麦草的热失重特性及动力学

该文利用热失重分析法对麦草的热失重特性及动力学进行研究,探讨不同的升温速率和镍系催化剂对麦草热失重的影响,结果表明在220.6～391.2℃范围内麦草的失重量不受升温速率的影响,但要获得相同的失重率,对应的温度随升温速率的提高而增加。温度超过391.2℃以后,升温速率等于或超过20℃/min时,麦草的热失重规律基本不受升温速率影响;而麦草在10℃/min的速率升温下热解,热失重量最大。镍系催化剂对麦草热失重无明显影响;利用Kissinger法和Ozawa法分别计算出麦草未加催化剂和添加0.5%系催化剂的热失重动力学参数;其表观活化能分别为93.92、 119.80 kJ/mol和99.14和123.70 kJ/mol,频率因子ln A分别17.82、23.02 min和19.30、24.03 min^-1。     

上海青蔬菜的品质变化动力学模型及货架期预测

为探讨上海青蔬菜不同储藏温度下的货架期预测方法,试验测定了在5、10、15和20℃ 4个温度下贮藏的上海青(Brassica rapa var. chinensis)的还原型抗坏血酸、叶绿素、颜色参数L*（亮度）、b*(黄度)、△E（色差）和感官评价,并对这些指标进行了动力学分析。研究表明,在测定温度范围内,上海青储藏的温度越低,其品质指标变化越慢。动力学分析显示,零级动力学比一级动力学更适合表现所测品质的变化规律,并且除b*外的指标拟合较好。研究还采用Arrhenius 方程对品质变化速率常数k和温度T进行非线性拟合,得到还原型抗坏血酸、叶绿素、L*和ΔE活化能Ea分别为68.130、57.024、46.685和42.581 kJ/mol。最终得到以时间、温度和品质指标值为变量的上海青货架期预测方程,拟定不同的品质终点值能得到对应的货架期。同时,Arrhenius方程与依赖于感官终点的动态品质终点拟合方程结合预测的货架期曲线与感官寿命曲线能得到更好的契合。验证试验结果证明前者能较好地预测上海青不同剩余品质指标对应的货架期,另一方面,测量温度范围内,后者能较好地通过品质指标预测感官寿命（两者绝对差值小于0.3 d）。两者结合能得到较为全面的货架期预测参数,为上海青流通过程中的货架期预测提供理论基础。     

熟化红薯热风干燥特性及数学模型适用性

为了为红薯干热风干燥工业化提供理论基础,该文研究了不同温度（60、70、80℃）、风速（0.8、1.2、1.6 m/s）和厚度（0.6、0.9、1.2 cm）条件下红薯的热风干燥特性。比较了12种数学模型在熟化红薯热风干燥中的适用性,结果表明Wang and Singh模型的拟合程度最高,R2值、χ2和RMSE值分别为0.998、0.000168和0.0117。计算了不同干燥条件下的有效水分扩散系数Deff和活化能Ea,有效水分扩散系数Deff随着干燥温度、风速和物料厚度的增加而变大,干燥活化能Ea为40.103 kJ/mol,可为其干燥工艺的控制提供技术依据。     

马氏珠母贝肌肉提取蛋白热变性动力学

为进一步了解水产蛋白的受热影响规律,更好利用它们的机能特性,该文研究热处理过程中马氏珠母贝肌肉提取蛋白(水溶性蛋白和盐溶性蛋白)的变性动力学,水溶性蛋白和盐溶性蛋白可分别用反应级数为1.1和1.3的方程较好地描述。研究结果表明,在60、70、80、90和100℃条件下水溶性蛋白变性的D值(90%蛋白变性所需时间)分别为33333、12500、3333、1667和769s,而盐溶性蛋白热变性D值为50000、12500、5000、2000和1250s;水溶性蛋白和盐溶性蛋白的Z值(D值降低90%的温度变化)分别为24.1和25.0℃,变性活化能分别为101.83和112.78kJ/mol,盐溶性蛋白比水溶性蛋白更为耐热。研究结果为进一步开发利用马氏珠母贝肌肉蛋白提供参考。     

食品温度及F值/C值计算机实时采集显示系统的研制

在流态化固体食品超高温杀菌中,可采用静态颗粒法记录杀菌全程颗粒的中心温度,尽管热电偶限制了颗粒运动及表面换热,但在颗粒之间传热学特性相同的情况下,被测定颗粒是系统最冷颗粒,这样首次出现的超高温杀菌条件下固体颗粒食品中心温度及杀菌动力学参数实时采集计算的需要.因此研制了一种基于Visual Basic6.0,能够完成数据采集和积分运算的食品温度和F值/C值计算机实时采集显示系统.温度传感器采用超细热电偶以适用于小尺寸颗粒.该系统的温度、压力及F值/C值测量准确度分别为±0.1℃、±0.005 MPa及±2.3%.在流态化固体食品超高温杀菌原理验证设备上应用该系统对马铃薯颗粒的进行多路温度采集,F值/C值计算及数据实时显示,证明该系统适用于超高温条件下的食品颗粒杀菌的验证和记录.     

中式烹饪用时间温度积分器的构建与验证

蛋白质变性能够较广泛地表征烹饪加热品质变化,因而寻找到一种z值为7.36℃的耐高温α-淀粉酶,与蛋白质热变性z值5~10℃相近。以该酶溶液为指示剂,在玻璃毛细管中封装后置入烹饪耐受性高的、特定形状的魔芋凝胶(g-KGM)载体,从而构建了烹饪研究用时间温度积分器(time temperature integrators,TTIs)装置。随后,在模拟烹饪过程而设定的对流传热条件下,通过传热学试验结合非稳态传热以及酶失活动力学数学模型计算得到剩余酶活,与TTIs装置指示剂酶活实测值比较,两者误差小于2.24%。进一步,应用该TTIs装置测定了实际烹饪爆炒过程的表面换热系数。所构建的TTIs装置,结合数值模拟,可以分析测量常规试验传热学方法无法应用的激烈烹饪中流体-颗粒的传热过程,也可应用于其他领域的移动颗粒传热学研究。     

马铃薯片红外加热灭酶脱水试验及动力学

该文研究了生产低油薯片的一种前处理工艺,并为后续的油炸工艺提供基础。试验考察了辐射距离、样品厚度、处理时间等工艺参数对马铃薯片水分比(moisture rate,MR)、脱水速率、多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)相对残留活性、颜色等指标的影响,并进行了酶钝化动力学模型的研究。试验证明,辐射距离由15.5 cm减少到9.5 cm,样品厚度1.3 mm减少到0.8 mm时,马铃薯片最大脱水速率由0.24 g,(g·s)增加到0.59 g(g·s),PPO失活递减时间从364 s减少到152 s,色差值△E由5.26减少到1.66,,因此,马铃薯片红外处理应尽量采取高温短时处理。一级动力学模型能较好地预测加工过程中马铃薯片PPO失活情况(R~2=0.926~0.988)。PPO相对残留活性低于10%时,马铃薯片的湿基含水率由初始的77.71%降至44.58%~62.04%,预示着灭酶的同时脱除部分水分。后续油炸试验时,可选辐射距离为9.5 cm,处理厚度分别为0.8和1 mm,相应的处理时间为150和180 s时,这可得到较高品质的产品,其中PPO相对残留活性分别为8.51%和2.44%,最终湿基含水率为55.44和61.49,色差值△E为1.66和2.24。研究结果为后续油炸试验前处理工艺提供了参考。     

贮存温度对超高温灭菌乳黏度的影响

为了确定贮存温度对超高温灭菌乳黏度的影响,从而达到在较短的时间内评价超高温灭菌的货架期目的。该文采用TA AR-G2型流变仪测定了20～45℃温度变化范围内超高温灭菌乳的黏度变化,利用1stOpt1.5 Pro软件对试验数据进行拟合处理,探索Arrhenius模型对该过程的适用性,以期建立可描述温度对超高温灭菌乳黏度影响的精确模型,并结合Stocks方程为建立超高温灭菌乳货架期加速试验模型奠定基础。试验结果表明,κ-卡拉胶与酪蛋白形成的弱凝胶会显著影响Arrhenius模型对提高温度改变超高温灭菌乳黏度的拟合度,但随着温度升高至25℃会使得弱凝胶体系变弱,从而使得黏度随温度的变化与Arrhenius模型高度吻合（R2=0.908）;降温会导致黏度逐渐升高,此过程与Arrhenius模型拟合度较好（R2=0.942）。因此,Arrhenius模型适于描述温度对超高温灭菌乳黏度的影响。     

红熟番茄果实多酚氧化酶酶学特性

多酚氧化酶（Polyphenol oxidase,PPO,EC 1.14.18.1 or 1.10.3.2）与果蔬加工制品的色泽、抗氧化能力关系密切。果蔬PPO酶学特性分析和活性控制越来越受到关注,为设计、开发番茄加工技术和工艺提供理论依据,该文采用光谱法,研究了红熟番茄（Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. cv 918）果实PPO的酶学特性。研究结果表明红熟番茄果实PPO的最适反应pH值是6.0,反应温度是40℃,耐热性较好,50℃加热10 min仍保有88%的活性。红熟番茄果实PPO对一元酚、二元酚和三元酚均有催化氧化能力,最适底物是儿茶酚,其最大反应速率和米氏常数分别是226.30 U/min和 6.00 mmol/L。抗坏血酸、β-巯基乙醇或L-半胱氨酸可抑番茄PPO活性,十二烷基硫酸钠可显著增强其活性。     

川西高寒土壤酶的动力学及热力学特征研究

土壤酶动力学与热力学特征对于揭示土壤生物化学过程及其对环境变化的响应具有重要意义。本文采用微孔板荧光法,分析了川西高寒森林土壤中磷酸单酯酶(PME)、β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖酶(NAG)、纤维二糖水解酶(CBH)的动力学及热力学特征。结果表明,在酶动力学方面,这4种酶活性均随底物浓度(0~0.28 mmol/L)的增加而升高,当底物浓度为0.28 mmol/L时,PME、BG、CBH和NAG活性分别达到109.01、52.53、6.51和6.63μmol/(g·h);土壤酶热力学方面,这4种土壤酶活性随着温度升高呈现出两种变化趋势,即持续增长型(NAG)和先升高后稳定型(PME、BG、CBH);4种酶的温度敏感性(Q10值)随着温度升高而降低,在10~20℃时Q10最高,PME、BG、CBH、NAG的最大Q10值分别为3.25、3.80、10.22和6.31。高寒土壤这4种酶在低温区间(0~20℃)具有较高的温度敏感性,土壤升温将导致酶活性显著升高,因此全球变暖导致的高寒土壤升温,将对这些酶参与的相关土壤生态与生化过程产生重要影响。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.