病毒铺膜印迹技术分离牙鲆鳃细胞上的淋巴囊肿病毒结合蛋白

利用非变性电泳与病毒铺膜印迹技术(VOPBA)分离了牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)鳃细胞(FG)上淋巴囊肿病毒结合蛋白,结果显示在FG细胞膜上有分子量为135 kD的蛋白与淋巴囊肿病毒特异结合;对该蛋白切胶回收后进行SDS-PAGE与双向电泳,发现135 kD蛋白由3个蛋白组成,分子量分别为58.3 kD、44.6 kD及37.6 kD;135 kD蛋白SDS-PAGE的VOPBA显示,仅出现37.6 kD的蛋白带,而58.3 kD、44.6 kD蛋白皆不与淋巴囊肿病毒结合。结果表明牙鲆FG细胞上135 kD蛋白是淋巴囊肿病毒的结合蛋白,其37.6 kD蛋白具有病毒结合活性。     

淋巴囊肿病毒27.8 ku受体蛋白在牙鲆组织中的分布

应用抗牙鲆淋巴囊肿病毒(lymphocystis disease virus,LCDV)受体蛋白(27.8 ku)的单克隆抗体(2G11和3D9)定位LCDV受体蛋白在牙鲆组织中的分布。通过对牙鲆外周血、白细胞、鳃、胃、肠、表皮、肝脏、头肾、体肾、脾、性腺、脑、心脏等进行LCDV受体蛋白的间接免疫荧光与免疫组织化学定位观察,发现在牙鲆外周血白细胞的细胞膜、鳃上皮细胞、表皮、胃黏膜上皮细胞顶端、肠上皮细胞、肝细胞、脾表层结缔组织细胞及头肾后端的肾小管上皮细胞内均有较强的阳性信号,表明这些部位分布有LCDV的27.8 ku受体蛋白,但在体肾、性腺、脑、心脏及外周血红细胞中未观察到阳性信号。推测LCDV通过与鳃、表皮及消化道上皮的受体结合进入牙鲆体内,通过与外周血白细胞上的受体结合侵染白细胞而进入血液循环,进而感染肝脏、脾脏、头肾等器官。     

淋巴囊肿病毒结构蛋白及其抗原性分析

病鱼为威海水产养殖场感染淋巴囊肿病的牙鲆（Paralichthys olivaceus）,收集病鱼的囊肿组织,匀浆破碎,采用差速离心和蔗糖密度梯度离心方法,分离纯化淋巴囊肿病毒粒子.负染后,电镜观察证实获得的病毒纯度高,杂质极少,病毒粒子呈近似于圆形的多角形,结构完整.纯化的淋巴囊肿病毒粒子经SDS-PAGE,硝酸银染色后,电泳图谱清晰显示病毒结构蛋白带共有22条,且分子量主要集中在123～26 kD.应用Western blotting法分析病毒结构蛋白的抗原性,结果显示,分子量分别为123.55 kD、65.292 kD和54.438 kD的3条蛋白带发生了免疫反应,其中分子量为65.292 kD的蛋白带反应强度明显高于其他2条蛋白带.本研究旨为确定淋巴囊肿病毒主要衣壳蛋白提供基础依据.[中国水产科学,2006,13（3）：415-420]     

牙鲆淋巴囊肿病的病理和病原分离

应用常规显微和亚显微技术观察和分析患淋巴囊肿病养殖牙鲆(Paralichthys olioaceus)的病理学变化，利用差速离心和蔗糖密度梯度离心技术分离其病原——淋巴囊肿病毒，并利用牙鲆细组织细胞系FG—9307为感染基质，观察淋巴囊肿病毒引起的细胞病理变化。结果表明，患病牙鲆的囊肿组织是一些淋巴囊肿细胞的集合体，这些囊肿细胞排列紧密，直径为10—100μm，细胞近圆形，细胞质内散布有大量的嗜碱性包涵体，且多数集中在细胞的边缘部分；囊肿细胞内含有大量病毒粒子，其衣壳外形呈六角或五角形，直径为150—230nm，大多数病毒粒子中央有一致密的核，核外周包围着一双层核衣壳，核衣壳的表面可见一圈把手样亚单位。以患病牙鲆囊肿物制备的上清液接种细胞，7d内未见细胞异常，经盲传2—3代后，细胞出现较明显的细胞病变效应。     

Identification and characterization of a novel lymphocystis disease virus isolate from cultured grouper in China

Grouper Epinephelus spp. is one of the most important mariculture fish species in China and South-East Asian countries. The emerging viral diseases, evoked by iridovirus which belongs to genus Megalocytivirus and Ranavirus, have been well characterized in recent years. To date, few data on lymphocystis disease in grouper which caused by lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) were described. Here, a novel LCDV isolate was identified and characterized. Based on the sequence of LCDV major capsid protein (MCP) and DNA polymerase gene, we found that the causative agents from different species of diseased groupers were the same one and herein were uniformly defined as grouper LCDV (GLCDV). Furthermore, H&E staining revealed that the nodules on the skin were composed of giant cells that contained inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm. Numerous virus particles with >210 nm in diameter and with hexagonal profiles were observed in the cytoplasm. In addition, phylogenetic analysis based on four iridovirus core genes, MCP, DNA polymerase, myristoylated membrane protein (MMP) and ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), consistently showed that GLCDV was mostly related to LCDV-C, followed by LCDV-1. Taken together, our data firstly provided the molecular evidence that GLCDV was a novel emerging iridovirus pathogen in grouper culture.     

Detection of antigenic proteins expressed by lymphocystis virus as vaccine candidates in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck & Schlegel)

Although the major capsid proteins (MCPs) of lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) have been characterized, little is known about the host-derived immune response to MCPs and other LCDV antigenic proteins. To identify antigenic proteins of LCDV that could be used as vaccine candidates in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, we analysed the viral proteins responsible for its virulence by applying immuno-proteomics. LCDV proteins were separated by one-dimensional gel electrophoresis, transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membrane, and probed with homogeneous P. olivaceus antisera elicited by LCDV natural infection and vaccination with formalin-killed LCDV. Four immune-reactive proteins were obtained at 68-, 51-, 41- and 21 kDa using antisera collected from natural infection while two proteins at 51- and 21 kDa exhibited response to antisera from vaccinated fish, indicating that the latter two proteins have vaccine potential. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and nanoelectrospray MS/MS, the 51 and 21 kDa proteins were identified as MCP and an unknown protein, respectively.     

Immune response of DNA vaccine against lymphocystis disease virus and expression analysis of immune‐related genes after vaccination

In this study, we found that an intramuscular injection of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus, 60–80 g in weight and 15–20 mL in length) with 5 μg of a DNA vaccine (pEGFP‐N2‐LCDV‐cn‐MCP 0.6 kb, containing lymphocystis disease virus major capsid protein gene) induced a strong immune response. Subsequent real‐time polymerase chain reaction showed that the expression of immune‐related genes [e.g., major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I α, MHC II α, T‐cell receptor (TCR), tumour necrosis factor (TNF), tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFR), Mx, interleukin (IL)‐1β, CXC and IL‐8R] was significantly changed after DNA vaccination. The most remarkable alternation was the expression of MHC I α and MHC II α genes: MHC II α reached the maximum on day 8 in different tissues, and MHC I α on day 2 in the intestine and gills. The expression of TCR increased and reached a plateau in 2 days in the spleen, gills, kidney and liver after vaccination and then decreased after day 8. In contrast, the expression of TCR in the intestine increased and reached a plateau in 8 days. The expression of IL‐8R reached the maximum on day 2 in different tissues and then decreased on day 8. Mx increased in the gills, kidney, spleen and liver on days 2, 8, 2 and 2, but decreased in the intestine, gills, spleen and liver on days 2, 8, 8 and 8 respectively. The TNFR expression increased in the spleen, kidney and gills on days 2, 8 and 8, but decreased in intestine, liver and gills on days 2, 8 and 8 respectively. The expression of TNF, CXC and IL‐1β increased 2 and 8 days after the injection of DNA vaccine. However, the expression of TNF, CXC and IL‐1β altered on days 2 and 8 with different patterns in different tissues respectively. The fish responded to the DNA vaccine by yielding a specific immunoglobulin against lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) as observed with indirect ELISA. The DNA vaccine induced a unique humoral response, suggesting that the DNA vaccine activated both cellular and humoral defences of the specific immune system of Japanese flounder.     

Application of in situ detection techniques to determine the systemic condition of lymphocystis disease virus infection in cultured gilt-head seabream, Sparus aurata L

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH) techniques have been used for the detection of lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from gilt-head seabream, Sparus aurata L. Diseased and recovered fish from the same population were analysed. IHC was performed with a polyclonal antibody against a 60-kDa viral protein. A specific digoxigenin-labelled probe, obtained by PCR amplification of a 270-bp fragment of the gene coding the LCDV major capsid protein, was used for ISH. LCDV was detected in skin dermis and gill lamellae, as well as in several internal organs such as the intestine, liver, spleen and kidney using both techniques. Fibroblasts, hepatocytes and macrophages seem to be target cells for virus replication. The presence of lymphocystis cells in the dermis of the skin and caudal fin, and necrotic changes in the epithelium of proximal renal tubules were the only histological alterations observed in fish showing signs of the disease.     

Phylogenetic analysis and molecular methods for the detection of lymphocystis disease virus from yellow perch, Perca flavescens (Mitchell)

Lymphocystis disease is a prevalent, non-fatal disease that affects many teleost fish and is caused by the DNA virus lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV). Lymphocystis-like lesions have been observed in yellow perch, Perca flavescens (Mitchell), in lakes in northern Alberta, Canada. In an effort to confirm the identity of the virus causing these lesions, DNA was extracted from these lesions and PCR with genotype generic LCDV primers specific to the major capsid protein (MCP) gene was performed. A 1357-base pair nucleotide sequence corresponding to a peptide length of 452 amino acids of the MCP gene was sequenced, confirming the lesions as being lymphocystis disease lesions. Phylogenetic analysis of the generated amino acid sequence revealed the perch LCDV isolate to be a distinct and novel genotype. From the obtained sequence, a real-time PCR identification method was developed using fluorgenic LUX primers. The identification method was used to detect the presence/absence of LCDV in yellow perch from two lakes, one where lymphocystis disease was observed to occur and the other where the disease had not been observed. All samples of fin, spleen and liver tested negative for LCDV in the lake where lymphocystis disease had not been observed. The second lake had a 2.6% incidence of LCD, and virus was detected in tissue samples from all individuals tested regardless of whether they were expressing the disease or not. However, estimated viral copy number in spleen and liver of symptomatic perch was four orders of magnitude higher than that in asymptomatic perch.     

牙鲆抗淋巴囊肿病家系选育及生长和抗病性能分析

为了选育抗淋巴囊肿的牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)新品种,2015年建立了5个普通家系(C1~C5)、3个雌核发育家系(G1、G2、G3)和1个对照组,在淋巴囊肿病高发养殖场进行自然染毒实验,统计各家系的抗病保护率。同时对各家系120 d、180 d、240 d和300 d时的生长性状进行跟踪测量和比较。结果表明,各家系牙鲆在不同时期有各自不同的生长规律,呈现出家系间生长规律的不一致性。但在所有家系中,家系G2各个时期的生长表现始终排名靠前。390 d统计抗病保护率的结果显示,对照组的抗病保护率只有59.57%,而经选育所有实验组的抗病保护率都在60%以上,最高达97.20%(家系G2)。但总体上,390 d时牙鲆淋巴囊肿抗病和患病个体间体重和体长差异均不显著;体重、体长与抗病保护率为正相关,但相关性均不显著。家系G2抗病个体的平均体重显著高于患病个体(P0.05)。以G2家系为基础,继续进行选育,有望获得牙鲆抗淋巴囊肿速生新品种。     

牙鲆淋巴囊肿病毒一抗原蛋白的确认及定位

以牙鲆淋巴囊肿病毒（LCDV）为抗原免疫Balb/c小鼠,而后将小鼠脾细胞与P3U1骨髓瘤细胞融合,以囊肿组织冰冻切片的免疫荧光染色筛选杂交瘤细胞,阳性结果显示特异性块状荧光信号集中在囊肿细胞的细胞质边缘部分,且多个荧光信号相连呈现链圈状,有限稀释 法克隆阳性杂交瘤细胞,三次克隆后获得4株稳定产生抗LCDV抗体的单克隆杂交瘤细胞株（1A8、1D7、2B6、2D11）。应用Western-blotting法分析单抗识别蛋白的分子量,结果显示,单抗1D7 和2B6均能特异性结合一条分子量116 kD病毒多肽;应用免疫电镜技术定位单抗识别的抗原决定簇,结果发现胶体金颗粒集中吸附在病毒粒子衣壳周围,且背景清洁,无散在的金颗粒或其他污染物。实验结果说明分子量约为116 kD的蛋白多肽为LCDV病毒衣壳蛋白,且具有线性抗原决定簇。     

Acute ammonia toxicity and gill morphological changes of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus in normal versus supersaturated oxygen

Ammonia toxicity and morphological changes in gills of juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (5.76 ± 0.12 g) were investigated when fish were separately exposed to normal dissolved oxygen (DO) at 6.5 ± 0.5 mg L^?1 and supersaturated oxygen at 16.0 ± 2.0 mg L^?1 at different ammonia concentrations. Under normal oxygen, ammonia concentrations were tested from 0.04 (control) to 93.3 mg L^?1 total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), whereas under oxygen supersaturation, ammonia concentrations ranged from 0.04 (control) to 226.7 mg L^?1 TAN in the trial. After exposure to ammonia for 96 h, the ammonia LC₅₀ for fish was 62.48 mg L^?1 TAN (0.50 mg L^?1 NH₃–N) at normal oxygen and 160.71 mg L^?1 TAN (0.65 mg L^?1 NH₃–N) at oxygen supersaturation. Light microscopic observations confirmed that gill damage in normal oxygen was more profound than in oxygen supersaturation when fish were exposed to the same level of TAN (93.3 mg L^?1). Furthermore, electron microscopic scanning also showed more crimple, retraction and fibrosis on the secondary lamella surface in fish exposed to normal oxygen than those in fish exposed to supersaturated oxygen at the same TAN (93.3 mg L^?1). This study suggests that supersaturated oxygen can increase ammonia tolerance in Japanese flounder through reducing gill damage by ammonia, which partially explains the merit of using pure oxygen injection in intensive fish farming.     

漠斑牙鲆胚胎细胞系的建立与鉴定

漠斑牙鲆(Paralichthys lethostigma)是中国近年新开发的重要海水养殖鱼类,本研究以漠斑牙鲆囊胚期胚胎为材料,探索了鱼类胚胎细胞分离和培养的条件,建立了漠斑牙鲆胚胎细胞培养技术。建立的漠斑牙鲆胚胎细胞系(SFEC)至今已经培养了240多天,传至80多代。SFEC的完全培养基采用添加抗生素、胎牛血清(FBS)、花鲈血清(SPS)、成纤维生长因子(bFGF)的DMEM。SFEC形态小而呈圆形、多边形,在培养基中生长迅速。本实验检测了温度、胎牛血清浓度、成纤维生长因子对SFEC生长的影响。在24~30℃之间SFEC生长良好,但当温度低于18℃时细胞生长速度明显减慢。在含15?S的培养基中,SFEC生长速度明显比在含7.5?S的培养基中快,在培养基中添加bFGF可以使细胞生长速度显著提高。SFEC的二倍体核型为2n=6st 42t。将GFP报告基因通过脂质体介导的方法转入SFEC中并成功地获得了表达,转化率为20%。     

Investigation of co‐infections with pathogens associated with gill disease in Atlantic salmon during an amoebic gill disease outbreak

Gill diseases are a complex and multifactorial challenge for marine farmed Atlantic salmon. Co‐infections with putative pathogens are common on farms; however, there is a lack of knowledge in relation to the potential effect co‐infections may have on pathology. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and potential effects of Neoparamoeba perurans, Desmozoon lepeophtherii, Candidatus Branchiomonas cysticola, Tenacibaculum maritimum and salmon gill poxvirus (SGPV) during a longitudinal study on a marine Atlantic salmon farm. Real‐time PCR was used to determine the presence and sequential infection patterns of these pathogens on gill samples collected from stocking until harvest. A number of multilevel models were used to determine the effect of these putative pathogens on gill health (measured as gill histopathology score), while adjusting for the effect of water temperature and time since the last freshwater treatment. Results indicate that between 12 and 16 weeks post‐seawater transfer (wpst), colonization of the gills by all pathogens had commenced and by week 16 of marine production each of the pathogens had been detected. D. lepeophtherii and Candidatus B. cysticola were by far the most prevalent of the potential pathogens detected during this study. Detections of T. maritimum were found to be significantly correlated with temperature showing distinct seasonality. Salmon gill poxvirus was found to be highly sporadic and detected in the first sampling point, suggesting a carryover from the freshwater stage of production. Finally, the model results indicated no clear effect between any of the pathogens. Additionally, the models showed that the only variable which had a consistent effect on the histology score was N. perurans.     

Transmission of lymphocystis disease virus to cultured gilthead seabream,Sparus aurata L., larvae

The transmission of lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) to gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata L., larvae was investigated using fertilized eggs from a farm with previous reports of lymphocystis disease. LCDV genome was detected by PCR‐hybridization in blood samples from 17.5% of the asymptomatic gilthead seabream broodstock analysed. Using the same methodology, eggs spawned from these animals were LCDV positive, as well as larvae hatched from them. The presence of infective viral particles was confirmed by cytopathic effects development on SAF‐1 cells. Whole‐mount in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) showed the presence of LCDV in the epidermis of larvae hatched from LCDV‐positive eggs. When fertilized eggs were disinfected with iodine, no viral DNA was detected either in eggs (analysed by PCR‐hybridization) or in larvae (PCR‐hybridization and ISH). These results suggest the vertical transmission of LCDV, the virus being transmitted on the egg surface. Larvae hatched from disinfected eggs remain LCDV negative during the endotrophic phase, as showed by PCR‐hybridization, ISH and IHC. After feeding on LCDV‐positive rotifers, viral antigens were observed in the digestive tract, which suggests that viral entry could be achieved via the alimentary canal, and that rotifers can act as a vector in LCDV transmission to gilthead seabream larvae.     

Lymphocystis disease virus persists in the epidermal tissues of olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminch & Schlegel), at low temperatures

Olive flounder artificially infected with lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) were reared at 10, 20 and 30 °C for 60 days, to compare LCD-incidence. In the fish reared at 20 °C, lymphocystis cells appeared on the skin and fins at 35 days post-challenge, and the cumulative LCD-incidence was 80% at 60 days. High levels of LCDV, with a mean polymerase chain reaction (PCR) titre of 10⁶ PCR-U mg⁻¹ tissue, were detected in the fins and skin of LCD-affected fish at 20 °C, but were not detected in the spleen, kidney, brain and intestinal tissues of these fish. No LCD clinical signs were observed in the fish reared at 10 °C and 30 °C; however, a low level of LCDV (10³ PCR-U mg⁻¹ tissue) was detected in the fins and skin of these fish. By increasing the rearing temperature from 10 to 20 °C, lymphocystis clusters appeared on the skin and fins of the fish with no previous LCD clinical signs within 33 days after the temperature change. It was shown that permissive cells for LCDV infection exist in the epidermis of olive flounder. At low temperatures, small amounts of LCDV were able to persist over a period extended for a further 45 days in the fish epidermis, even though the fish showed no LCD clinical signs. The optimum growth temperature of LCDV is near 20 °C.