Beyond patch spraying: site-specific weed management with several herbicides

Site-specific weed management can include both limiting herbicide application to areas of the field where weed pressure is above the economic threshold (patch spraying) and varying the choice of herbicide for most cost-effective weed control of local populations. The benefits of patch spraying with several, postemergence herbicides in irrigated corn were evaluated in simulation studies using weed counts from 16 fields. Patch spraying with one, two or the number of herbicides that maximized net return for a field was simulated. With patch spraying of one herbicide, the average area of a field left untreated is 34.5%. Net return increases by $3.09 ha⁻¹ compared to a uniform application without decreasing crop yield. Additional herbicides increase the average benefits with just 4% more of the field treated. With two herbicides, the increase in net return is almost tripled and herbicide use is reduced nearly 10-fold compared to patch spraying with one herbicide, and weed control is better than the uniform application in 10 fields. Using more than two herbicides for patch spraying further reduces weed escapes, but herbicide use is greater than a uniform application in 10 fields. Growers might be more willing to adopt patch spraying if more than one herbicide is used in a field.     

The value of precision for image-based decision support in weed management

Decision support methodologies in precision agriculture should integrate the different dimensions composing the added complexity of operational decision problems. Special attention has to be given to the adequate knowledge extraction techniques for making sense of the collected data, processing the information for assessing decision makers and farmers in the efficient and sustainable management of the field. Focusing on weed management, the integration of operational aspects for weed spraying is an open challenge for modeling the farmers’ decision problem, identifying satisfactory solutions for the implementation of automatic weed recognition procedures. The objective of this paper is to develop a decision support methodology for detecting the undesired weed from aerial images, building an image-based viewpoint consisting in relevant operational knowledge for applying precision spraying. In this way, it is possible to assess the potential herbicide cost reductions of increased precision at the spraying device, selecting the appropriate weed precision spraying technology. Findings from this study indicate that the potential gains and marginal cost reductions of herbicides decrease significantly with increased precision in spraying.     

An on-farm approach to quantify yield variation and to derive decision rules for site-specific weed management

Grain yield often varies within agricultural fields as a result of the variation in soil characteristics, competition from weeds, management practices and their causal interactions. To implement appropriate management decisions, yield variability needs to be explained and quantified. A new experimental design was established and tested in a field experiment to detect yield variation in relation to the variation in soil quality, the heterogeneity of weed distribution and weed control within a field. Weed seedling distribution and density, apparent soil electrical conductivity (EC_a) and grain yield were recorded and mapped in a 3.5 ha winter wheat field during 2005 and 2006. A linear mixed model with an anisotropic spatial correlation structure was used to estimate the effect of soil characteristics, weed competition and herbicide treatment on crop yield. The results showed that all properties had a strong effect on grain yield. By adding herbicide costs and current grain price into the model, thresholds of weed density were derived for site-specific weed control. This experimental approach enables the variation of yield within agricultural fields to be explained, and an understanding of the effects on yield of the factors that affect it and their causal interactions to be gained. The approach can be applied to improve decision algorithms for the patch spraying of weeds.     

幼林化学控草抚育技术研究

试验探讨了在幼林抚育中使用森草净的适宜技术,开展了森草净不同剂量、喷施时间以及单独使用或与其他除草剂配比使用的控草效果。结果表明：不炼山造林的幼林在春季杂草萌芽前罩住幼树,进行带面喷施有效成份20～60ml/667m2的森草净,可有效地控制幼林地杂草。杂草萌芽后用一定剂量的森草净与草甘膦、森泰混合使用,结合劈草抚育,效果更佳。这种＂不炼山耙带造林、幼林化学控草抚育＂的新模式,既实现了幼林少耕,又极大地提高了林业的经济效益和生态效益。     

干旱胁迫对麦田茎叶型除草剂药效的影响

对麦喜、麦思达、巨星、快灭灵和好事达等5种茎叶型除草剂在麦田土壤干旱胁迫下的杀草速度和除草效果进行了研究。结果表明:5种除草剂的杀草速度及除草效果均在一定程度上受到土壤墒情的影响。用药前后土壤干旱可以使一些除草剂杀草速度变慢,除草效果明显降低。但不同除草剂受土壤干旱胁迫的影响程度不一样,其中麦思达和巨星受土壤干旱胁迫的影响较小,在用药前土壤相对含水量8.35％～9.03％时,用药后1周内浇水,仍可起到理想除草效果,药剂对杂草的鲜重防效达到92.6％～96.7％。而另外3种除草剂的药效受土壤干旱胁迫影响较大。     

茶园不同控草措施效果比较

[目的]探究不同茶园杂草防控措施的效果,寻找出成本低、效果佳、无污染的除草方式,为防控茶园草害发生及指导茶农科学除草提供技术支撑.[方法]以茶树自然生长为对照(CK),设套种绿豆(生物竞争)、人工除草(人工铲除)、剪枝覆盖(物理抑制)及喷施除草醋(化学清除)等4种不同控草处理,通过观测不同处理杂草数量、种类及株高等,计算杂草多样性指数,比较不同处理的杂草防除效果.[结果]试验区茶园共滋生杂草13科20属20种,4种不同控草措施对茶园杂草种类、数量、密度和株高均有不同程度的影响,茶园杂草种类减少1~8种,数量减幅16.62%~89.06%,密度抑制幅度4.18%~100.00%,除套种绿豆处理下个别草种株高呈现出增高的趋势外,其余处理对茶园杂草株高有明显的抑制作用.综合比较得出茶园杂草防控效果依次为除草醋>剪枝覆盖>人工除草>套种绿豆.[结论]喷施除草醋和剪枝覆盖处理对茶园杂草防控效果表现尤为突出,可在当前茶园生产实际中大力推广应用.     

Site-Specific Weed Control in Maize,Sugar Beet,Winter Wheat,and Winter Barley

A four-year study of site-specific weed control is presented in this paper. Weed seedling distribution was sampled and mapped prior to and after post-emergence herbicide application in four fields planted with maize, sugar beets, winter wheat and winter barley, rotating on one site. Herbicides and other weed control strategies were applied site-specifically according to the spatial variation of weed populations. Different decision algorithms were used for chemical weed control methods in each crop. A weed treatment map was created to direct location and dosage of herbicide application. The sprayer was coupled with a differential Global Positioning System (DGPS). The solenoid valves of the sprayer were opened automatically when the tractor entered a weed patch characterized in the weed treatment map. For site specific herbicide application, a patch sprayer was developed that allowed variable rate application and the selective control of each section of the spray boom.     

41％草甘膦异丙胺盐水剂防除北方苹果园杂草药效试验

41％草甘膦异丙胺盐水剂防除北方苹果园杂草药效试验结果表明,该药剂可有效防除北方苹果园的一生杂草及多年生杂草,且对果树安全,推荐使用剂量为1230-2460g a．i．／hm^2。于苹果园杂草旺盛生长期进行茎叶喷雾处理。     

47%莠去津·乙草胺·烟嘧磺隆悬浮剂防除玉米田杂草田间药效试验

采用田间小区试验方法,对47%莠去津·乙草胺·烟嘧磺隆悬浮剂苗后茎叶处理防除玉米田杂草进行药效试验。结果表明,47%莠去津.乙草胺.烟嘧磺隆悬浮剂对玉米田单、双子叶杂草均有较高防效,施药后45 d株防效为87.51%～93.58%,鲜重防效为87.29%～92.04%,随使用剂量增加,药效逐渐提高,而且对玉米生长发育无不良影响,产量与人工除草相当。     

无人机播前喷施除草剂防除棉田杂草效果评价

【目的】 分析不同喷药处理喷施33%二甲戊灵乳油对棉田杂草防效及棉花生长发育的影响,为棉田无人机播前喷施除草剂提供理论依据。【方法】 在新疆机采棉种植模式下,选择土壤封闭剂二甲戊灵为供试除草剂,设计播前无人机3个不同浓度喷药,车载喷药机喷药和不喷药5个处理,分析不同处理对棉田杂草防效及棉花生长发育的影响。【结果】 无人机喷施二甲戊灵进行棉田播前土壤处理,处理2(3 450 mL/hm²时)控草效果与车载喷药机处理相当,防治效果均达到94.00%,且显著好于不施药效果,出苗率均达59.71%,与不施药处理差异不显著。增加药剂浓度1 200 mL/hm²对棉花出苗有影响,出苗率降低7.54%,但差异不显著。无人机喷药处理株高、叶龄、地上部干物质重、叶面积指数与车载喷药机喷药处理间差异不显著,显著高于不喷药处理。【结论】 无人机喷施播前二甲戊灵浓度3 450 mL/hm²时与车载喷药机喷施浓度3 450 mL/hm²防草效果和棉花生长发育相当,可在大田推广使用。     

农田杂草对甲磺隆的抗性试验

 报道了1997～1998年两年间抗性观察圃施用除草剂甲磺隆后,杂草种类的变化,总趋势是杂草种类增多、多年生杂草上升。其中三叶鬼针草表现数量由少变多,植株高度随甲磺隆处理浓度加大而变矮的抗性变化现象。     

30%草甘膦钾盐水剂防除非耕地杂草田间药效评价

草甘膦是一种灭生性除草剂,具有高效、用量少、低毒、杀草谱广、使用时期灵活等优点.目前我国广泛使用的草甘膦制剂主要以异丙胺盐和铵盐为主,为探明草甘膦钾盐水剂的除草效果,用30%草甘膦钾盐水剂进行了非耕地杂草防除试验,试验设计采用随机区组排列,施药方法为茎叶处理.试验结果表明,30%草甘膦钾盐水剂对非耕地杂草有很好的防治效果,用药后15 d,对杂草的总防效在95%以上,推荐使用剂量为1 000~2 000 g/hm2.     

油-棉连作棉田油菜秸秆覆盖对棉田杂草发生及土壤杂草种子库的动态影响

在安徽省沿江棉区开展了油菜秸秆覆盖对棉田杂草发生、棉花生长及土壤杂草种子库影响的研究。结果表明,随着油菜秸秆覆盖量的增加,对棉田杂草的抑制效果增强。与未覆盖秸秆且不除草处理相比较,7000Kg/hm²秸秆覆盖量处理棉花单株铃数和子棉产量显著提高。7000Kg/hm²秸秆覆盖量处理在覆盖后30d、60d和120d逐步减少0-20cm土层杂草种子库密度,与全程除草剂处理较一致;随着覆盖量减少,对0-20cm土层杂草种子库密度降低幅度减小。全程除草剂处理降低0-5cm土层杂草种子库多样性,而油菜秸秆覆盖则可能增加0-5cm土层的杂草种子库多样性。3500Kg/hm²覆盖量+秸秆覆盖30d后喷施除草剂处理的抑草效果和增产效果与全程除草剂处理一致。因此,在安徽省沿江棉区油-棉连作棉田推荐使用3500Kg/hm²油菜秸秆覆盖量+秸秆覆盖30d后喷施除草剂。     

50%乙·二·扑乳油防除玉米田杂草药效试验

采用田间小区试验方法,进行了质量分数为50%乙·二·扑乳油播后苗前土壤封闭处理防除玉米田杂草药效试验。结果表明,50%乙·二·扑乳油对单、双子叶杂草均有较高防效,45d株总防效为78.68%～87.49%,鲜重总防效为77.07%～85.39%,随使用剂量增加,药效逐渐提高,而且对玉米出苗和生长发育无不良影响,增产幅度为11.79%～15.18%。     

A new vision-based approach to differential spraying in precision agriculture

One of the objectives of precision agriculture is to minimize the volume of herbicides by using site-specific weed management systems. To reach this goal, two major factors need to be considered: (1) the similarity of spectral signatures, shapes, and textures between weeds and crops and (2) irregular distribution of weeds within the crop. This paper outlines an automatic computer vision method for detecting Avena sterilis, a noxious weed growing in cereal crops, and differential spraying to control the weed. The proposed method determines the quantity and distribution of weeds in the crop fields and applies a decision-making strategy for selective spraying, which forms the main focus of the paper. The method consists of two stages: image segmentation and decision-making. The image segmentation process extracts cells from the image as the low-level units. The quantity and distribution of weeds in the cell are mapped as area and structural based attributes, respectively. From these attributes, a multicriteria decision-making approach under a fuzzy context allows us to decide whether any given cell needs to be sprayed. The method was compared with other existing strategies.     

烯草酮·草除灵防除油菜田杂草的效果

采用12%烯草酮·草除灵EC对油菜田一年生禾本科杂草及阔叶杂草的防除效果以及对油菜的安全性进行了试验.结果表明,施药30 d后,对冬季油菜田杂草的综合防效为94.62%～99.18%.90 d后防效仍维持在96%以上,优于单剂和人工除草,且对油菜安全.     

除草剂变量施药技术的研究现状与进展

除草剂的田间大面积均匀喷洒不仅造成了浪费,而且加剧了环境污染,作为精确农业关键技术的除草剂的变量施药能够精确地对准杂草喷洒除草剂,从而有效地减少除草剂用量,降低了农业生产成本、减轻了环境污染压力。文章介绍了基于颜色、形状、纹理、光谱、位置特征的计算机视觉杂草识别技术;给出了变量施药技术的概念和介绍了变量施药技术的国内和国外的研究概况,并探讨了该技术的实施难点和未来研究发展方向。     

Broad-scale cruciferous weed patch classification in winter wheat using QuickBird imagery for in-season site-specific control

This article explores the potential use of multi-spectral high-spatial resolution QuickBird imagery to detect cruciferous weed patches in winter wheat fields. In the present study, research was conducted on six individual naturally infested fields (field-scale study: field area ranging between 3 and 52 ha) and on a QuickBird-segmented winter wheat image (broad-scale study: area covering approximately 263 winter wheat fields, approximately 2 656 ha) located in the province of Córdoba (southern Spain). To evaluate the feasibility of mapping cruciferous weed patches in both the field-scale and broad-scale studies, two supervised classification methods were used: the Maximum likelihood classifier (MLC) and vegetation indices. Then, the best classification methods were selected to develop in-season site-specific cruciferous weed patch treatment maps. The analysis showed that cruciferous weed patches were accurately discriminated in both field-scale and broad-scale scenarios. Thus, considering the broad-scale study, classification accuracies of 91.3 and 89.45 % were obtained using the MLC and blue/green (B/G) vegetation indices, respectively. The site-specific treatment maps obtained from the best classifiers indicated that there is a great potential for reducing herbicide use through in-season, cruciferous weed patch site-specific control on both a field-scale and broad-scale. For example, it can be determined that by applying site-specific treatment maps on a broad-scale, herbicide savings of 61.31 % for the no-treatment areas and 13.02 % for the low-dose herbicide areas were obtained.