直播稻密度对不同类型中粳品种产量的影响

[目的]探寻直播稻密度与不同类型中粳品种产量的关系。[方法]以镇稻99、连粳7号和淮稻5号为试验品种,分析基本苗密度对3个品种产量及其构成因素的影响。[结果]基本苗密度对3个品种产量影响不显著,淮稻5号基本苗密度为121.50万/hm2时产量最高;连粳7号基本苗密度为98.55万/hm2时产量最高;镇稻99基本苗密度为100.00万～111.00万/hm2时产量较高。[结论]直播稻镇稻99、连粳7号基本苗密度定在105.00万/hm2左右较为合适,而淮稻5号基本苗密度定在120.00万/hm2左右比较适宜。     

花生应用稀效唑的化控效果及与多效唑的比较

研究了稀效唑不同用量处理对花生主要数量性状及荚果产量的影响,并探讨其取代多效唑的可能性.结果表明,花生采用稀效唑化控,可以达到与多效唑同样的效果,其荚果增产达14.40%,籽仁增产达19.41%,正常生长的田块,每公顷用量以450g为宜,可取代多效唑大面积推广应用.     

多效唑调节杂交稻制种花期的效应及其解除

杂交稻制种幼穗分化中后期应用多效唑调节花期，可延缓抽穗，适宜用量为2．25kg/hm^2以内。多效唑用量过大，有明显的副作用，表现为穗基部颖花退化，穗形变小，抽穗缓慢，柱头外露率降低，不易解除。使用“九二○”解除多效唑的抑制作用应掌握适宜时期和用量，在使用多效唑后15d以内或最上部节间基部组织老化以前进行，用量不低于240g/hm^2。     

四种杀虫剂对稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果研究

[目的]探寻有效防治水稻稻纵卷叶螟的药剂。[方法]用清水作对照,采用1.8%阿维菌素乳油450 g/hm2、40%毒死蜱乳油1 800 g/hm2、20%三唑磷乳油1 800 g/hm2和40%辛硫磷乳油1 500 g/hm2进行防治水稻稻纵卷叶螟的对比试验。[结果]施药15天后,1.8%阿维菌素乳油450 g/hm2和40%毒死蜱乳油1 800 g/hm2的防效分别为85.58%和86.80%,卷叶内有虫率均为0;40%辛硫磷乳油1 500 g/hm2的防效为79.60%,卷叶内有虫率为4.35%;20%三唑磷乳油1 800 g/hm2的防效最低,为72.45%。[结论]4种药剂均对稻纵卷叶螟有一定防治效果,且以1.8%阿维菌素乳油450 g/hm2和40%毒死蜱乳油1 800 g/hm2的防效最为明显。     

化控与粒肥施用对防止杂交中稻早衰的效应

采用不同的调节剂和调节方法 ,对杂交中稻进行了化控和粒肥施用试验。结果表明 ,应用粒粒饱、TPK或粒肥是较好的防止早衰的增产技术措施 ;在不同化控方法中 ,后保法 (只在后期进行化控 )具有省工、省本和较好的增产效果 ;防止早衰的最佳配套技术为 :秧田 1叶期喷施多效唑 (30 0× 10 -6) ,齐穗后 3～ 5d喷施TPK(0 .5× 10 -6)或破口期喷施粒粒饱 (0 .1% ) ,同时在齐穗后施用粒肥 (尿素 45kg hm2 )。     

多效唑对鄂马铃薯5号产质量的影响

[目的]探索不同浓度多效唑对马铃薯产质量的影响。[方法]在马铃薯现蕾期,设置300、350、400、450 mg/L的15%多效唑溶液喷施,探索不同浓度多效唑对马铃薯产质量的影响。[结果]结果表明,喷施多效唑400 mg/L的15%多效唑溶液675 kg/hm2的处理效果最好,产量达到33 060.9 kg/hm2,比对照增加14.21%。[结论]在马铃薯上施用浓度为400 mg/L的15%多效唑溶液,用量为675kg/hm2为宜。     

化控剂对不同密度青贮玉米生长和产量的影响

以饲草2号为试验材料,设6.0万、6.75万、7.5万株/hm2共3个种植密度,于拔节期分别喷施多效唑、饱玉、矮跺垛3种化控剂,探究化控剂在不同种植密度下对青贮玉米生长和产量的影响。结果表明,与清水处理相比,3种化控剂均显著增加各时期叶片SPAD值。多效唑喷施明显增加株高、穗位高和叶面积系数,饱玉、矮跺垛喷施则使其降低。鲜物质产量和干物质产量在多效唑处理下较对照显著增加了2.2%和3.1%,饱玉、矮跺垛喷施后则显著减少了3.7%和3.8%、6.0%和5.7%。在7.5万株/hm2种植密度下多效唑处理获得青贮玉米最高鲜物质产量和干物质产量,分别达82 877 kg/hm2和26 189 kg/hm2。     

迟熟组合在早撒晚杂过吨粮中的产量优势和栽培技术

早季采用早、中熟品种分厢撒播,晚季搭配中、迟熟杂交组合。是实现全年亩产过吨粮的一种新形式,其关键是充分发挥中迟熟组合的增产优势,技术关键是适时播种早栽,秧田施用多效唑和采用两段育秧,宽行窄株插足基本苗,早追分蘖肥及适时控苗。     

分蘖期施用多效唑对杂交水稻C两优817产量及主要性状的影响

在施分蘖肥时,通过配施不同用量的多效唑,研究了多效唑对杂交水稻C两优817产量和主要性状的影响.结果表明,多效唑随分蘖肥一起撒施后,C两优817株高降低,分蘖和有效穗增多,穗粒数减少,伸长节间缩短;随着多效唑用量的增加,缩短的伸长节间数增多,株高降低,抗倒伏能力增强;当多效唑用量达到2250 g/hm2时,大风后未倒伏...     

240g/L收乐通防除马铃薯田野燕麦及对马铃薯安全性评价

野燕麦是马铃薯田的主要杂草之一,人工除草工作量大。本研究的目的是明确240 g/L收乐通EC在青海省马铃薯田防除野燕麦药效、适宜剂量及对作物的安全性。在田间使用了240 g/L收乐通EC制剂量300,450,600 mL/hm2,以108 g/L高效盖草能EC制剂量375 mL/hm2为对照药,设空白对照处理,于马铃薯3~5叶期,野燕麦为3~6叶期兑水300 L/hm2喷雾处理。结果表明,240 g/L收乐通EC是马铃薯田防除野燕麦的优良除草剂,适宜剂量为450 mL/hm2,对野燕麦40 d株防效和鲜重效均达85%以上,对马铃薯安全,增产率达10%以上。     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

芦笋枯萎病病原鉴定

对造成福建省漳州市东山县的芦笋枯萎病病原菌进行分子鉴定,以期确定病原菌的属、种名,为防治该病害寻求理论依据。试验对分离纯化的病原菌核糖体DNA的ITS区进行测序,在Genbank中搜索其同源性并构建它们的系统发育树,结果表明：引起芦笋枯萎病的病原菌是镰刀属中的尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum),且病原菌之间的同源性高达89%,遗传差异不显著。     

Size and frequency of occurrence of pre-roost gatherings of starlings

One hundred and fifty-six pre-roost gatherings of starlings were observed at 28 sites around a roost in west Norfolk during winter. Pre-roost gatherings occurred more frequently at individual farmyards compared with individual fields, but 82% of the sites where gatherings occurred were on fields. The size of gatherings was greater, the closer to the roost. Birds in pre-roost gatherings on fields of autumn-sown winter wheat spent most of the time feeding and had a diet composed almost exclusively of wheat seeds. Birds in gatherings on grass fields also fed intensively whereas only 31% of birds at farmyards were feeding. The implications that these results have with regard to potential damage to fields of winter wheat and around farmyards are discussed.     

橡胶树丛枝病病原的抗血清制备与应用

以感染橡胶树丛枝病病原的长春花为材料,制备得到橡胶丛枝病病原菌抽提液,以抽提液为抗原免疫家兔,制备抗血清,经微量沉淀测定,抗血清效价为１：２０４８。应用橡胶丛枝病抗血清检测橡胶褐皮病,无症苗木检出率达３０％－３７％,可疑的褐皮病树检出率达８５．７％。     

农杆菌注射法瞬时转化荔枝果实组织的研究

为了寻找一种高效的荔枝果实瞬时基因表达方法,本研究以荔枝品种‘新球蜜荔’（Litchi chinensis Sonn. var. ‘Xinqiumili’）为试材,利用农杆菌注射法对荔枝果实组织进行转化,研究了果实发育时期、菌株种类、注射部位、取样时间、菌液浓度等对转化效率的影响。结果表明：选择果肉已完全包裹种子的Ⅱb期果实进行连体注射,在果柄、果皮、种子、果肉分别注入OD₆₀₀值为2.4的农杆菌菌株GV3101,4 d后取样进行检测,4个组织的GUS染色率较高。本研究成功建立了适用于荔枝果实的基因瞬时表达系统,为今后快速鉴定荔枝果实相关基因功能提供了基础。     

《生物安全法》实施背景下基因编辑技术的安全评价与监管

2020年10月17日,《中华人民共和国生物安全法》(以下简称《生物安全法》)通过全国人大常委会的审议,自2021年4月15日起施行.生物技术的研究与应用安全是《生物安全法》涉及的主要内容之一,基因编辑作为近几年生物技术领域的研究热点,其安全性评价和监管备受关注.本文概述了基因编辑技术的应用现状,比较了不同国家对基因编...     

蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因表达模式分析及敲除载体构建

为深入研究昆虫病原真菌蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的功能,根据蝉拟青霉基因组信息克隆疏水蛋白PChyd基因,对该基因序列进行生物信息学分析,使用qRT-PCR技术对其在不同培养条件或阶段下的表达模式进行分析,并通过酶切酶连的方法构建了该基因的敲除载体。结果表明：PChyd基因的开放阅读框序列全长303 bp,编码100 aa,包含22 aa的信号肽序列和70 aa疏水蛋白功能区域。系统发育分析显示该基因与粗糙虫草菌亲缘关系最近。qRT-PCR结果显示PChyd基因在PDA培养的菌丝体、诱导的附着胞、诱导的芽生孢子中表达量显著高于另外2个样品,其中芽生孢子表达量最高,暗示该基因在蝉拟青霉侵染初期和在昆虫血腔中定殖阶段可能具有重要作用。凝胶电泳结果表明,成功构建了该基因的敲除载体,扩增出含有上臂、HPH、下臂的3356 bp左右的片段。本研究为进一步探究蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的致病机理、生防工程菌的改造奠定了基础。     

波罗蜜叶片突变体叶绿素含量测定和超微结构观察

波罗蜜（Artocarpus heterophyllus）是一种热带果树,至今对其突变体的研究少有报道。本研究以波罗蜜叶片为试验材料,探究其叶片出现白化和返绿现象的可能原因。（1）用分光光度计法、比色法测定波罗蜜叶片突变体和正常绿叶的叶绿素及叶绿素前体物质含量;（2）用叶绿素酶Elisa试剂盒测定叶绿素酶活性;（3）用透射电子显微镜对叶绿体的超微形态结构进行观察。研究结果表明：（1）不同叶色所产生的叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量、叶绿素总含量、类胡萝卜素含量均存在显著差异;（2）波罗蜜叶片突变体和正常绿叶的叶绿素合成前体物质含量之间并没有出现显著性差异;（3）对波罗蜜叶片的叶绿素酶活性进行测定时,发现其活性出现显著差异,但对其叶绿素含量的差异性并没有产生较大影响;（4）观察波罗蜜叶片内叶绿体超微形态结构时,发现正常绿叶的叶绿体形态完好且数量较多,白化叶和返绿叶的叶绿体内部结构存在缺陷,其原因是叶绿体基粒构建阶段受阻;基于测定波罗蜜叶片中的叶绿素、叶绿素前体物质含量和叶绿素酶活性,并观察波罗蜜叶片内叶绿体的超微形态结构,对得到的数据结果进行比较分析。本研究推测是在叶绿素合成阶段,原脱植基叶绿素合成叶绿素时受阻及叶绿体发不良导致波罗蜜出现白化和返绿现象,为今后进一步综合研究波罗蜜突变体提供理论依据。     

Mechanism of action of insecticidal secondary metabolites of plant origin

Insect pest management is facing the economic and ecological challenge worldwide due to the human and environmental hazards caused by majority of the synthetic pesticide chemicals. Identification of novel effective insecticidal compounds is essential to combat increasing resistance rates. Botanicals containing active insecticidal phytochemicals appear to be promising to address some of these problems. Therefore, there is a continuous need to explore new active molecules with different mechanisms of action. Secondary metabolites present in plants apparently function as defense (toxic), which inhibits reproduction and other processes. The phytochemical biomolecules could be used for maximizing the effectiveness and specificity in future insecticide design with specific or multiple target sites, while ensuring the economic and ecological sustainability. In this article, the current state of knowledge on phytochemical sources and insecticidal activity, their mechanism of action in insects, resistance, and promising advances made in phytochemical research are reviewed.