conducted to determine the effect of altering dietary Na and K on Mg availability. Three dietary treatments (normal K-normal Na, high K-normal Na and high K-high Na) were imposed upon nine crossbred wether lambs in a randomized block design. Each trial consisted of a 5-d diet adjustment, a 10-d preliminary period and a 5-d collection of feed, feces and urine. Increasing K and Na intake increased the percentage of Mg excreted in feces. Both elevated K and K-Na depressed (P less than .10) urinary Mg excretion, primarily a reflection of depressed Mg absorption in animals fed these diets. Apparent K absorption and retention increased when animals were supplemented with K. Addition of Na to the diet did not alter absorption or retention of K. Apparent K and Na availability increased when K and Na supplements were included in the diet. This increased availability resulted from increased total absorbed K and Na compared with a fixed endogenous excretion. Calcium balance in lambs was not affected by addition of K or Na. Lambs were able to absorb enough Mg from their respective diet to maintain normal serum Mg levels. Addition of Na to a diet high in K did not enhance Mg absorption in lambs.     

LD 50 and selenium concentration in organs following intravenous administration of sodium selenite in the rabbit]

In experiments on 72 rabbits, the LD50 of sodium selenite by intravenous injection was found to be 2.24 mg/kg body weight. The clinical picture and pathological changes associated with acute selenium poisoning are described. The increase in selenium concentration was up to nine times the normal in liver and up to six times in kidney and muscle. There was no sign of a return to normal values 24 hours after administration.     

Selenium balance in the adult cat in relation to intake of dietary sodium selenite and organically bound selenium

The response of cats to dietary sodium selenite (Na(2) SeO(3)) and organically bound selenium was studied in two separate studies with four cats per treatment and three levels of selenium supplementation (targets 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 μg/g DM) for each Se source. Whole blood and plasma selenium concentrations and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity were determined at 7-time points across the 32-day study. Faeces were quantitatively collected during the last 8 days and urine was collected daily during both studies. The basal diet used had a low apparent faecal selenium absorption of 25.3 ± 3.0%. Daily faecal and urinary selenium excretion increased linearly with increasing selenium intake for both Se sources. Urinary selenium concentration of the cats fed the supplemented diets increased rapidly (～2 days) and remained constant throughout the remainder of the study. Apparent faecal selenium absorption was high for both selenium sources (73.2% and 80.0%). Plasma, and to a lesser extent, whole blood selenium concentrations increased in a dose-dependent manner with supplementation. Whole blood and plasma GPx activity were highly variable and showed a variable response to dietary selenium intake. Cats closely regulate selenium homeostasis through increasing urinary excretion whilst faecal absorption remains unaffected.     

Effect of dietary selenium and vitamin E on the ultrastructure and ATP concentration of boar spermatozoa, and the efficacy of added sodium selenite in extended semen on sperm motility

Three experiments evaluated the effects of dietary Se and vitamin E on the ultrastructure of spermatozoa, ATP concentration of spermatozoa, and the effects of adding sodium selenite to semen extenders on subsequent sperm motility. The experiment was a 2 x 2 arrangement of treatments in a randomized complete block design. A total of 10 mature boars were fed from weaning to 18 mo of age diets fortified with two levels of supplemental Se (0 or .5 ppm) or vitamin E (0 or 220 IU/kg diet). The nonfortified diets contained .06 ppm Se and 4.4 IU vitamin E/kg. In Exp. 1, the spermatozoa from all boars were examined by electron microscopy. Vitamin E had no effect on structural abnormalities in the spermatozoa. When the low-Se diet was fed the acrosome or nuclei of the spermatozoa was unaffected, but the mitochondria in the tail midpiece were more oval with wider gaps between organelles. The plasma membrane connection to the tail midpiece was not tightly bound as when boars were fed Se. Immature spermatozoa with cytoplasmic droplets were more numerous when boars were fed the low-Se diet, but the occurrence of midpiece abnormalities occurred in boars fed diets with or without Se or vitamin E. Our results suggest that Se may enhance spermatozoa maturation in the epididymis and may reduce the number of sperm with cytoplasmic droplets. In Exp. 2, the concentration of ATP in the spermatozoa was evaluated in the semen of all treatment boars. When the low-Se diet was fed, ATP concentration was lower (P < .01), whereas vitamin E had no effect on ATP concentration. Experiment 3 investigated the effect of diluting boar semen with a semen extender with sodium selenite added at 0, .3, .6, or .9 ppm Se. Three ejaculates from each boar were used to evaluate these effects on sperm motility to 48 h after dilution. Sperm motility declined (P < .01) when Se was added to the extender, and this decline was exacerbated as the concentration of added Se increased (P < .01). The added Se was demonstrated to be tightly adhered to the spermatozoa. Overall, these results suggest that low Se-diets fed to boars resulted in abnormal spermatozoal mitochondria, a lower ATP concentration in the spermatozoa, and a loose apposition of the plasma membrane to the helical coil of the tail midpiece, but no effect from inadequate vitamin E was demonstrated. Adding sodium selenite to the semen extender reduced sperm cell motility.     

Effect of dietary phytate on growth and selenium status of chicks fed selenite or selenomethionine

1. An experiment was conducted to study the effect of dietary phytate on the selenium status of chicks fed on a semi‐purified diet with or without supplements of sodium selenite or selenomethionine (200 μg Selenium/kg).

2. Assessment included measurement of growth and activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) (EC. 1.11.1.9), an enzyme that limits damage by free radical species arising from oxygen metabolism by catalysing the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and lipid hydroperoxides. In addition, information was obtained on forms of selenium in blood, liver, kidney, heart and muscle, distinguishing between selenide‐Se, reducible‐Se and non‐reducible‐Se.

3. Phytate caused significant reductions in growth, food consumption and food conversion efficiency. Supplementary selenium was without effect on growth but significantly increased GSHPx activity in all tissues. Phytate also increased GSHPx activity in blood and heart, and in muscle in the absence of supplementary selenium, but decreased the activity in kidney.

4. Concentrations of all forms of tissue selenium were significantly increased by supplementary selenium. In general, there was greater deposition from selenomethionine than from selenite and most was in non‐reducible form.

5. Phytate increased selenium in all tissues except muscle; it is not clear if this resulted from increased absorption or increased retention. It increased reducible‐Se in blood, liver and heart and non‐reducible‐Se in blood and kidney. Tissue concentrations of selenide‐Se were highly variable: presence or absence of phytate contributed to some significant interactions.

6. The results suggest that there is a positive relationship between phytate and selenium status in chicks, in contrast to its negative effect on growth.     

亚硒酸钠在低硒雏鸡体内组织药动学的研究

低硒雏鸡按单剂量0．526mg／kgBW口服亚硒酸钠后在不同时间点采集肝、肾、胰、心、肺、脾、十二指肠和胸肌,用荧光分光光度法测定组织硒浓度。应用微机MCPKP药动学程序自动拟合组织硒浓度－时间数据并求药动学参数。结果显示,心、肺、十二指肠符合一定开放模型,肝、肾、脾、胰符合二室开放摸型,肌肉符合吸收滞后二室开放模型。吸收以肝、十二指肠为最快,肾、胰、心、肺、脾依次减慢,肌肉吸收最慢,并有一个滞后期。组织中硒的消除均较缓慢。     

LD50 values and selenium concentration in rabbit organs after parenteral administration of sodium selenite and determination of toxicity of urososelevit pro inj]

The LD50-values of sodium selenite after i/m injection to rabbits was determined by means of probit-regression straight line. Simultaneously a combination of vitamin E and sodium selenite was tested for toxicity in order to examine the effect of vitamin E on the selenium toxicity. The LD50/24h was 2.53 mg sodium selenite/kg body mass and in combination with vitamin E (30 IU vitamin E/5 mg NaSeO3) 2.73 mg/kg. Furthermore the selenium concentration was determined in blood, liver, kidney and muscles of animals which died or were killed after 24 h respectively. Not only chemical analysis but also relations of time-dose-efficiency and significantly increased LD50-values show a certain protective effect of vitamin E on selenium intoxication.     

Comparative responses to sodium selenite and organic selenium supplements in Belgian Blue cows and calves

Belgian Blue (BB) beef cattle is particularly prone to selenium (Se) deficiency due to the poor Se content of soil and roughages on rearing farms and the higher requirements of this hypermuscled breed. The goal of this trial was to compare the effects of different forms and concentrations of Se supplementation on Se status, health and performance in 60 pregnant Se-deficient BB cows. Cows were allocated to 3 experimental groups receiving selenized-yeast at 0.5 ppm Se on total ration (Y–Se 0.5), Na–selenite at 0.5 ppm Se on total ration (Na–Se 0.5) and Na–selenite at 0.1 ppm Se on total ration (Na–Se 0.1), respectively. Cows were supplemented from 2 months before calving until 2 months after calving. Data on performance, health and Se status of the dams and their calves were analyzed using a linear model, least squares means and logistic regression. At the end of the study, plasmatic Se (pSe) was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in cows receiving Y–Se than in cows from other groups. Glutathion-peroxidase in erythrocytes (GSH-pxe) was higher in Y–Se and Na–Se 0.5 than Na–Se 0.1 group (P < 0.01). Se content in colostrum and milk was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in Y–Se than other groups. At birth, Se status of calves from group Y–Se was significantly higher than those of other groups (P < 0.01). Plasmatic Se in calves remained higher for 75 days after birth in Y–Se compared to other groups (P < 0.01). Diarrhoea was the most commonly observed disease in the calves and, during the first 15 days of life, diarrhoea occurred in 6%, 21% and 35% of calves from groups Y–Se, Na–Se 0.5 and Na–Se 0.1, respectively. Over the whole 75 days trial period, incidence of diarrhoea was 19, 29 and 65%, respectively. Average daily gain (ADG) in calves born from Y–Se group of cows tended to be higher than in Na–Se 0.5 (P = 0.06) and Na–Se 0.1 (P < 0.05) but there was no difference between Na–Se 0.5 and Na–Se 0.1 (P > 0.1). At the same dosage, Y–Se conferred better Se status in both dams and their calves than did Na–Se. Requirement of 0.1 ppm Se seems to be insufficient in BB to optimise health and performance. Regarding health status and ADG in calves, Y–Se seems also to result in better performance.