Evaluation of Commercial Shrimp Grow-Out Pellets as Diets for Juvenile Southern Rock Lobster,Jasus edwardsii

Abstract

The growth, survival, and biochemical composition of juvenile southern rock lobster, Jasus edwardsii, were examined in response to a variety of diets, consisting of a natural food organism (blue mussel, Mytilus edulis) and/or commercial shrimp pellets. Blue mussel supported significantly better (a minimum of 25% higher) growth than a range of shrimp diets. Diet intake (0.83-1.26% wet body weight/day) and feed conversion ratio (1.34-2.48) with the formulated diets were generally similar to that with blue mussel (1.03% wet body weight/day; 1.55 feed conversion ratio). Changes in the chemical composition of southern rock lobsters due to treatments were more clearly observed in the digestive gland than in the whole body. Carapace color and tissue carotenoid level varied significantly with carotenoid content of the diets. A caro-tenoid level of 115 mg/kg is required in formulated diets to produce southern rock lobsters of similar color to wild-caught juveniles. In a separate experiment, a blue mussel diet was compared to mixed diets comprised of blue mussel and a shrimp, Penaeus monodon, diet. In the mixed diets, blue mussel was replaced with the formulated diet for either ×days/week or 6 days/week. Growth and survival did not differ significantly among treatments. The use of formulated diets in the culture of southern rock lobster appears feasible but will require increased knowledge of the nutritional requirements. Until specific diets are developed, this study has shown that similar growth can be obtained from a mixed diet, consisting primarily of a cheap formulated diet supplemented with blue mussel once per week. Such a scenario offers real possibilities for significantly reducing the cost of southern rock lobster production.     

饥饿和恢复投喂对翘嘴鲌幼鱼摄食、生长及体成分的影响

研究了在20.3~24.8℃条件下分别饥饿0 d、4 d、8 d、12 d和16 d后恢复投喂16 d对翘嘴鲌(Culter al-burnus)幼鱼摄食、生长及体成分的影响。结果显示:随着饥饿时间延长,幼鱼体质量损失率显著增大;肝体指数变小,水分和灰分含量逐渐升高;粗脂肪含量在饥饿前期下降较快,饥饿后期下降速率降低,各饥饿组与对照组差异显著(P<0.05);粗蛋白含量饥饿前期下降缓慢,饥饿4 d、8 d组与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05),饥饿后期下降明显,饥饿12 d、16 d组与对照组有显著差异(P<0.05);比能值不断下降,除饥饿4 d组外,各饥饿组与对照组都有显著差异(P<0.05)。恢复投喂后,各饥饿组鱼体生化组成和鱼体比能值均恢复至对照组水平,恢复投喂期间各饥饿处理组的摄食率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结果表明:饥饿4 d、8 d组翘嘴鲌幼鱼具有完全补偿生长能力;饥饿12 d、16 d幼鱼仅有部分补偿生长能力。     

Baker's Yeast as a Potential Substitute for Live Algae in Aquaculture Diets: Artemia as a Case Study

In this study baker's yeast was evaluated as a substitute for live Dunuliella tertiolecta algae in the culture of the brine shrimp Artemia . Consumption of fresh baker's yeast resulted in poor growth and survival of brine shrimp. However, the nutritional value of the yeast sigaificantly improved after complete removal of the yeast cell wall by enzymatic treatment. Baker's yeast was also made digestible for Artemia by simple chemical treatment which did not reduce rigidity of the yeast cell. The external mannoprotein layer of the yeast cell wall is probably the major barrier to digestion by Artemia . Chemically treated baker's yeast offers promising possibilities as a substitute for algal feeds in aquaculture.     

谷氨酰胺对幼鲟鱼血清、肝胰脏生化指标及体成分的影响

选用315尾初始体重(22.38±0.18g)的杂交鲟幼鱼,随机分为7组,每组3个重复,每个重复15尾。I组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ组为试验组,分别饲喂在基础日粮中添加0.3%,0.6%,0.9%,1.2%,1.5%的谷氨酰胺(Gln)及1.0%的丙氨酰谷氨酰胺(Ala-Gln)日粮,观察Gln对杂交鲟血清、肝胰脏生化指标及体成分的影响。结果显示:与对照组相比,各试验组血清总蛋白和球蛋白含量显著升高(P0.05),但白蛋白含量无显著变化;各组的血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶及碱性磷酸酶活性差异不显著;添加Gln和Ala-Gln对肝胰脏谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶和碱性磷酸酶活性无显著影响;各试验组全鱼粗蛋白质含量升高,其中Ⅴ、Ⅵ和Ⅶ组显著升高(P0.05);各组的粗水分、粗脂肪和灰分含量差异不显著。结果表明,日粮中添加一定量的Gln能够显著促进鲤鱼幼鱼营养代谢,提高全鱼蛋白质含量。     

饥饿和补偿生长对红鲫幼鱼生长和体组分的影响

分析了饥饿和冉投喂处理后红鲫（Carassius auratus red variety）幼鱼的生长和体组分变化。饥饿状态下,红鲫幼鱼体重、比肝重、肥满度和肝体指数下降,各饥饿组体重均与同期对照组存在极显著差异（P〈0．01）,其中饥饿15d组体重与初始体重存在极显著差异（P〈0．01）,肝糖原、粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量下降,水分和灰分含量上升;再投喂后,除饥饿15d组肝糖原与对照组仍有极显著差异外,其他各项指标均恢复到与对照组无显著差异。实验过程中,各饥饿组食物转化率均明显高于对照组,且与对照组存在极显著差异（P〈0．01）,其中饥饿10d组最高,达到了24．38％。结果表明,红鲫幼鱼存在完全补偿生长能力,其完全补偿生长是通过提高食物转化率（FCE）来实现的,短期饥饿时将糖原和粗脂肪作为主要能源物质。     

Growth of Juvenile Synodontis petricola (Family: Mochokidae) Fed on a Formulated Diet, Artemia or Spirulina and Combinations Thereof

Two age groups of juvenile Synodontis petricola (Group I, 0.5 years and Group II, 1.5 years) were reared on each of five diets: formulated dry diet; Artemia; Spirulina; formulated diet plus Artemia; and formulated diet plus Spirulina. Fish were fed for 84 days and weighed and measured every 14 days. Growth of S. petricola averaged 0.06 mm/day for both age groups. There was no significant difference in percent survival between the fish fed on different diets within each of the two groups but the younger fish (0.5 years) had a significantly lower survival percentage (90.3%) than those in Group II (95.3%). Fish in Group I fed on Spirulina alone grew slower than those fed only on formulated dry feed, whereas the growth rates of fish fed on other diets, or diet combinations, did not differ from each other in both age groups. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The Effect of Diet on Weight Gain,Shell Hardness,and Flavor of New-Shell American Lobster,Homarus americanus

Abstract

Harvested newly-shed American lobsters, Homants americanus, placed in pounds for long-term storage are prone to damage resulting from high-density confinement. It is beneficial for the new shell to harden as soon as possible after shedding. Artificial diets offer the potential for adding supplements to increase weight, muscle gain, and shell hardening. In this study, lobsters were fed 5 different diets: herring, fish racks, and prepared diets with three levels of vitamin D for a period of 38 days. After the feeding trial, lobsters were reweighed, and samples of the carapace and claw shell were removed and subjected to a compressive force/deformation test to measure shell strength. Results indicate a significant (P< 0.05) difference in weight gain, with the highest level of vitamin D actually inhibiting gain. Subsamples tested for compressive force yielded a positive correlation between the carapace measurement and feed type. Flavor tests on subsamples showed significant differences between all treatments; herring was the best, followed by pelleted feed and then fish racks. No off-flavors were detected in lobsters fed any of the three diet types.     

营养强化的轮虫、卤虫对牙鲆仔鱼的成活、生长及体脂肪酸组成的影响

用3种营养强化剂强化的轮虫和卤虫无节幼体投喂牙鲆仔鱼,研究牙鲆仔鱼的生长、成活、体脂肪酸的组成。结果表明:用强化的轮虫和卤虫无节幼体投喂牙鲆仔鱼,成活率、增重均显著高于对照组(p<0 01),其中V号强化剂的效果最好,成活率为29 34%,比对照组提高100%;增重倍数为217 90,比对照组提高68 61%;这是由于V号强化剂强化的卤虫无节幼体体内含有较多的AA的缘故,饵料中AA含量的提高,可以提高牙鲆仔鱼的成活率、促进其生长。牙鲆摄食强化过的轮虫、卤虫无节幼体后,其EPA、DHA、n-3HUFA、PUFA的含量随着饵料中含量的升高而升高,这也是牙鲆仔鱼生长速度和成活率提高的重要因素之一。     

Growth and Body Composition Effects of Tuna Byproduct Meal Substituted for Fish Meal in the Diet of Juvenile Abalone,Haliotis discus

The effects on growth and body composition that result from tuna byproduct meal (TBM) substituted for fish meal in the diet of juvenile abalone, Haliotis discus, were determined. One thousand two hundred sixty juvenile abalone were randomly distributed into 18 70‐L plastic rectangular containers. Six experimental diets were prepared in triplicate. The TBM0 diet included 28% fish meal and 13% soybean meal as the protein source. Twenty‐five, 50, 75, and 100% of the fish meal were substituted with TBM. Finally, salted sea tangle was prepared. The essential amino acids, such as isoleucine, lysine, and valine, tended to decrease with the dietary substitution of TBM for fish meal in the experimental diets. The weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) of abalone that were fed the TBM25 diet were higher than those of abalone that were fed the other diets. The crude protein content of the soft body of the abalone linearly decreased with the dietary substitution of TBM for fish meal. In conclusion, as much as 75% of the fish meal in the diet of abalone can be replaced with TBM without retardation in weight gain and SGR of the abalone when 28% fish meal was included.     

Effect of Salinity Change on Biomass and Biochemical Composition of Nannochloropsis oculata

Salinity fluctuation is an important factor affecting outdoor microalgae culture. This investigation examined the effect of salinity change (Tr‐1:35–15 g/L, Tr‐2:35–25 g/L, Tr‐3:35–35 g/L, Tr‐4:35–45 g/L, and Tr‐5:35–55 g/L) on growth and the biochemical composition of Nannochloropsis oculata, a candidate for biodiesel production in indoor photo‐bioreactors. Results showed that the algae increased in absorbency and dry biomass as salinity decreased. When the salinity increased, the specific growth rate (SGR) of the algae decreased significantly. The salinity stress also affected the pigments of the algae, the chlorophyll‐a, and carotenoid contents of the algae which decreased with the increase of salinity from 45 to 55 g/L. The fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) content (% of dry biomass) increased with the increase of salinity (e.g., Tr‐4 and Tr‐5). The algae was rich in C16:0 (palmitic acid), C16:1n‐7 (palmitoleic acid), and C20:5n‐3 (eicosapentaenoic acid), and C16:0 content increased with decreasing salinity from 35 to 15 g/L, but C16:1n‐7 content was high in all the treatments ranging from 25.25 ± 1.42% in Tr‐1 to 27.05 ± 1.13% in Tr‐5.     

Effect of Different Dietary Protein and Lipid Levels on Growth Performance and Body Composition of Juvenile Southern Flounder,Paralichthys lethostigma,Reared in a Recirculating Aquaculture System

The effects of six formulated diets containing different protein and lipid levels on growth performance and body composition of juvenile southern flounder were evaluated. Test diets were prepared with a combination of three crude protein (CP) levels (45, 50 and 55%) and two crude lipid (CL) levels (10 and 15%). Diets (CP/CL) were as follows: 45/10, 45/15, 50/10, 50/15, 55/10, 55/15 and a commercial diet (50/15). Southern flounder (1.10 g) were fed the respective diets for 42 d in triplicate recirculating tanks (20 fish/tank). Percent body weight gain (BWG) for fish fed diet 45/10 (413%) and the commercial diet (426%) were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than fish fed other diets (823–837%). Increasing protein level from 45 to 50% produced a significant increase in BWG for the 10% lipid diet (823%) but further increasing protein did not produce a significant effect on BWG irrespective of dietary lipid levels. Specific growth rate (SGR), feed intake, feed conversion efficiency (FCE), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and total lipid content in the whole body were significantly affected by different dietary protein and lipid levels. Results indicated that a combination of 50% protein and 10% lipid was optimal for the growth performance of southern flounder juveniles.     

海洋仔鱼消化酶变化及饵料的影响

近年来海洋仔鱼消化系统,包括胃、肠道以及胰脏发育的研究进展进行了综述,描述了其消化系统在发育过程中形态和功能的变化,对仔鱼发育过程中包括胃蛋白酶、胰酶、肠酶及其他消化酶的变化以及饵料组分的影响进行了总结。     

Potential use of Artemia biomass by‐products from Artemia cyst production for the nursing of goby Pseudapocryptes elongatus in Vietnam: effects on growth and feed utilization

The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of using Artemia biomass, by‐product from Artemia cyst production on growth and feed utilization of goby Pseudapocryptes elongatus fingerlings. A control diet containing fishmeal as main protein source was compared with four experimental diets in which fishmeal protein was replaced by increasing dietary levels of Artemia protein, namely 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. The five test diets were compared with a commercial diet and dried Artemia. All diets were formulated to be equivalent in crude protein (360–370 g kg^?1) and lipid (58–65 g kg^?1). The experiment was conducted in 80 L plastic tanks filled with water at a salinity of 15 g L^?1. Goby fingerlings with 0.21 g initial weight were fed the test diets for 30 days. The results showed that weight gain and specific growth rate of goby were positively correlated with total feed intake. Moreover, growth performances and feed utilization in the fry receiving the commercial feed and fishmeal control diet were similar, both were inferior to the groups fed dried Artemia and the based formulated diets. These results illustrate that both dried Artemia and Artemia‐based feeds can be used for feeding goby fingerlings, indicating the high potential of using locally produced Artemia biomass, which could contribute to reduce the reliance on fishmeal and improve profits for Artemia producers.     

酶解磷虾粉替代鱼粉对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼生长性能、体组成及血清生化的影响

以酶解磷虾粉分别替代基础饲料中0(T0)、10％(T10)、20％(T20)、30％(T30)、40％(T40)、50％(T50)的鱼粉,配制6种等氮等能的饲料,研究饲料中酶解磷虾粉替代鱼粉对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼生长性能、体组成、血液生化指标、抗氧化性能及氟残留的影响.选取初始均重为(57.80±0.28)g的珍珠龙胆石斑幼鱼360尾,随机分为6组,每组3个重复,试验周期为56 d.结果显示,(1) T30组的增重率、特定生长率和摄食率均显著高于T0组(P＜0.05);在替代量大于20％时,饲料干物质表观消化率显著高于T0组()＜0.05);各替代组的饲料系数、肥满度、肝体比、蛋白质效率、蛋白质消化率与T0组无显著差异(P＞0.05).(2)各替代组全鱼和肌肉水分、粗脂肪、粗灰分含量与T0组无显著差异(P＞0.05);T30组肌肉粗蛋白质含量显著高于T0组(P＜0.05).(3)各组间血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、总蛋白、白蛋白、碱性磷酸酶、甘油三酯和高密度脂蛋白含量无显著差异(p0.05);T30组尿素氮含量显著低于T0组(P＜0.05);各替代组低密度脂蛋白含量显著高于T0组(P＜0.05).(4)酶解磷虾粉替代鱼粉显著升高了珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼血清和肝脏中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶及血清超氧化物歧化酶的活力(P＜0.05),同时,显著降低了血清和肝脏中丙二醛含量(P＜0.05).(5)各组肌肉氟含量均在可检测范围以下,各组间骨骼氟含量随着替代比例的升高而升高,各组差异显著(P＜0.05).研究表明,综合考虑生长性能、体成分、生化指标及抗氧化性能,酶解磷虾粉可替代珍珠龙胆石斑鱼饲料中40％以下的鱼粉,替代量为30％时效果最佳.     

Effect of Stocking Density on the Growth,Survival, and Behavior of Postpuerulus Western Rock Lobster,Panulirus cygnus (George) (Decapoda: Palinuridae)

The effect of four stocking densities (30, 60, 100, and 150 lobsters/m²) on the growth and survival of Panulirus cygnus postpueruli was determined over a 112‐d grow‐out trial. Agonistic behavior at each experimental density was recorded using infrared filming. Survival and growth decreased with increasing density, although this trend was only significant between the lowest (30/m²) and the highest densities (150/m²) (P < 0.05) at the conclusion of the grow‐out trial. Density had no significant effect on apparent feed intake but significantly affected food conversion ratios (FCR) across all four densities, with FCR being best at 30/m² and worst at 150/m². The number and frequency of agonistic encounters per tank differed significantly with density, with agonistic encounters being highest at 150/m² and lowest at 30/m². Agonistic encounters coincided with the crepuscular foraging pattern of postpueruli. The reduction in survival and growth of postpueruli at the highest density (150/m²) can be attributed to the significant increase in the number of agonistic encounters. This study supports that P. cygnus postpueruli should be stocked at densities less than 100/m² in order to minimize the negative effect of density on growth and survival.     

中国西北地区内陆盐湖卤虫染色体倍性 组成的研究

本文研究了新疆维吾尔自治区（简称新疆）、青海省和内蒙古自治区（简称内蒙古）19个卤虫品系的染色体倍性组成。其中属于两性生殖类型的卤虫有13个品系，孤雌生殖类型的卤虫有6个品系。13个行两性生殖品系的染色体为：二倍体，2n＝42，6个行孤雌生殖品系的染色体，既有二倍体2n＝42，又四倍体，4n＝84和五倍体，5n＝105。一部分细胞的染色体表现非整倍的特点。     

中华鳖健康养殖模式对成鳖营养成分的影响

采用健康养殖模式,观察其对成鳖多种营养成分的影响,同时采用市售同性别中华鳖成鳖作为对照。结果表明健康养殖鳖平均蛋白质、锌(Zn)、铜(Cu)、锗(Ge)含量明显高于对照鳖(p<0 05),脂肪、铁(Fe)和锰(Mn)的含量明显低于对照鳖(p<0 05),水分、灰分、能量以及其它微量元素在健康养殖鳖和对照鳖之间无显著性差异(p>0 05)。采用健康养殖模式养殖中华鳖对提高成鳖的营养价值具有重要作用。     

膨化饲料和颗粒饲料对哲罗鲑生长、体成分、消化酶活性和血液生化指标影响的比较

本试验用膨化饲料和颗粒饲料饲喂初体重6.91±0.33 g哲罗鲑(Hucho taimen),比较两种饲料对其生长、体成分、消化酶活性和血液生化指标的影响.试验在室内玻璃钢水族箱中进行,分2个处理,每处理3个重复,每重复100尾鱼.处理1为膨化饲料组,处理2为颗粒饲料组.试验期间水温9.8～16.2℃,溶氧>8.0 mg/L,试验共进行56d.试验结果表明,同颗粒饲料组相比,膨化饲料组哲罗鲑成活率显著提高(P<0.05),饵料系数显著降低(P<0.05);鱼体粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量显著升高(P<0.05),水分和灰分显著降低(P<0.05);胃蛋白酶、前肠+幽门盲囊胰蛋白酶、后肠胰蛋白酶活性显著降低(P<0.05);消化道淀粉酶活性显著降低(P<0.05);血清总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白和白球比差异不显著(P>0.05),而碱性磷酸酶活性显著降低(P<0.05).结论,与颗粒饲料组相比,哲罗鲑饲喂膨化饲料后生长性能提高,但消化道消化酶活性降低.     

The Potential Use of Mangrove Forests as Nitrogen Sinks of Shrimp Aquaculture Pond Effluents: The Role of Denitrification

A generalized nitrogen budget was constructed to evaluate the potential role of mangrove sediments as a sink for dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in shrimp pond effluents. DIN concentrations were measured in pond effluents from three semi-intensive shrimp ponds along the Caribbean coast of Colombia between 1994–1995. Mean NH₄⁺ concentrations in the discharge water for all farms were significantly higher (67 × 12 μg/L) than in the adjacent estuaries (33 × 8 μg/L). Average NH₄⁺ concentrations in the pond discharge over all growout cycles were similar, representing an approximate doubling in relation to estuarine water concentrations. In contrast, NO₂^-+ NO₃^- concentrations were similar in both pond effluent and estuarine waters. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen loading of the ponds was similar. The estimated reduction of DIN in pond effluents by preliminary diversion of outflow to mangrove wetlands rather than directly to estuarine waters would be × 190 mg N/m² per d. Based on this nitrogen loss and depending upon the enrichment rate, between 0.04 to 0.12 ha of mangrove forest is required to completely remove the DIN load from effluents produced by a 1-ha pond.