Disulfide bond engineered into T4 lysozyme: stabilization of the protein toward thermal inactivation

By recombinant DNA techniques, a disulfide bond was introduced at a specific site in T4 lysozyme, a disulfide-free enzyme. This derivative retained full enzymatic activity and was more stable toward thermal inactivation than the wild-type protein. The derivative, T4 lysozyme (Ile3----Cys), was prepared by substituting a Cys codon for an Ile codon at position 3 in the cloned lysozyme gene by means of oligonucleotide-dependent, site-directed mutagenesis. The new gene was expressed in Escherichia coli under control of the (trp-lac) hybrid tac promoter, and the protein was purified. Mild oxidation generated a disulfide bond between the new Cys3 and Cys97, one of the two unpaired cysteines of the native molecule. Oxidized T4 lysozyme (Ile3----Cys) exhibited specific activity identical to that of the wild-type enzyme when measured at 20 degrees C in a cell-clearing assay. The cross-linked protein was more stable than the wild type during incubation at elevated temperatures as determined by recovered enzymatic activity at 20 degrees C.     

Expression,Characterization and Antimicrobial Ability of a Variant T4 Lysozyme in Pichia pastoris

T4 lysozyme was engineered with disulfide bonds and expressed in Pichia pastoris. The secreted proteins were purified and made into powder by lyophilization. Recombinant protein purity was more than 70% measured by HPLC. The lytic activity of variant T4-lysozyme was measured by the lysis of the cell wall of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, X. oryzae pv. oryzicola, Ralstonia solanacearum comb.nov, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, X. campestris pv. malvacearum, Fusarium oxysporium sp. vasinfectum, Verticillium dahliae kleb. Inhibition zone assay showed that variant T4 lysozyme significantly inhibited X. o. oryzicola and X. c. malvacearum. The antifungal activities of this protein against F. o. vasinfectum and V. d. kleb were also analyzed.     

Expression,Characterization and Antimicrobial Ability of a Variant T4 Lysozyme in Pichia pastoris

T4 lysozyme was engineered with disulfide bonds and expressed in Pichia pastoris. The secreted proteins were purified and made into powder by lyophiliza-tion. Recombinant protein purity was more than 70% measured by HPLC. The lytic activity of variant T4-lysozyme was measured by the lysis of the cel wal of Xan-thomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, X. oryzae pv. oryzicola, Ralstonia solanacearum comb. nov, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, X. campestris pv. mal-vacearum, Fusarium oxysporium sp. vasinfectum, Verticil ium dahliae kleb. Inhibition zone assay showed that variant T4 lysozyme significantly inhibited X. o. oryzicola and X. c. malvacearum. The antifungal activities of this protein against F. o. vasin-fectum and V. d. kleb were also analyzed.     

黄鳝内脏碱性磷酸酶功能基团的初步研究

经Tris—HCl缓冲液（pH8．6）抽提,正丁醇脱脂,硫酸绥分级沉淀分离,DEAE—Sepharose Fast Flow和Sephacryl S-200柱层析,从黄鳝内脏中提取出电泳纯的碱性磷酸酶。用PCMB,NBS,PMSF,TNBS,SUAN,DTT及IAA在一定条件下选择性修饰该酶的各种氨基酸残基,并对酶活力的变化作出测定。结果表明,PMSF,NBS,TNBS,SUAN和DTT的修饰能显著抑制酶的活性,且酶活力降低程度与修饰别的浓度相关;IAA和PCMB的修饰不表现对酶的抑制作用。初步认为,Ser,Lys和Trp残基为黄鳝碱性磷酸酶的必需功能基团,部分二硫键对保护酶的催化能力是必需的。     

Structure of an E6AP-UbcH7 complex: insights into ubiquitination by the E2-E3 enzyme cascade

The E6AP ubiquitin-protein ligase (E3) mediates the human papillomavirus-induced degradation of the p53 tumor suppressor in cervical cancer and is mutated in Angelman syndrome, a neurological disorder. The crystal structure of the catalytic hect domain of E6AP reveals a bilobal structure with a broad catalytic cleft at the junction of the two lobes. The cleft consists of conserved residues whose mutation interferes with ubiquitin-thioester bond formation and is the site of Angelman syndrome mutations. The crystal structure of the E6AP hect domain bound to the UbcH7 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2) reveals the determinants of E2-E3 specificity and provides insights into the transfer of ubiquitin from the E2 to the E3.     

Site-specific mutagenesis of the human interleukin-2 gene: structure-function analysis of the cysteine residues

The gene encoding human interleukin-2 (IL-2) has been cloned from human spleen cells, peripheral blood lymphocytes, and the Jurkat cell line. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the gene revealed that the encoded IL-2 protein has three cysteines located at amino acid residues 58, 105, and 125 of the mature protein. Site-specific mutagenesis procedures were used to modify the IL-2 gene by changing each of the cysteine codons individually to serine codons. Substitution of serine for cysteine residues at either position 58 or 105 of the IL-2 protein substantially reduced biological activity, indicating that the cysteines at these positions are necessary for maintenance of the biologically active conformation and may therefore be linked by a disulfide bridge. The modified IL-2 protein containing a substitution at position 125 retained full biological activity, suggesting that the cysteine at this position is not involved in a disulfide bond and that a free sulfhydryl group at that position is not necessary for receptor binding.     

α?芋螺毒素LvIA第11位氨基酸的新突变体合成及其靶点活性

为了进一步探究第11位氨基酸的性质对LvIA靶点结合活性的影响，设计了LvIA的2个新型突变体[D11R]LvIA和[D11H]LvIA，即用2个碱性氨基酸?精氨酸（R）和组氨酸（H）分别替换原来的酸性氨基酸D。先人工合成了这2个新突变体的线性肽，然后采用2步氧化法进行折叠，以获得在第1位和第3位半胱氨酸（Cys 1～3）、第2位和第4位半胱氨酸（Cys 2～4）之间定点连接形成二硫键。经高效液相色谱分离纯化和质谱鉴定，合成了含有Cys(1～3, 2～4)二硫键连接方式的多肽，其分子质量正确，纯度在95%以上。利用双电极电压钳电生理学技术对这2种突变体与α3β2 nAChR的结合活性进行了检测。结果发现，当该位点的氨基酸性质由酸性转换为碱性后，对LvIA的活性影响巨大，直接导致对α3β2 nAChR的阻断活性丧失。[D11R]LvIA和[D11H]LvIA的活性与野生型LvIA相比分别降低了574.38%和408.62%。由此表明，第11位氨基酸的酸碱性对LvIA的活性至关重要。     

飞蝗几丁质脱乙酰基酶的真核表达、亲和纯化及酶活性

【目的】体外真核表达飞蝗(Locusta migratoria)几丁质脱乙酰基酶1和2(chitin deacetylase 1and 2,LmCDA1和LmCDA2)并测定其酶活性,为进一步明确飞蝗LmCDA1和LmCDA2在几丁质降解途径中的生理功能及研发新型绿色环保杀虫剂提供依据。【方法】使用BLASTP和SMART软件在线预测LmCDA1、LmCDA2a和LmCDA2b的结构域;PCR克隆获得目的基因LmCDA1、LmCDA2a和LmCDA2b的全长序列,并分别构建p Fast Bac-LmCDAs重组质粒,转化获得Bacmid重组质粒后,转染至昆虫Sf9细胞进行目的蛋白的体外表达。采用Western blot技术对目的蛋白表达情况进行检测,并通过Ni-NTA亲和层析柱和阴离子(Q-Sepharose)交换层析柱对蛋白产物进行纯化。12%SDS-PAGE检测蛋白纯度后,采用分光光度法以对硝基乙酰苯胺为底物检测目的蛋白的酶活性,T检验法对LmCDA2a和LmCDA2b酶活力进行差异显著性分析。【结果】BLASTP和SMART软件预测结果显示LmCDA1、LmCDA2a和LmCDA2b均含有4个结构域:N-端信号肽(signal peptide)、几丁质结合域(chitin binding peritrophin-A,Ch BD)、A型低密度脂蛋白受体结构域(low-density lipoprotein receptor class A,LDLa)和脱乙酰基酶催化结构域(catalytic domain,CDA)。3个基因的几丁质结合域中均包含6个保守的半胱氨酸。LmCDA2a和LmCDA2b两个剪切子除在其第3个半胱氨酸和第4个半胱氨酸之间(67—84 aa)的氨基酸数目和组成及在第4和第6个半胱氨酸(84—106 aa)之间的序列存在差异外,其余部分完全一致。Western blot结果显示LmCDA1、LmCDA2a和LmCDA2b的蛋白分子量约为61 k D左右,与预测的蛋白分子量大小一致,表明Bacmid重组质粒在昆虫Sf9细胞中成功表达。采用12%SDS-PAGE胶电泳对各蛋白纯化组分进行检测,结果显示Ni-NTA亲和层析柱可将大部分杂蛋白洗脱,而Q-Sepharose交换层析柱可对蛋白进行更彻底地纯化。酶活检测结果显示LmCDA1、LmCDA2a和LmCDA2b的酶活力分别为0.268、0.354、0.228 U·μL~(-1),并且LmCDA2a和LmCDA2b的酶活力存在显著差异。【结论】体外真核表达LmCDA1、LmCDA2a和LmCDA2b蛋白并进行酶活测定后发现三者均具有几丁质脱乙酰基酶活力,且LmCDA2a和LmCDA2b的酶活力具有显著性差异,推测前期研究中沉默LmCDA2a和LmCDA2b后分别出现不同飞蝗表型的原因可能是由于它们酶活力存在显著性差异。     

Redox signaling in chloroplasts: cleavage of disulfides by an iron-sulfur cluster

Light generates reducing equivalents in chloroplasts that are used not only for carbon reduction, but also for the regulation of the activity of chloroplast enzymes by reduction of regulatory disulfides via the ferredoxin:thioredoxin reductase (FTR) system. FTR, the key electron/thiol transducer enzyme in this pathway, is unique in that it can reduce disulfides by an iron-sulfur cluster, a property that is explained by the tight contact of its active-site disulfide and the iron-sulfur center. The thin, flat FTR molecule makes the two-electron reduction possible by forming on one side a mixed disulfide with thioredoxin and by providing on the opposite side access to ferredoxin for delivering electrons.     

组合突变提高甲基对硫磷水解酶MPH热稳定性的研究

来源于苍白杆菌Ochrobactrum sp.M231的甲基对硫磷水解酶MPH-Och具有优良的催化水解甲基对硫磷农药的能力,针对其热稳定性较差的缺点,通过组合3种提高蛋白热稳定性的突变策略,最终获得热稳定性改良的突变酶MPHM7,其T50达到65℃,在之前研究热稳定性提高的四点突变酶(S274Q/T183E/K197L/S192M)的基础上又提高了5℃。同时,该突变酶的催化效率也获得了一定的提高,其kcat/Km值是四点突变酶的3.8倍。热稳定性改良突变酶的获得证实了这些提高热稳定性的方法是有效的,并且其作用具有加合性,这为分子设计改良酶蛋白热稳定性提供了新的研究思路。     

An engineered pathway for the formation of protein disulfide bonds

We have engineered a pathway for the formation of disulfide bonds. By imposing evolutionary pressure, we isolated mutations that changed thioredoxin, which is a monomeric disulfide reductase, into a [2Fe-2S] bridged dimer capable of catalyzing O2-dependent sulfhydryl oxidation in vitro. Expression of the mutant protein in Escherichia coli with oxidizing cytoplasm and secretion via the Tat pathway restored disulfide bond formation in strains that lacked the complete periplasmic oxidative machinery (DsbA and DsbB). The evolution of [2Fe-2S] thioredoxin illustrates how mutations within an existing scaffold can add a cofactor and markedly change protein function.     

胞壁质酶的性质研究

[目的]以提取的胞壁质酶为材料,研究胞壁质酶的性质。[方法]通过测定胞壁质酶在595nm处光吸收值的增量,测定该酶活力和蛋白质浓度。通过测定米氏常数Km,研究酶促反应的速度及影响速度的因素。在不同pH值缓冲液中测定胞壁质酶活力,同时测定该酶的最适pH值。酶促反应的速度在酶的最适温度时达到最大。利用SDS-PAGE电泳法,测定胞壁质酶的分子量及纯度。[结果]胞壁质酶在219.00g/L光吸收下降最快,活力最高。Km为0.57。脲对胞壁质酶为抑制作用,其抑制类型为竞争性抑制。胞壁质酶在pH值为8.0时酶活力最高,属于弱碱性,在40℃时酶活力最高,其Kd为13。[结论]该研究可为今后采用生物工程技术对胞壁质酶进行克隆、提取以及制取提供参考。     

Mutants of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor lacking cysteines 14 and 38 can fold properly

It is a generally accepted principle of biology that a protein's primary sequence is the main determinant of its tertiary structure. However, the mechanism by which a protein proceeds from an unfolded, disordered state to a folded, relatively well-ordered, native conformation is obscure. Studies have been initiated to examine the "genetics" of protein folding, with mutants of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) being used to explore the nature of the specific intramolecular interactions that direct this process. Previous work with BPTI chemically modified at cysteines 14 and 38 indicated that transient disulfide bond formation by these residues contributed to efficient folding at 25 degrees C. In the present work, mutants of BPTI in which these cysteines were replaced by alanines or threonines were made and the mutant proteins were produced by a heterologous Escherichia coli expression system. At 25 degrees C in vitro, the refolding behavior of these mutants was characterized by a pronounced lag. However, when expressed at 37 degrees C in E. coli, or when refolded at 37 degrees or 52 degrees C in vitro, the mutant proteins folded readily into the native conformation, albeit at a rate somewhat slower than that exhibited by wild-type BPTI. These results indicate that, at physiological temperatures, BPTI lacking cysteines 14 and 38 can refold quantitatively.     

Active human-yeast chimeric phosphoglycerate kinases engineered by domain interchange

Phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) is a monomeric protein composed of two domains of approximately equal size, connected by a hinge. Substrate-induced conformational change results in the closure of the active site cleft, which is situated between these two domains. In a study of the relations between structure and function of this enzyme, two interspecies hybrids were constructed, each composed of one domain from the human enzyme and one domain from the yeast enzyme. Despite a 35% difference in the amino acid composition between human and yeast PGK, catalytic properties of the hybrid enzymes are very similar to those of the parental proteins. This result demonstrates that the evolutionary substitutions within these two distantly related molecules do not significantly affect formation of the active site cleft, mechanism of domain closure, or enzyme activity itself.     

GPCR engineering yields high-resolution structural insights into beta2-adrenergic receptor function

The beta2-adrenergic receptor (beta2AR) is a well-studied prototype for heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that respond to diffusible hormones and neurotransmitters. To overcome the structural flexibility of the beta2AR and to facilitate its crystallization, we engineered a beta2AR fusion protein in which T4 lysozyme (T4L) replaces most of the third intracellular loop of the GPCR ("beta2AR-T4L") and showed that this protein retains near-native pharmacologic properties. Analysis of adrenergic receptor ligand-binding mutants within the context of the reported high-resolution structure of beta2AR-T4L provides insights into inverse-agonist binding and the structural changes required to accommodate catecholamine agonists. Amino acids known to regulate receptor function are linked through packing interactions and a network of hydrogen bonds, suggesting a conformational pathway from the ligand-binding pocket to regions that interact with G proteins.     

光周期对点带石斑鱼幼鱼生长及肝脏溶菌酶活性的影响

[目的]研究不同光周期对点带石斑鱼幼鱼生长、摄食及肝脏溶菌酶活性的影响。[方法]试验设计持续光照组、对照组、持续黑暗组,每组3个平行,计算生长率,测定肝脏溶菌酶活性,并作比较。[结果]持续光照组与其他2组相比,相对增重率与溶菌酶活性均最高,相对增重率为对照组的107.3%,溶菌酶活性为对照组的103.4%;对照组与持续光照组差异不显著;持续黑暗组显著低于对照组。[结论]点带石斑鱼幼鱼的生长、免疫及行为与光周期有紧密联系。     

The mechanisms of irreversible enzyme inactivation at 100C

The mechanism of irreversible thermoinactivation of an enzyme has been quantitatively elucidated in the pH range relevant to enzymatic catalysis. The processes causing irreversible inactivation of hen egg-white lysozyme at 100 degrees C are deamidation of asparagine residues, hydrolysis of peptide bonds at aspartic acid residues., destruction of disulfide bonds, and formation of incorrect (scrambled) structures; their relative contributions depend of the pH.     

萝卜中具溶菌酶活性组分的分子结构分析

[目的]分析萝卜具有溶菌酶活性组分CBPs的分子结构,以期为其作用机制和在萝卜中的生理功能提供资料。[方法]利用亲和层析法及CM-纤维素离子交换柱层析分离纯化CBPs,测定其氨基酸组成、糖基和溶菌酶活性中心残基。[结果]从萝卜中得到了2个具溶菌酶活性且无糖基的组分:CBP1和CBP2,它们间氨基酸组成差异不大;Asp/Glu和His专一性化学修饰剂单独作用后,CBP1和CBP2相对溶菌酶活力均大幅度降低,预先加入竞争性抑制剂则下降的幅度减小。[结论]萝卜中有2个具溶菌酶活性的非糖蛋白组分,其溶菌酶活性中心氨基酸残基均可能含有Asp/Glu和His。     

Extending top-down mass spectrometry to proteins with masses greater than 200 kilodaltons

For characterization of sequence and posttranslational modifications, molecular and fragment ion mass data from ionizing and dissociating a protein in the mass spectrometer are far more specific than are masses of peptides from the protein's digestion. We extend the approximately 500-residue, approximately 50-kilodalton (kD) dissociation limitation of this top-down methodology by using electrospray additives, heated vaporization, and separate noncovalent and covalent bond dissociation. This process can cleave 287 interresidue bonds in the termini of a 1314-residue (144-kD) protein, specify previously unidentified disulfide bonds between 8 of 27 cysteines in a 1714-residue (200-kD) protein, and correct sequence predictions in two proteins, one with 2153 residues (229 kD).     

不同防腐剂处理对甜樱桃生理代谢及保鲜效果的影响(英文)

[目的]探讨不同防腐剂处理对甜樱桃生理代谢和保鲜效果的影响。[方法]以萨米托(Summit)甜樱桃为试材,分别用噻霉酮(benziothiazoli-none)、溶菌酶(Lysozyme)、溶菌酶+NPS多糖(NPS polysaccharide)和清水浸泡处理各5min,捞出沥干,装入衬有0.03mm厚PE袋的纸盒内,在(-0.5±0.5) ℃的条件下贮藏保鲜,以不处理的为对照。[结果]用噻霉酮处理后的第14天苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)活性出现明显的峰值,其余处理至第 21天时苹果酸脱氢酶活性开始回升;各处理的 POD 活性总体呈下降的趋势;PPO 性至第14天时出现明显的峰值,但清水处理则呈下降的趋势,到第21天时,各处理的PPO 活性出现缓慢的回升迹象;药剂处理后的甜樱桃可滴定酸含量明显高于清水处理和对照;可溶性固形物各处理间以及各处理与对照间没有明显的区别;至第 40天,药剂处理的好果率显著高于清水处理和对照。[结论]噻霉酮、溶菌酶等防腐剂处理对甜樱桃的保鲜、防腐具有较好的作用;溶菌酶处理可在一定时间内降低甜樱桃的苹果酸脱氢酶活性,保持较高的有机酸含量,显著提高好果率。