杉木火力楠混交林与杉木纯林土壤碳氮库研究

通过实地调查取样和室内C、N元素分析仪的测定,比较了杉木纯林与杉木火力楠混交林的土壤碳库及垂直分布差异,结果显示:混交林的土壤有机碳含量比纯林高,其有机碳贮量比杉木纯林大17.57%,主要差异在枯枝落叶层,分别为3.620 t.hm-2和12.610 t.hm-2。有机碳富集指数20~40 cm差异最大,混交林富集指数是纯林的1.18倍。混交林土壤有机碳贮量(79.460 t.hm-2)大于杉木纯林(67.583 t.hm-2),且均以表层(0~20 cm)碳贮量为主。混交林的全氮含量高于纯林,C/N则低于纯林。这些差异主要是由不同林分凋落物数量和性质上的差异引起的。杉木和火力楠混交林比杉木纯林更有利于碳的贮存,人工造林应多发展混交林。     

琉球松-琉球木荷混交林生长及其土壤特性的研究

对日本亚热带琉球松 -琉球木荷混交林的生长特性及其对土壤理化性质的影响进行了较为系统的研究。结果表明 :与纯松林相比 ,混交林生长优势显著 ;林分胸高断面积提高 6 3 3%～ 113 3% ;蓄积量提高 1～ 2倍。树高胸径关系分析结果表明混交林中松树个体的高生长得到显著促进 ,其树高生长量比纯林提高 4 6 0 %。混交林地表凋落物层蓄积量平均为 9 81Mg·hm- 2 ,仅为纯松林的 5 6 0 % ,其分解常数 (k)平均为 0 2 0 ,而纯林则高达0 4 6。凋落物层养分贮量除Zn略高于纯林 (11 1% )外 ,混交林均显著低于纯松林 ,约为纯林的 5 7 1% (N)～ 86 2 %(Mn)。混交林土壤理化性质得到明显改善 ,土壤总孔隙度提高 ,保水性能及土壤水分状况比纯松林优越 ;土壤有机质、全氮及有效磷含量均明显高于纯林土壤。     

川西亚高山针叶林与针阔混交林凋落量及养分归还动态

本文选择川西亚高山针叶纯林和针阔混交林作为研究对象,并于2007年7月～12月采用收集框法研究了森林凋落物量以及N、P、K养分归还量。结果表明,混交林凋落量(2 090.47 kg·hm-2)比针叶林凋落量(1 189.59kg.hm-2)高出43%,林分凋落动态和归还动态呈单峰型,其高峰都出现在10月份。混交林中阔叶对凋落量的贡献达69%。同时,阔叶的养分归还量大于针叶的养分归还量。混交林和针叶林养分归还量都表现为N﹥K﹥P,针阔混交林凋落物养分归还量大于针叶林。在川西亚高山地区针阔混交林比针叶纯林具有更强的自肥能力。     

马尾松林下补植阔叶树后森林凋落物量、养分含量及周转时间的变化

在25年生的马尾松林下分别补植拉氏栲、青栲、闽粤栲、格氏栲和苦槠,形成针阔混交异龄林。补植16年后,对上述5种混交林类型及马尾松纯林的森林凋落物量、养分含量及周转时间进行研究。上述5个混交群落和马尾松纯林的年凋落物量分别为6149·1、7533·2、6741·1、7151·5、8041·7和3442·8kg·hm-2。各混交群落总凋落物量的季节动态呈双峰型,第1次峰值出现在2—4月份,第2次峰值出现在8、9月份。在凋落物组成中,枯叶占绝对优势,占凋落物总量的50%~71%,其余依次为枯枝6%~26%、树皮9%~19%、果实和其他组分5%~17%。各混交群落中来自马尾松的凋落物占50%~58%,来自阔叶树的凋落物占42%~50%,且两者的组成有明显差异。凋落物各组分的养分含量存在较大差异,N、P、K、Ca、Mg的含量范围分别为3·25~12·98、0·24~0·97、0·37~6·55、12·77~35·40、2·35~6·10g·kg-1。各林分类型凋落物中养分元素的年归还总量为Ca>N>Mg>K>P。5个混交林群落及马尾松纯林凋落物中的养分年归还总量分别为238·05、213·77、223·93、289·90、304·12和142·01kg·hm-2。6个群落的森林地被物现存量分别为8448·0、15565·8、11993·7、12718·6、6974·2和5020·0kg·hm-2,其中L层在各群落中所占比例分别为47·2%、59·6%、51·3%、61·0%、85·4%及86·3%,平均为61·7%。森林地被物中各养分元素的含量在群落和组分之间存在明显差异,但总的趋势表现为Ca>N>Mg>K>P。最后,通过对年凋落量和林地凋落物积累量的比较分析,上述6个群落的凋落物周转时间预测值依次为0·76、1·42、0·97、1·17、0·84及1·52年,其中枯枝的周转时间明显大于枯叶,且马尾松的枯叶和枯枝的周转时间普遍大于阔叶树。     

柠檬桉马尾松混交林效益的初步研究

通过连续8年对柠檬桉马尾松混交林和马尾松纯林的定位观测看出,混交林在森林群落冠层截留量和凋落物量、林地枯枝落叶层现存量与持水量、土壤蓄水和土壤肥力等方面均比纯林增加,并有改善林内的小气候条件、减少地表径流和泥沙流失量及提高林木单位面积产量的作用。     

杉木人工林凋落物量及其分解过程中碳的释放率

根据定位观测的数据,探讨了杉木人工林凋落物量及其分解过程中碳素释放率.结果表明,14～16年生杉木人工林平均每年约有1 201.24 kg*hm-2凋落物,其中以针叶为最多,占凋落物总量的69.8%,其次是小枝,占24.54%,落果和其它碎屑物质仅占5.63%.不同组分的碳素含量高低顺序排列为:针叶＞落果＞碎屑＞枯枝,变异系数在3.36%～8.24%之间.针叶、枯枝的碳素含量均随时间的推移而下降,而其释放率均随时间的推移而增大,针叶中碳素的释放速率明显高于枯枝中碳素的释放速率.凋落物中碳素的释放规律与总干物质的分解速度并不完全一致.杉木人工林年凋落物碳素释放量约为149.25 kg·hm-2a-1,占凋落时碳素量(548.24 kg·hm-2a-1)的27.22%.经一年的分解后,针叶释放碳素量为120.12 kg·hm-2a-1,占总释放量的81.03%,枯枝、落果及其它碎屑释放碳素量为29.13 kg·hm-2a-1,占总释放量的18.97%.     

重庆铁山坪马尾松林生态系统碳贮量及其分配特征

分析重庆铁山坪46年(42～51年)生马尾松次生林的生物量、碳贮量及其空间分布特征.结果表明:马尾松林生物量为142.06 t·hm-2,乔木层(89.91%)＞灌木层(5.61%)＞枯枝落叶层(2.98%)＞草本层(1.50%);马尾松林生态系统的总有机碳贮量为197.78 t·nn-2,乔木层为76.06 t·hm-2(38.45%),灌木层为3.55 t·hm-2(1.79%),草本层为0.88 t·hm-2(0.44%),现存凋落物层为2.34 t.hm-2(1.17%),土壤层为114.96 t·hm-2(58.13%);马尾松各器官的碳贮量与其生物量成正比,树干的碳贮量最高,占乔木层碳贮量的75.06%;马尾松林年净生物量增长量为9.01 t·hm-2a-2,年净固碳量为4.49 t·hm-2a-2,折合成CO2为16.46 t·Inn-2a-1.     

嘉陵江上游低山暴雨区3种林分凋落物量及其N、P归还

通过对广元低山暴雨区湿地松（Pinus eliottii Engelm）纯林、刺槐（Robinia pseudoacacia）纯林、湿地松与刺槐混交林（mixed stands of Pinus eliottii and Robinia pseudoacacia）3种人工林凋落物量与养分归还的研究表明,3种林分的年凋落量范围在3609．6kg·hm^-2·a^-1到4917．6kg·hm^-2·a^-1,除刺槐林外,湿地松林和混交林均以叶的凋落量占优势,分刺占各自总凋落量的87．45％、55％。湿地松纯林凋落量1a中出现3次峰值（5月、7月、11月或12月）。刺槐纯林出现两次峰值（7月、11月或12月）,混交林与刺槐纯林相似。3种林分N、P的年归还量均以刺槐林最大,湿地松纯林最小,这与凋落物总量的大小排序相反。通过凋落物各组分的养分归还中,落叶的归还量占主体。3种林分相比,湿地松林和混交林的凋落总量明显高于刺槐林,但养分归还量却有所不同,刺槐林和混交林明显高于湿地松林,这说明阔叶林有良好维持地力的能力,针阔混交比针叶纯林更能改善土壤肥力。     

杉木人工林凋落物C,N,P归还量对氮沉降的响应

为探讨亚热带森林对氮沉降增加的响应,在12年生的杉木人工林中开展4种水平的模拟氮沉降试验,分N0(对照),N1,N2,N3等4种处理,氮沉降量分别为0,60,120,240kg·hm-2a-1。模拟氮沉降2年后,4种不同氮沉降水平杉木人工林的年凋落量分别为1008.83,1164.10,1147.30和976.47kg·hm-2,表明低中氮处理(N1,N2)在一定程度上增加森林凋落物量,而高氮处理(N3)则表现出一定的抑制作用。叶凋落物中C,N元素含量随氮沉降水平的增加而增加,而C/N则呈不断下降的趋势。经不同氮沉降处理后,凋落物C元素的归还量分别为474.70,544.07,538.55和474.02kg·hm-2,N元素的归还量分别为7.21,8.56,9.03和9.04kg·hm-2,P元素的归还量分别为1.17,1.24,1.32和1.09kg·hm-2,说明与N0处理相比,氮沉降显著提高N元素的归还量,而N1,N2处理提高C,P元素归还量,N3处理对C归还量影响不明显,但降低P的归还量。     

嘉陵江上游低山暴雨区3种不同植被类型氮循环研究

本文通过对嘉陵江上游低山暴雨区不同植被类型的初步研究。不同植被类型的氮库总储量分别为：6 787.27 kg.hm-2、7 115.39 kg.hm-2、6 951.06 kg.hm-2。其中不同植被类型中活体生物量分别为：136.43 kg.hm-2、210.40 kg.hm-2、169.66 kg.hm-2,凋落物层分别为：31.06 kg.hm-2、38.96 kg.hm-2、40.05 kg.hm-2,土壤（0-40cm）中分别为：6 619.73 kg.hm-2、6 866.03 kg.hm-2、6 741.35 kg.hm-2。不同植被类型土壤中的氮分别占总储量的97.53%、96.50%、96.98%,活体生物量分别占2.01%、2.96%、2.44%,而凋落物层分别仅占0.46%、0.55%、0.58%。结果表明,低山暴雨区3种不同植被类型的N主要分布在土壤中,而在活体生物量和凋落物层中只占很少的一部分。3种不同植被类型树干径流的氮含量分别为：0.44 kg.hm-2、0.553 kg.hm-2、0.851kg.hm-2,林分穿透雨氮含量分别为：12.649 kg.hm-2、12.551 kg.hm-2、13.291 kg.hm-2,地表径流氮的输出量分别为：0.55 kg.hm-2、0.55 kg.hm-2、1.27 kg.hm-2。不同植被类型氮的生物循环：湿地松林吸收量、存留量、归还量、循环系数分别为：37.561 kg.hm-2.a-1、6.497 kg.hm-2.a-1、31.064 kg.hm-2.a-1、82.703%,刺槐林吸收量、存留量、归还量、循环系数分别为：48.976 kg.hm-2.a-1、10.019 kg.hm-2.a-1、38.957 kg.hm-2.a-1、79.543%,混交林吸收量、存留量、归还量、循环系数分别为48.127 kg.hm-2.a-1、8.079 kg.hm-2.a-1、40.048kg.hm-2.a-1、83.213%。吸收量、存留量均是刺槐林〉混交林〉湿地松林,归还量是混交林〉刺槐林〉湿地松林。结果表明,3种植被类型处于良好的养分积累状态,有利于系统的稳定持续发展。     

秦岭松栎林带生物量及其营养元素分布特征

秦岭脱齿栎林、油松林和华山林（包括０－６０cm土层）营养元素总贮量达２９．２５００－３９０．１７３９t.hm^-2，其大小为锐齿栎林＞华山松＞油松林，土壤中营养现贮量占系统总量的９３．１０％－９９．３９％，植被层和凋落物层仅占０．５７％－３．００％和０．１０％－１．９９％；３林分乔木层生物量、木材蓄积量和营养元素积累量平均值分别为１２０．４８３t.hm^-2,129.384m^3.hm^-2和１２２６．９kg.hm^-2，锐齿栎林＞油松林＞华山松林。３林分林下植被层生物量现存量和营养元素积累量平均值分别为１．５５３t.hm^-2和５３．１kg.hm^-2，锐齿栎林最大，华山松林最小。林下凋落物现存量和营养元素积量平均值分别为１７．４７５t.hm^-2和５０２．５kg.hm^-2，３林分凋落物现存量、营养元素含量及其积累量都存在明显的差异。锐齿栎林、油松林和华山松林营养元素年吸收量、归还量、存留量和平均归还率分别为３３．４、１４７．２和２６４．３，１９５．６、６６．９和８４．１，１３８．８、８０．４和１８０．２kg.hm^-2和０．５８５、０４５４和０．３１８，３林分各营养元素的年吸收量，归还量和存留量也存在一定的差异，锐齿栎林干和皮中Ｃa和Ｍg含量远远高于油松林和华山松林的，锐齿栎林多代连作势必导致营养元素的大量流失，特别是Ｃa和Ｍg，会破坏土壤原有离子动态平衡，引起林地土壤理化性质改变，林地生产潜力逐渐下降。     

油松—白桦混交林种间关系研究

在调查河北隆化县油松－白烨混交林的林木生物量（地上部生物量及根系生物量）、林下草灌木、林地枯落物的总量以及不同混交距离油松地上地下部分生长发育状态的基础上，研究了混交林的种间关系。结果表明，该混交林作为华北地区广泛分布的一种林型，林下草灌木繁茂，林地枯落物分解迅速，有利于土壤理化性质和林分营养状况的改善，种间关系处于基本协调状态。由于林龄及密度原因，混交林生物量略低于油松纯林，在混交林中白桦对油松的生长有一定的抑制作用，抑制作用因混交距离而变化。本文提出了合适的混交距离和混交方式。     

Influences of stand composition and age on forest floor processes and chemistry in pure and mixed stands of Douglas-fir and paper birch in interior British Columbia

The influence of stand composition and age on forest floor chemical properties, nitrogen availability, and microbial activity was examined in mixed and pure stands of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and paper birch (Betula papyrifera). Decomposition of Douglas-fir and birch litter over two years as well as annual litter input was also measured. Mixed and pure stands of each species aged 10–25, 50–65 and >85 years old were selected in the Interior Cedar Hemlock (ICH) zone of southern interior British Columbia. Significantly more total N was mineralized in the forest floor of pure birch compare to that of pure Douglas-fir stands while forest floor of mixed species stands had intermediate N mineralization values. When sampling times were pooled forest floor N mineralization was lowest in the young stands compared to the older stands. Stand composition did not significantly affect litter decomposition were found in litter decomposition, microbial respiration and biomass. Stand age, however, did affect these parameters significantly. More birch litter mass was lost in young stands than in their older counterparts while the opposite trend was observed for fir litter. Generally, lower basal respiration, microbial biomass and C_mic/C_org was found in young compared to older stands. Concentrations and contents of forest floor total N and exchangeable K and Mg, and pH under pure birch were consistently higher compared to pure Douglas-fir. While forest floor total C, available P contents, exchangeable K and Mg concentrations were lowest in young stands, no differences were observed for total N and exchangeable Ca. All litter nutrient concentrations and contents were highest in pure birch stands. No clear trends could be discerned in litter nutrient concentration data among stand ages, although when converted to nutrient contents, there was a general increase with stand age. Both stand type and age had significant effects on forest floor properties and processes suggesting that stand age is another factor to evaluate when assessing the influence of forest composition on forest floor processes and chemistry. In terms of the effect of mixture, the data indicated that the maintenance of paper birch in mixed stands in these forest may have some effect on nutrient availability and status.     

Influence of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on amount and nutrient content of litterfall in a regrowth eucalypt forest

The effects of fertilizer treatment on nutrient transfers to the forest floor were examined in regrowth Eucalyptus diversicolor F. Muell. forest. Dry weight and nutrient content of leaf litterfall and total litterfall were measured for 3 years in a stand to which two levels of N (0, 200 kg ha^-1 year^-1) were applied each year at each of three levels of a single initial application of P (0, 30, 200 kg ha^-1). Annual accessions of litter to the forest floor were significantly increased by additions of both N (by 17%, 18% and 21% in the 3 years) and 200 kg P ha^-1 (by 8%, 8% and 4% in the 3 years) but there was no interaction between effects of N and P treatments. Fertilizer application also had a significant effect on the nutrient content of leaf litterfall and total litterfall. Concentration of N in leaf litterfall was 9% to 23% greater on plots treated with N fertilizer compared to untreated plots. The amounts of N in litterfall were about 30% greater on N-treated compared to untreated plots. On plots treated with 200 kg P ha^-1, P concentrations in leaf litter were 50% to 100% greater than in litter from plots receiving no P. Application of 200 kg P ha^-1 increased the amounts of P in annual litterfall by 32% to 87%. The greatest increase in P accessions occurred soon after fertilizer treatment. The amounts of Ca, K, and Na in litterfall were also significantly increased by fertilizer application. For Ca and K this was due partly to increases in element concentrations in litterfall following application of treatments. The effect of fertilizers on internal recycling of plant nutrients and on litter accumulation and nutrient dynamics in forest floor litter is discussed.     

Influence of variable organic matter retention on nutrient availability in a 10-year-old loblolly pine plantation

The effects of varying forest floor and slash retention at time of regeneration were evaluated 10 years after the establishment of a loblolly pine plantation near Millport, Alabama. Treatments included removing, leaving unaltered, or doubling the forest floor and slash material. Forest floor and litterfall mass and nutrient concentrations, available soil N, foliar nutrient concentrations and stand yield were all impacted by the treatments. Forest floor mass and nutrient contents in the doubled treatment were significantly greater than the other two treatments. The doubled treatment accumulated 25, 45 and 350% more forest floor mass and 56, 56, and 310% more N than the control treatment in the Oi, Oe, and Oa layers, respectively. The other nutrients followed similar patterns. Potentially mineralized NO₃⁻-N in the mineral soil was also significantly higher in the doubled treatment. The positive effect of doubling the forest floor on soil N availability was reflected in greater foliage production, 30% more litterfall and 25% more stand yield for this treatment. This study shows that increasing the forest floor retention has resulted in increased nutrient availability and improved tree growth.     

Some nutrient dynamics associated with litterfall and litter decomposition in hoop pine plantations of southeast Queensland, Australia

Litterfall was collected over a 12-month period with littertraps in hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) plantations aged 10, 14 and 62 years in southeast Queensland, Australia. The bulk of litterfall occurred during spring, mainly as hoop pine foliage with the annual litterfall ranging between 6.0 and 10.9 t ha⁻¹, respectively, for the younger stands (10 and 14 years) and the mature 62-year old stand. The amount of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) recycled annually through litterfall was lower in the younger stands (28–37 kg N ha⁻¹ and 4.4–5.3 kg P ha⁻¹) compared with that of the mature stand (85 N ha⁻¹ and 6.2 kg P ha⁻¹). The N and P retranslocated during senescence varied across the three stands studied with a trend for N and P retranslocation to increase as availability of soil mineral-N decreased.

Decomposition of the hoop pine foliage component of litter was also studied in the same stands using a litterbag technique and mass-balance analysis. The estimated half-life of hoop pine foliage mass ranged between 1.5 and 1.8 years. Litter-mass loss was strongly correlated with litter substrate quality indicators of N, C, P, C/N ratio, lignin, lignin/N ratio and polyphenols. During the course of the study, there was no difference in litter-mass loss between the stands of different ages. During the 15-month period, the order of element release from the hoop pine litter was K>Na>C>Mg>P, with N, Ca and Mn generally demonstrating varying degrees of net accumulation. During the course of the study, the lignin/C ratio of the hoop pine litter increased from 0.61 to 0.96. This suggested that the litter-C was predominantly in a recalcitrant form and, therefore, the associated N was unlikely to be rapidly released in the hoop pine litter layer.     

火炬松人工林养分体内转移与内循环研究

对江苏省下蜀林场火炬松人工林 (15年生 )地上部分养分体内转移和内循环特点进行了初步研究 ,结果表明 :(1)在体内养分转移中 ,叶的贡献最大 ,N、P、K和Mg元素的平均转移量均大于枝和干 ;地上部分养分N、P、K和Mg元素的转移率分别为 44 9% ,34 5 % ,2 0 8%和 30 7%。 (2 )地上部分养分归还量N、P、K、Ca和Mg元素分别 5 5 787,6 13,2 6 70 ,70 79和 2 0 30kg·hm- 2 ·a- 1 分别占需要量的 36 6 7% ,44 6 5 % 5 5 3% ,78 0 2 %和 42 84% ;地上实际消耗土壤中的养分量N、P、K、Ca和Mg分别为 2 2 48,2 13,4 6 4,2 6 98和 7 41kg·hm- 2 ·a- 1 ,分别占吸收量的 2 3 99% ,2 2 76 % ,11 84% ,2 4 32 %和 2 1 0 9%。 (3)与当地的杉木林和次生栎林相比 ,该火炬松人工林养分利用率高 ,并处于养分消耗阶段。     

杉木、火力楠混交幼林养分位移和循环的研究

杉木(Cunninghamia lanceloata)是我国特有的优良速生树种,分布广,但连栽出现地力和生长衰退现象。为此,许多地方开展了杉木混交林的试验研究。本文试图通过对广东南亚热带5年生杉木纯林和杉木、火力楠(Michelia macclurei)混交林的养分位移和循环及其枯落物量与分解速率的调查研究,揭示树种组成的种间关系,深入认识混交林生态系统的功能。     

火炬松与马尾松混交造林效果分析

对福建省宁化县20年生的火炬松与马尾松混交试验林的生长量进行调查分析,结果表明:在相同立地因子和相同经营措施条件下,火炬松与马尾松混交林的生长量与火炬松纯林、马尾松纯林的生长量间具有极显著差异。在不同混交方法中,以带状混交林的生长量最大,林分总蓄积量达166.023 m3.hm-2;块状混交林次之;株间混交林最小。在不同混交比例中,以火炬松∶马尾松=8∶2混交林和火炬松纯林的生长量较高,林分总蓄积量分别达164.277 m3.hm-2和161.217 m3.hm-2,马尾松纯林的生长量最小。     

Nitrogen cycling following mountain pine beetle disturbance in lodgepole pine forests of Greater Yellowstone

Widespread bark beetle outbreaks are currently affecting multiple conifer forest types throughout western North America, yet many ecosystem-level consequences of this disturbance are poorly understood. We quantified the effect of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) outbreak on nitrogen (N) cycling through litter, soil, and vegetation in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) forests of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (WY, USA) across a 0-30 year chronosequence of time-since-beetle disturbance. Recent (1-4 years) bark beetle disturbance increased total litter depth and N concentration in needle litter relative to undisturbed stands, and soils in recently disturbed stands were cooler with greater rates of net N mineralization and nitrification than undisturbed sites. Thirty years after beetle outbreak, needle litter N concentration remained elevated; however total litter N concentration, total litter mass, and soil N pools and fluxes were not different from undisturbed stands. Canopy N pool size declined 58% in recent outbreaks, and remained 48% lower than undisturbed in 30-year old outbreaks. Foliar N concentrations in unattacked lodgepole pine trees and an understory sedge were positively correlated with net N mineralization in soils across the chronosequence. Bark beetle disturbance altered N cycling through the litter, soil, and vegetation of lodgepole pine forests, but changes in soil N cycling were less severe than those observed following stand replacing fire. Several lines of evidence suggest the potential for N leaching is low following bark beetle disturbance in lodgepole pine.