Correction to: Identifying crop yield gaps with site- and season-specific data-driven models of yield potential

Precision Agriculture -     

Independence of yield potential and crop nitrogen response

Crop yield level and nitrogen (N) responsiveness influence the demand for fertilizer. If they were found to be unrelated, this would justify using a combination of both for determining fertilizer N requirements. Failure to understand the independence of crop response to N and yield level has led to confusion as to what theory is appropriate for making N fertilizer rate recommendations. The sufficiency approach applies a fixed rate of N at a computed sufficiency level, regardless of yield potential. Alternatively, mid-season optical sensor estimates of yield potential and crop response to additional N provide a physiological basis to estimate N removal and a biologically based N application rate. This study investigated the relationship between grain yield and response to N in long-term wheat and corn experiments. No relationship between response to N and grain yield was found. There was also no relationship between yield and year at two of three sites. Finally, there was no relationship between response to N and year at any site. Because yield and response to N were consistently independent of one another, and as both affect the demand for fertilizer N, estimates of both should be combined to calculate realistic in-season N rates.     

Closing crop yield and efficiency gaps for food security and sustainable agriculture

正The world population is estimated to reach 10 billion by 2050. The rise in population coupled with improving living standards will require a doubling of the crop yield to fulfill food demand and livestock feed, which means crop yield will need to increase by 60–110% between 2005 and 2050(Tilman et al. 2011).     

不同林农复合经营模式对作物生长和产量的影响

【目的】分析不同林农复合经营模式下树冠对作物生长的影响,为当地选取合理的林农复合经营模式提供理论依据。【方法】以苏北沿海平原杨树-农、水杉-农复合经营模式为研究对象,根据林龄和株行距的不同,选择8种复合模式,分析不同林农复合经营模式中,随季节变化林分的叶面积指数、透光率的变化规律,以及林下作物不同生育期叶面积指数、光截获量、生物量、产量及其构成因子的变化。【结果】2011-04-11,各林农复合经营模式下林分的叶面积指数变化先升高后下降,透光率变化趋势与LAI恰好相反。在小麦开花期,对照田小麦LAI达到最大值,为5.72,光截获量在开花灌浆期达最大,与对照比值最大达0.808;在大豆结荚期LAI达到最大值,为1.37,在结荚期,大豆光截获量达到最大值,其中对照为1 472.550mol/m2。在小麦孕穗期,不同样地小麦生物量为1.066～2.458kg/m2,差异不明显,随着小麦灌浆、成熟,各样地小麦生物量差异越来越明显,其中成熟期在2.265～5.305kg/m2;大豆成熟期,各样地大豆生物量差异比结荚期显著,不同模式生物量在229.705～419.085g/m2。小麦有效穗数、穗粒数、千粒质量与产量都达到极显著相关,C(15a,3m×12m,杨-麦复合)、D(15a,3m×16m,杨-麦复合)模式产量及其构成因子较低,B(5a,3m×16m,杨-麦复合),G(5a,3m×16m,水杉-麦)产量分别为2 864.30,2 937.67kg/hm2,高于对照(2 813.95kg/hm2)。不同模式大豆产量差异显著,G(5a,3 m×16 m,水杉-大豆)的产量为1 664.73kg/hm2,与对照最接近,在各个构成因子中,有效粒数与产量的相关关系最大,为0.994。【结论】在林农复合经营模式下,树冠遮阴会对作物产量产生影响,其中小麦减产较少,大豆影响较大,且较大林龄、较小株行距的林分影响显著。     

论作物生产系统产量分析的理论模式及其发展

作物产量分析对于指导作物育种和栽培实践具有重要意义.对现行作物产量分析方法(产量构成因素分析、生长与物质生产分析、源库分析)进行了评述,结合当今作物生产发展形势指出了这些方法在应用中存在的问题.同时,从资源限制下高产高效的要求出发,提出了基于资源利用效率的作物产量分析模式,并对其应用进行了探讨.     

Improving in-season estimation of rice yield potential and responsiveness to topdressing nitrogen application with Crop Circle active crop canopy sensor

In-season site-specific nitrogen (N) management is a promising strategy to improve crop N use efficiency and reduce risks of environmental contamination. To successfully implement such precision management strategies, it is important to accurately estimate yield potential without additional topdressing N application (YP₀) as well as precisely assess the responsiveness to additional N application (RI) during the growing season. Previous research has mainly used normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) or ratio vegetation index (RVI) obtained from GreenSeeker active crop canopy sensor with two fixed bands in red and near-infrared (NIR) spectrums to estimate these two parameters. The development of three-band Crop Circle active sensor provides a potential to improve in-season estimation of YP₀ and RI. The objectives of this study were twofold: (1) identify important vegetation indices obtained from Crop Circle ACS-470 sensor for estimating rice YP₀ and RI; and (2) evaluate their potential improvements over GreenSeeker NDVI and RVI. Four site-years of field N rate experiments were conducted in 2012 and 2013 at the Jiansanjiang Experiment Station of China Agricultural University located in Northeast China. The GreenSeeker and Crop Circle ACS-470 active canopy sensor with green, red edge, and NIR bands were used to collect rice canopy reflectance data at different key growth stages. The results indicated that both the GreenSeeker (best R² = 0.66 and 0.70, respectively) and Crop Circle (best R² = 0.71 and 0.77, respectively) sensors worked well for estimating YP₀ and RI at the stem elongation stage. At the booting stage, Crop Circle red edge optimized soil adjusted vegetation index (REOSAVI, R² = 0.82) and green ratio vegetation index (R² = 0.73) explained 26 and 22 % more variability in YP₀ and RI, respectively, than GreenSeeker NDVI or RVI. At the heading stage, the GreenSeeker sensor indices became saturated and consequently could not be used for YP₀ or RI estimation, while Crop Circle REOSAVI and normalized green index could still explain more than 70 % of YP₀ and RI variability. It is concluded that both sensors performed similarly at the stem elongation stage, but significantly better results were obtained by the Crop Circle sensor at the booting and heading stages. Furthermore, the results revealed that Crop Circle green band-based vegetation indices performed well for RI estimation while the red edge-based vegetation indices were the best for estimating YP₀ at later growth stages.     

Evidence of dependence between crop vigor and yield

A recent paper in Precision Agriculture concluded that algorithms to calculate in-season fertilizer nitrogen (N) recommendations need to include yield and fertilizer response considerations because grain yield and yield response index are independent of each other. The authors used maximum and zero N yields from selected long-term wheat and maize studies to support their conclusion. Yields from plots receiving intermediate N rates in the maize study indicated a probable dependence between grain yield and yield response index, which is contrary to the authors’ conclusions. Data from a more recent, long-term irrigated maize study on a similar soil type were used to illustrate that grain yield and yield response index are definitely dependent on each other and further that the in-season sensor-based sufficiency index is highly correlated with relative yield. The implication is that a yield component, as such, does not necessarily need to be included in development of an in-season N recommendation algorithm.     

Potato and oat yield in short-cycle crop rotation with zeolite application

Data are given on the use of the zeolite clinoptilolite when growing potatoes in a short-cycle crop rotation. A positive effect of zeolite in a dose of 2.5 and 5 t/ha locally against the background of N₉₀P₉₀K₉₀ or 10 t/ha with uniform application against a background of N₉₀P₉₀K₉₀ and N₁₂₀P₉₀K₉₀ to the first crop (potatoes) is established. The use of zeolite allows reducing the basic fertilizer dose by 25% and growing annual grasses without fertilizers in the second and third years after its application.     

Wastewater irrigation and crop yield: A meta-analysis

Although wastewater irrigation in agriculture could be a potential adaptation to water scarcity, its effect on crop yield varies in the literature, making it difficult to evaluate its role in global food security comprehensively. Using agronomic experiment data from 62 studies between 1987 and 2021, we employ a meta-analysis to analyze the factors contributing to the heterogeneous effects of wastewater irrigation on crop yield. Our findings can be summarized as (1) the mean yield growth effect of wastewater irrigation is 19.7%; (2) domestic and breeding wastewater irrigation could significantly increase crop yield, while industrial wastewater has a negative effect although not significant; (3) high nutrients concentration of domestic wastewater is significantly positively correlated with crop yield; (4) agronomic experiment designs in terms of field experiment, experiment times, and fertilizer use could contribute to the divergent crop yield effects across the studies; (5) there is a publication bias of the research results between the English and Chinese literature; (6) the literature mainly sheds light on the short-run effect, and the long-run impact shall be an important research question in the future.     

有机肥施用增产效益研究

施用有机肥能增加作物产量,试验表明:在中稻生长过程中,增施有机肥有明显的增产效果,比对照(未施有机肥)增产约11%;在芋头膨大期重施肥效丰富的腐熟有机肥,对提高芋头产量有显著作用;在甘蔗生长过程中施加有机肥,能改善土壤理化环境,增加有机质,提高土壤通气性,促进根系旺盛生长,从而增加产量。建议生产上大力推广使用有机肥。     

Development of an in-season estimate of yield potential utilizing optical crop sensors and soil moisture data for winter wheat

When utilizing optical sensors to make in-season agronomic recommendations in winter wheat, one parameter often required is the in-season grain yield potential at the time of sensing. Current estimates use an estimate of biomass, such as normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and growing degree days (GDDs) from planting to NDVI data collection. The objective of this study was to incorporate soil moisture data to improve the ability to predict final grain yield in-season. Crop NDVI, GDDs that were adjusted based upon if there was adequate water for crop growth, and the amount of soil profile (0–0.80 m) water were incorporated into a multiple linear regression model to predict final grain yield. Twenty-two site-years of N fertility trials with in-season grain yield predictions for growth stages ranging from Feekes 3 to 10 were utilized to calibrate the model. Three models were developed: one for all soil types, one for loamy soil textured sites, and one for coarse soil textured sites. The models were validated with 11 independent site-years of NDVI and weather data. The results indicated there was no added benefit to having separate models based upon soil types. Typically, the models that included soil moisture, more accurately predicted final grain yield. Across all site years and growth stages, yield prediction estimates that included soil moisture had an R² = 0.49, while the current model without a soil moisture adjustment had an R² = 0.40.     

作物光合作用的遗传与产量改良

本文综述了近30年来作物叶绿素含量和净光合速率的遗传研究结果，以及转基因C3作物在改良单叶光合速率方面的最新进展。表明经济系数较高、叶面积指数较大的水稻等C3作物，依靠常规育种技术和分子育种技术相结合，进一步提高产量具有很大的潜力。     

连续秸秆还田对作物产量和土壤养分的影响

5年连续秸秆还田定位试验结果表明，在施用化肥或不施化肥前提下，秸秆还田对作物产量和土壤有机质含量提高均较为明显，土壤全氮，速效磷含量也有提高；而速效钾含量虽比秸秆不还田处理提高，但比试验前有所下降，因此，连续秸秆还田还须适当增加钾肥的施用量，才能满足作物高产需求，达到土壤钾素平衡。     

作物单产预测方法研究进展

产量预测一直是各国普遍关心的课题，经过多年研究，现在已经形成农学预测方法、统计预测方法、经济学预测方法、气象预测方法、遥感预测方法等多种预测方法。本文综合分析了各种方法的出发点及原理，讨论了各种方法的优势和局限性，结合各方法的特点，认为在探索作物产量形成机制的基础上，以遥感作为主要信息获取手段，辅以气象信息和农学信息等其他参量，建立准确反映产量形成规律的综合估产模型，进行产量预测已成为大面积估产的发展方向。     

Biological aspects of crop yield formation in serviceberry

The results of study of the morphophysiological components of productivity in serviceberry variety samples are presented. These results revealed that the species A. canadensis, Slayt, and A. alnifolia feature a high level of morphostructural components of productivity under the conditions of the Central Black Earth zone. Intensive processes of photosynthesis take place in A. canadensis.     

生物质炭对土壤性状和作物产量的影响

综述了生物质炭(biomass charcoal)对土壤性状和作物产量的影响.生物质炭化后与木炭相似,耐降解,可提高土壤碳库容量,减少温室气体排放.同时炭具有很大的表面积,持水性、吸附性均较强.在一定量下,施炭可增加土壤阴、阳离子交换量、吸附氮、磷及矿物离子,减少养分损失,在一定范围内,普遍能增加作物生物量和产量,因此认为生物质炭还田是提高土壤肥力、增加碳封存时间的有效途径.     

砒砂岩与沙混合比例及作物种植季数对复配土壤性质和作物产量的影响

【目的】探讨砒砂岩与沙不同混合比例及作物种植季数对复配土壤理化性状和作物产量的影响,为促进毛乌素沙地土地的可持续利用提供理论依据。【方法】2010-2011年,在陕西省富平县采用二因素随机试验设计,将砒砂岩与沙按不同体积比(1∶1,1∶2,1∶5)混合后,分别于第1季作物(玉米、大豆、马铃薯)和第2季作物(小麦、马铃薯)收获后,对土壤质地、水稳性团聚体含量、有机质含量及作物产量进行测定,分析砒砂岩与沙不同混合比例及作物种植季数对测定指标的影响。【结果】1)随拌沙比例和作物种植季数的增加,复配土壤耕层砂粒比例增加粉粒和黏粒比例减少;随作物种植季数的增加,复配土壤耕层质地趋于砂质化,粉粒和黏粒向土壤下层运移;2)砒砂岩与沙1∶1复配土壤的水稳性团聚体含量明显高于砒砂岩与沙1∶2和1∶5复配土壤;随着作物种植季数的增加土壤有机质含量呈增大趋势,而砒砂岩与沙混合比例对土壤有机质含量的影响不明显;3)砒砂岩与沙混合比例和作物种类对复配土壤作物产量影响明显,总体上表现为1∶2和1∶5复配土壤的作物产量较高。【结论】复配土壤耕层质地随作物种植季数的增加趋于砂质化;砒砂岩与沙1∶1复配土壤具有较高的水稳性团聚体和有机质含量,且随作物种植季数的增加而增大;玉米、大豆和冬小麦适宜在砒砂岩与沙1∶2复配土壤上种植,马铃薯适宜在砒砂岩与沙1∶5复配土壤上种植。     

作物生产潜力研究现状与趋势

文章介绍了作物生产潜力的概念、研究历史、发展现状及一些常用的生产潜力估算方法,并认为作物动态生长模型与3S的结合将成为研究作物生产潜力的发展方向。     

开荒作物对后茬作物产量、杂草群落及土壤理化性质的影响

【目的】探讨传统农业中利用芝麻作为开荒作物的作用机理。【方法】采用大田种植方式,在南方红壤新垦荒地以芝麻作为先锋作物,大豆和玉米作为对照,调查不同作物对后茬作物玉豆和萝卜产量、土壤理化性质以及田间杂草的影响。【结果】新垦荒地种植芝麻对后茬玉豆和萝卜单株产量增产率分别为44.25%和148.48%;对土壤p H、有机碳和速效磷含量有增加效应,使土壤碱解氮和速效钾分别减少了89.93%和47.95%;种植芝麻后未发现原生境中的杂草粗耳草,但出现优势杂草凹头苋和三叶鬼针草;杂草种类和生物量受后茬作物种类的影响差异较大,其中芝麻-自然长草处理杂草种类为5.67种,与芝麻-萝卜处理11.67种和芝麻-玉豆处理10种相比差异达显著水平,杂草的地上部净质量为萝卜(1 639.13 g·m~(-2))玉豆(976.89 g·m~(-2))自然长草(944.13 g·m~(-2));芝麻-长草与长草-长草处理相比,杂草种类由4种增加到5.67种,但杂草生物量由2 698.6 g·m~(-2)减少到944.13 g·m~(-2)。【结论】芝麻可以提高后茬作物产量,对杂草的生长有抑制作用,适宜作为开荒作物。芝麻凋落物和残茬易腐解,导致土壤有机质和速效磷增加,这可能是后茬作物增产的主要原因。