Applications of Trichoderma formulations in crop protection

The choice of active Trichoderma strains is important in designing effective and safe biocontrol applications. Many species of Trichoderma have multiple strategies for fungal antagonism and indirect effects on plant health, such as growth promotion, systemic resistance induction and fertility improvements. Some strains are powerful antibiotic producers, and their suitability for use in biocontrol systems must be carefully assessed. However, many other active strains have no antibiotic cap…     

浅谈持续农业的内容和持续植保

论述了持续农业的发展历程、内容、概念和特点,比较了持续农业和现代常规农业的区别,在此基础上对持续农业下植物保护的内容、任务做了详细分析,指出持续植保是农业可持续发展的根本保证。     

作物种质资源流失与保护

随着生物技术的迅猛发展,生物种质资源作为国家重要的战略物资,不仅在解决粮食、健康和环境等方面的问题上发挥着重要作用,且由于其巨大的经济价值,已经成为国际社会的“淘金场”。为此介绍了遗传资源的基本知识,对中国遗传资源的现状、有关生物种质资源遭受破坏和流失渠道的问题进行了分析,并提出了完善中国种质遗传资源保护的对策和建议。     

植保机械用容积式泵工作性能测试系统方案设计

植保机械用容积式泵主要用于经济林木和大田作物的药物喷洒,也可用于日常清洗及卫生消毒等领域。基于行业发展和检测能力提升的要求,研制具备较高自动化和智能化水平的工作性能测试系统已成为必然。容积式泵工作性能指标包括容积效率和总效率,是设计测试系统的依据和目的。测试系统主要设计内容包括具备空间多自由度的通用安装平台、高精度的质量法流量计量装置及采用传感器和计算机技术的控制系统,并给出测试系统中工作性能和拟合曲线数学模型。     

Soil heterogeneity at the field scale: a challenge for precision crop protection

Crop protection seldom takes into account soil heterogeneity at the field scale. Yet, variable site characteristics affect the incidence of pests as well as the efficacy and fate of pesticides in soil. This article reviews crucial starting points for incorporating soil information into precision crop protection (PCP). At present, the lack of adequate field maps is a major drawback. Conventional soil analyses are too expensive to capture soil heterogeneity at the field scale with the required spatial resolution. Therefore, we discuss alternative procedures exemplified by our own results concerning (i) minimally and non-invasive sensor techniques for the estimation of soil properties, (ii) the evidence of soil heterogeneity with respect to PCP, and (iii) current possibilities for incorporation of high resolution soil information into crop protection decisions. Soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil texture are extremely interesting for PCP. Their determination with minimally invasive techniques requires the sampling of soils, because the sensors must be used in the laboratory. However, this technique delivers precise information at low cost. We accurately determined SOC in the near-infrared. In the mid-infrared, texture and lime content were also exactly quantified. Non-invasive sensors require less effort. The airborne HyMap sensor was suitable for the detection of variability in SOC at high resolution, thus promising further progress regarding SOC data acquisition from bare soil. The apparent electrical conductivity as measured by an EM38 sensor was shown to be a suitable proxy for soil texture and layering. A survey of arable fields near Bonn (Germany) revealed widespread within-field heterogeneity of texture-related ECa, SOC and other characteristics. Maps of herbicide sorption and application rate were derived from sensor data, showing that optimal herbicide dosage is strongly governed by soil variability. A phytoassay with isoproturon confirmed the reliability of spatially varied herbicide application rates. Mapping areas with an enhanced leaching risk within fields allows them to be kept free of pesticides with related regulatory restrictions. We conclude that the use of information on soil heterogeneity within the concept of PCP is beneficial, both economically and ecologically.     

Improved crop protection and biodiversity of the agroecosystem by reduced tillage in rice paddy fields in southern China

Agricultural sustainability has benefited from the broad adoption of conservation agriculture(CA) practices for decades,in which the reduction of mechanical disturbances to soil(also known as reduced tillage, RT) is one of the most essential principles for CA implementation. Many studies have recommended the advantages of CA practices in the promotion of biodiversity, but the integrated impacts on crop productivity and biodiversity remain unclear. Since CA has been applied in rice production in ...     

Smoke modified environment for crop frost protection: a fuzzy logic approach

During cold weather conditions, there is a high possibility that many crops or planted fields will be damaged due to frost, especially during cloudless cold nights. As it is well known the soil stores energy gained from the sun during the day light time. During cloudless cold nights the soil starts to loss this stored energy, and the soil surface temperature starts to drop less than the ambient temperature. When the soil surface temperature becomes around 0 °C the planted corps starts to freeze. This frost problem can highly damage the crops, or affect the crops growth process which leads to great financial losses for the agriculture sector.In this research a new intelligent agriculture controlled environment is presented based on a fuzzy logic system for frost protection in an open field environment by using a smoke generator or burner and a set of distributed wireless sensor nodes. The presented system can also be integrated with the available cell phone network in the farmer's region, so that the farmer can easily monitor and operate more than one field at a time from his home through his cell phone.The demonstrated simulation results over an examined field, have confirmed the ability of the new system to handle the frost problem at critical situations during cold weather condition by maintaining the soil surface temperature above the freezing point and saving the field crops from being damaged.     

Methodical approaches to the definition and optimization of criteria of soil protection efficiency of crop rotation in the regions exposed to deflation

This paper shows the directions of optimization and methods for determining the ecological and economic parameters that characterize the protective properties of crop rotations in areas with dust storms. The calculation algorithm, mathematical apparatus, and information-reference base are given. Their application permits crop rotations to be formed as early as the stage of design with the least loss of soil and costs for fertility restoration.     

农业节水技术采纳行为的影响因素——基于保护动机理论和跨理论模型

为探讨认知因素在农户农业节水行为形成过程中发挥的作用,基于保护动机理论和行为变化的跨理论模型分析框架,运用广义有序logit回归模型实证分析了农户认知因素对节水技术采纳行为的影响。结果表明:1)农户认知对农业节水技术采纳行为意向具有统计显著影响。高感知严重性、感知脆弱性、自我效能和反应效能将导致更高水平的农业节水技术行为意向;回报因子和反应成本对农户节水技术采纳行为意向具有显著负向影响。2)农户所处的行为阶段不同,各认知因素对农业节水技术采用决策的影响存在异质性,对于处于预思考阶段农户,保护动机模型变量均是影响其行为意向的激励因素;对于处于沉思阶段的农户,感知脆弱性、自我效能和反应成本是影响其行为意向的主要动机;处于准备阶段的农户受感知脆弱性、回报因子和反应效能的影响较大;而对于处于行动阶段的农户,感知严重性、感知脆弱性、反应成本和回报因子是促使其持续采用农业节水技术的关键预测因子。因此,政府应根据农户不同的意愿行为阶段制定针对性、差别化的激励策略,从而促进农户农业节水技术采纳行为意向。     

连续秸秆还田对作物产量和土壤养分的影响

5年连续秸秆还田定位试验结果表明，在施用化肥或不施化肥前提下，秸秆还田对作物产量和土壤有机质含量提高均较为明显，土壤全氮，速效磷含量也有提高；而速效钾含量虽比秸秆不还田处理提高，但比试验前有所下降，因此，连续秸秆还田还须适当增加钾肥的施用量，才能满足作物高产需求，达到土壤钾素平衡。     

种植规模、环保认知与环境友好型农业技术采用——基于洱海流域上游农户的调查数据

为探索洱海流域农业面源污染微观治理机制,了解种植户的生产规模和他们的环保认知是否促进环境友好型农业技术的的推广应用,基于洱海流域上游397个水稻种植户的问卷调查数据,利用负二项回归模型,对农户采用环境友好型农业技术行为的影响因素进行分析。结果表明,规模经营和环保认知提升能显著促进农户采纳多种环境友好型农业技术。与种植规模相比,环保认知对环保型农业技术采用的影响较大。此外,农户改善生活环境的意愿也有助于采用农业技术。     

Intra-household processes and the adoption of hedgerow intercropping

Although on-farm research in severalparts of Africa suggests positive prospects for theadoption of hedgerow intercropping, this paper arguesthat the implications of intra-household processeshave not been considered in sufficient details. Suchinformation is necessary for targeting the technologyto specific socio-cultural localities and categoriesof producers and for anticipating adoption trends.Based on three case materials, two from southernNigeria and one from western Kenya, it examines howthe gender division of labor, decision-making, andareas of responsibility and inter-generational landallocation patterns determine that the interests andneeds of certain household members are met, often atthe expense of others. The tendency of agriculturalresearchers to ignore the intra-household dimension isattributed to the frequent absence of sociologists andanthropologists as integral members of research teamsand the use of research methodologies that areinappropriate for uncovering the complexities ofintra-household issues.     

An experimental study of homophily in the adoption of health behavior

How does the composition of a population affect the adoption of health behaviors and innovations? Homophily--similarity of social contacts--can increase dyadic-level influence, but it can also force less healthy individuals to interact primarily with one another, thereby excluding them from interactions with healthier, more influential, early adopters. As a result, an important network-level effect of homophily is that the people who are most in need of a health innovation may be among the least likely to adopt it. Despite the importance of this thesis, confounding factors in observational data have made it difficult to test empirically. We report results from a controlled experimental study on the spread of a health innovation through fixed social networks in which the level of homophily was independently varied. We found that homophily significantly increased overall adoption of a new health behavior, especially among those most in need of it.     

Physicochemical properties of chernozem and crop productivity in primary tillage systems in crop rotation

It is shown that, in a nine-course grain-sugar beet crop rotation, a combined tillage system (non-moldboard for cereals and moldboard for row crops)with annual application of 5 tons of manure and N₅₃P₅₆K₅₃ per hectare of rotation area restrains deterioration of the physicochemical properties of chernozem. The yield of all crops in the rotation increases.     

电泳技术在作物品种鉴定中的应用

对电泳技术的原理和分类、电泳方法及其在不同作物品种中的应用进行了综述,阐明了电泳技术将以其不可替代的优势成为作物品种鉴定的主流方法。     

Determinants of adoption and adoption intensity of precision agriculture technologies: evidence from South Dakota

Precision Agriculture - Precision agriculture technologies (PATs) are promoted as part of both economically efficient and environmentally sustainable agriculture practices. Available PATs are...     

作物虫害控制的研究进展

本文从作物虫害控制的观念、方法的形成、发展历史及现状进行了系统阐述,并在此基础上探索了其发展的趋势。     

台湾农作物育种动态与闽台良种合作

从农作物种源收集与利用,品种权保护措施,水稻、果树育种现状,农作物育种技术趋势4个方面介绍、分析台湾种业动态;并从加强农业种原及育种技术交流合作、制定以知识产权制度为导向的农业科技创新与合作机制、构建良种引进驯化推广技术服务机制3方面提出加强闽台种业合作,促进两岸共赢的对策建议。     

头季稻与再生稻的品质比较研究

对20个水稻品种（组合）头季稻与再生稻的碾米品质、蒸煮品质、外观品质及营养品质进行了分析.结果表明,除精米粒形（长宽比）头季稻与再生稻无多大变化外,糙米率、垩白粒率、垩白度头季稻均高于再生稻,而糊化温度的碱消值则低于再生稻;头季稻与再生稻的精米率、整精米率、胶稠度、直链淀粉含量及蛋白质含量品种（组合）间存在明显差异,但大多数品种（组合）再生稻的精米率、整精米率比头季稻高,而直链淀粉和蛋白质含量则比头季稻低;总体评价是再生稻的米质比头季稻好.