放牧强度对南方人工草地和绵羊生产性能的影响(简报)

放牧强度对草地生存环境和家畜生产性能关系密切^[1]。我国对放牧强度的研究集中于北方^[2],南方草地建设比较晚,尤其是南方人工草地相关研究比较少。本试验旨在探讨南方人工草地不同放牧强度与草地植物产量和放牧家畜生产性能之间的关系,为确定合理的载牧量提供参考依据。     

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization on Phosphorus Uptake in Bermudagrass Forage Grown on High Soil-Test Phosphorus Sites

Common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] was harvested from two producer sites (Latta and Stephens) with high soil-test P (286 and 153 ppm, respectively) to assess the effects of N fertilization on P uptake and potential removal in hay or silage. Ammonium nitrate was applied in split applications each year at rates totaling 0, 56, 112, 168, 224, 280, or 336 kg/ha of actual N. At the Stephens site in Yr 1, cumulative DM yield increased linearly (P<0.0001) with N fertilization rate. Mean concentrations of P in these forages declined linearly (P<0.0001) with N fertilization rate, but uptake of P still increased linearly (P=0.0004) with N fertilization, reaching a maximum of 30.0 kg of P/ha. At the Latta site, mean yields of DM and uptake of P for Yr 1 and 2 increased linearly (P<0.0001) with N fertilization; the maximum uptake of P was 50.8 kg of P/ha. At the Latta site, there was an interaction between concentrations of P in the forage and year (P=0.002). During Yr 1, there was no relationship (P>0.10) between concentration of P and N fertilization rate (overall mean = 0.40%), but concentrations of P declined in linear (P<0.0001) and quadratic (P=0.044) patterns from 0.59 to 0.44% during Yr 2. Uptake of P was generally improved with N fertilization, but potential P removal may be limited by reductions in the concentration of P in the forage at greater N fertilization rates.     

干燥温度和收获时期对饲用玉米ADIN含量的影响

本文采用3×3两因子设计,研究了不同干燥温度(65℃、85℃和105℃)和不同收获时期(8月21日、9月11日和10月1日)对5个品种饲用玉米ADIN含量的影响.结果表明:(1)105℃处理的ADIN含量极显著高于65℃处理(P<0.01);(2)不同时期ADIN含量的变化趋势与饲草中ADIN/TN的变化趋势相同;(3)ADIN含量与饲草的品种以及饲草中的含氮量有关.     

复合微生物肥料对科尔沁羊草割草场植物群落多样性和生产力的影响

为了解复合微生物肥料在天然草场改良中的效果,本研究设置对照(CK)、腐殖酸(F)、糖蜜发酵(T)、海藻酸(H)和3种复合微生物肥料混合施入(A)5种处理,研究其对科尔沁羊草(Leymus chinensis)割草场草地生产力、植物群落特征和物种多样性的影响。结果表明:复合微生物肥料对天然草地的改良有一定促进作用。T处理地上生物量较CK显著增加了27.18%(P0.05);复合微生物肥料增加了群落高度、盖度和密度,T处理显著增加了群落高度和盖度(P0.05),各处理间群落密度无显著差异;T、H和A处理增加了群落中羊草的重要值,其中T处理显著增加了20.46%(P0.05);群落Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Simpson优势度指数都没有显著变化。综上所述,本研究选取的几种复合微生物肥料以糖蜜发酵(T)改良效果最佳。     

湟源地区草场封育对牧草结构及产草量影响的研究

对寺寨牧场1997－2000年3年牧草结构及产草量进行了测定分析，结果表明，天然草场通过围栏封育比未封育草场牧草种类，高度，盖度，明显增加，产草量提高68．4％。     

天山北坡高寒草甸和山地草原氮磷配方施肥的研究

应用二元二次施肥数学模型，对天山北坡高寒草甸和山地草原氮磷酸配方施肥进行了回归分析，分别建立了两类型氮磷组合连应方程、得出两类型单位面积最高和最佳产量与相应的关系氮，磷最大和最佳施胜量；氮，磷配施比单施更能提高牧草品质；牧草青绿期比不施肥可延长１５ｄ左右。     

几种灌木饲用植物生产力及经济效益对比分析初报

2003～2004年对引种的9种灌木饲用植物的适应性、生产力和经济效益进行研究的结果表明，9种灌木饲用植物在林西县栽培表现出较强的适应性、较高的生产力和经济效益，越冬率达95%以上；生长第二年生育期表现不同，只有尖叶胡枝子、达乌里胡枝于、华北驼绒藜能开花结实完成生育期；产草量决定其经济效益，因牧草种类不同经济效益差异明显。     

不同种牧草的产量和品质

在中国科学院海北高寒草甸定位站以一年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、小黑麦(Triticale hexaploide)、燕麦(Avena sativa)和垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)为研究对象,对其产草量、牧草营养品质进行测定,以探讨不同牧草的产量和品质。结果表明:小黑麦干草产量为1345.50 g·m^-2,显著高于一年生黑麦草(974.93 g·m^-2)、垂穗披碱草(301.75 g·m^-2)和燕麦(329.60 g·m^-2)。小黑麦产量是垂穗披碱草和燕麦干草产量的4~4.5倍,是黑麦草干草产量的1.4倍。垂穗披碱草粗蛋白(CP)含量显著高于一年生黑麦草和小黑麦(P<0.05),一年生黑麦草粗蛋白(CP)含量最小。单位面积粗蛋白(CP)产量、粗脂肪(EE)产量、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)产量和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)产量以一年生黑麦草最高,显著高于小黑麦、垂穗披碱草和燕麦(P<0.05)。     

Fall Water Effects on Growing Season Soil Water Content and Plant Productivity

Understanding fall precipitation effects on rangelands could improve forage production forecasting and inform predictions of potential climate change effects. We used a rainout shelter and water addition to test effects of seasonal precipitation on soil water and annual net primary production of C₃ perennial grass, C₄ perennial grass, annual grasses, forbs, and all plants combined. Treatments were 1) drought during September−October and April−May (DD); 2) drought plus irrigation during September−October and drought during April−May (WD); 3) year-long ambient conditions (WW); and 4) ambient plus irrigation during September−October (W + W). Treatments created conditions ranking among the driest and wettest September−October periods since 1937. Fall water effects on soil water were not detectable by May at 15 cm and 30 cm. Effects persisted into July at 60 cm and 90 cm, depths below the primary root zone. With spring drought, annual net primary production was 344 kg ha⁻¹ greater when the previous fall was wet rather than dry. No differences were detected between fall water treatments when spring was wet and fall was about 184% (1 938 ± 117 kg ha⁻¹) or 391% of the median (1 903 ± 117 kg ha⁻¹). Fall water increased C₃ perennial grass when spring was also wet and had no effect under spring drought, when forage production concerns are greatest. Fall water did not affect C₄ perennial grass, and extremely wet fall conditions reduced forb production about 50%. The greatest effect of fall water was increased annual grass production. Even record high levels of fall water had minor effects on biomass, functional group composition, and soil water that were short-lived and overwhelmed by the influence of spring precipitation. Movement of fall water to deep soil by the growing season suggests plants that would most benefit from fall precipitation are those that could use it during fall (winter annuals), or deep-rooted species (shrubs).     

盐土条件下不同栽培措施对4种禾本科饲草阳离子分布的影响

为探讨盐土条件下牧草栽培技术,以4种禾本科牧草为材料,研究了3种不同栽培措施对饲草体内Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺含量和分布的影响.结果表明:同一品种不同栽培措施处理下植株体内各离子含量差异显著(P < 0.05),覆秸秆与添加保水剂处理饲草各部分Na⁺含量及Na⁺/Ca²⁺显著低于对照;K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺含量和K⁺/Na⁺显著高于对照.离子运输选择性系数S_K⁺/Na⁺均以覆秸秆处理与添加保水剂处理显著高于对照(P < 0.05).相同栽培措施下甜高粱(Sorghum saccharatum)与高丹草(Sorghum bicolor×sorghum Sudanese)体内的K⁺/Na⁺在茎、叶中的分布显著高于青贮玉米(Zea mays)和墨西哥玉米(Euchlaena mexicana).在盐土条件下,覆秸秆和添加保水剂处理可使饲草地上部分的Na⁺含量降低,K⁺含量升高,维持饲草体内较高的K⁺/Na⁺和S_K⁺/Na⁺值,提高饲草的耐盐性;不同饲草品种之间耐盐性差异较大.     

含水量和添加剂对饲用谷子青贮营养成分和发酵品质的影响

[目的]研究预干处理、添加糖蜜和植物乳杆菌混合制剂对饲用谷子青贮营养成分和发酵品质的影响。[方法]以灌浆期106号和107号饲用谷子为原料,采用双因素（含水量×添加剂）完全随机试验设计,分别用新鲜及预干处理的谷子调制青贮;利用2种不同含水量的谷子调制的青贮中,无添加为对照组（CK）,添加1%糖蜜和0.2%植物乳杆菌的混合制剂为试验组（ML）,每个处理3个重复,于20~30 ℃室温环境中发酵45 d。开封后测定青贮干物质含量、常规营养成分含量、pH值、乳酸含量及挥发性脂肪酸含量。[结果]预干处理极显著（P<0.01）提高2种饲用谷子青贮的干物质含量和pH值,显著（P<0.05）提高106号饲用谷子青贮的中性洗涤纤维含量,同时,极显著（P<0.01）降低乳酸和乙酸含量。106号饲用谷子预干青贮ML组的干物质含量极显著（P<0.01）高于CK组。2种饲用谷子的新鲜和预干青贮ML组的pH值均极显著（P<0.01）低于CK组,乳酸含量极显著（P<0.01）高于CK组。2种饲用谷子预干青贮ML组的乙酸含量显著（P<0.05）高于CK组。[结论]预干处理有利于营养成分的保留,但对青贮发酵有一定的抑制作用。添加糖蜜和植物乳杆菌对营养成分无显著影响,但能促进青贮乳酸发酵,显著降低pH值,提高乳酸/乙酸值。     

多梯度氮磷添加对高寒草甸植物群落生物量与氮磷含量的影响

为研究不同梯度氮、磷单独及混合添加对高寒草甸植物群落生物量、植物养分含量及化学计量比的影响,本实验分析了青海省门源县典型高寒草甸植物群落地上总生物量,功能群水平地上生物量,植物全氮、全磷含量及氮磷比对多梯度氮、磷添加的响应情况。结果表明：氮、磷添加均对群落地上生物量影响极显著(P<0.001);氮添加对禾草类和豆科生物量影响极显著(P<0.001);磷添加对禾草类和莎草类生物量影响极显著(P<0.001);氮磷交互作用对豆科和莎草类生物量影响显著(P<0.05)。群落水平上,氮添加显著提高了植物全氮含量,对植物氮磷比(N∶P)有正效应,磷添加显著提高了植物全磷含量,对植物N∶P有负效应,植物全磷对N∶P的负效应大于全氮对N∶P的正效应。本研究表明氮、磷添加可能会使高寒草甸植物群落组成和植物养分含量发生改变,植物群落逐渐向禾草类发展;此外,高寒草甸植物生长趋向于受氮磷共同限制。     

多年生暖季型草地补播多花黑麦草生产系统研究

于2009年5月在亚热带中山地区引入宽叶雀稗(Paspalum wettsteinii)、威提特东非狼尾草(Pennisetum clandestinum cv.Whittet)、纳罗克非洲狗尾草(Setaria sphacelata cv.Narok)和贝斯莉斯克伏生臂形草(Bra-chiaria decumbens cv.Basilisk)4种多年生暖季型牧草,并于当年10月在4种暖季型禾草草地上分别补播多花黑麦草(Lolium multifolorum),组成不同的互补饲草生产系统(Complementary forage system);通过对各补播系统牧草全年产量、生长速率和密度变化的研究分析,以期建立全季型优质高产的互补饲草组合模式,为解决该地区饲草供应季节不平衡提供可行方案。结果表明:补播能显著增加产草量(P<0.05),干草产量最高的系统是臂形草+多花黑麦草(26337.1 kg·hm^-2);粗蛋白年产量最高的为东非狼尾草+多花黑麦草系统(2903.6 kg·hm^-2);各系统可形成良好的饲草季节配置,多花黑麦草在冬春季节成为优势种,产量占全年饲草总产量的40%。     

施肥对敖汉苜蓿鲜草产量及营养成分的影响

2003年在内蒙古西辽河平原灰色草甸土上采用"3414"二次回归最优设计试验方案,研究N、P、K肥配施对敖汉紫花苜蓿当年产草量和营养成分的影响。结果表明:在施N 16.59kg/hm2、施P2O548.92kg/hm2、施K2O283.79kg/hm2时可获得鲜草最高产量66464kg/hm2。14个处理组合中,初花期以处理9(N2P2K1)、处理1(N0P0K0)、处理5(N2P1K2)粗蛋白质的含量高;初花期的粗纤维含量小于25.0%的处理组合是处理6(N2P2K2)、处理7(N2P3K2)、处理11(N3P2K2)、处理12(N2P1K1),均达到国家一级标准[6];初花期粗灰分含量处理8(N2P2K0)最低;还分析了N、P、K肥对敖汉苜蓿营养成分的影响。     

苜蓿放牧地生产性能与管理

苜蓿(Medicago sariva)放牧草地以其成本相对低、营养价值高、家畜生产性能优异而得到生产者的青睐.但用于干草的苜蓿不耐践踏,不适合放牧,而且家畜鼓胀病也限制其利用,因而使之成为苜蓿科研的新方向.有关放牧型苜蓿品种的选育以及家畜鼓胀病的管理研究,笔者将分别在其他文章中阐述.本文主要就苜蓿放牧地的管理(放牧方式、时间和强度)、合理利用及其对不同家畜生产性能的影响,以及目前育成的放牧型苜蓿品种进行综述,以期为苜蓿放牧的管理和利用提供参考.     

日粮磷对产蛋鸡组织钙的影响

选择４８只１７８日龄健康的罗曼商品蛋鸡，随机分成４个组，分别锔喂含有效磷为０．０８％，０．１２％，０．１５％和０．２５％的日粮，试验期６０d。结果表明，试验至第１５，３０和４５d，低磷日粮显著降低全血、血浆、蛋黄钙含量。第３０d低磷日粮显著降低羽毛、肝脏、脾脏、心脏、肺脏、肾脏和肌肉钙含量。第６０d，低磷日粮显著降低血浆、肺脏、肌肉钙含量。日粮磷水平与血浆、全血、羽毛、蛋黄、肌肉钙含量呈极显著正相关，与肝脏、肺脏钙含量呈显著正相关，表明低磷日粮对钙的代谢产生不利影响。     

不同播量拉巴豆与青贮玉米混播对草地生产性能及牧草品质的影响

为探究宁夏雨养区不同播量拉巴豆(Dolichos lablab)与青贮玉米(Zeamays)混播对草地生产性能和牧草品质的影响,本试验采用随机区组设计,以不同播量(0 kg·hm-2,22.5 kg·hm-2,45.0 kg·hm-2,67.5 kg·hm-2,90.0 kg·hm-2)的拉巴豆与青贮玉米混播,并运用灰...     

壳聚糖对奶牛血清钙、磷和羟脯氨酸含量的影响

选择40头中国荷斯坦奶牛，随机分为对照组和试验1、2、3四个组。每头每天分别在各组日粮中加入0g、2g、4g和6g壳聚糖，连续饲喂35d。每周测定一次血清钙、磷和羟脯氨酸的含量。结果奶牛血清钙和羟脯氨酸的含量差异不显著(P＞0．05)，添加6g/d壳聚糖，血清磷在4周后显著升高(P＜0．05)。表明：壳聚糖不影响奶牛血清钙和血清羟脯氨酸的含量。在日粮中添加6g/d壳聚糖4周以后，有利于促进机体对磷的吸收。     

高寒地区禾本科牧草生产力适应性评价

在玉树县巴塘乡铁力角村冬春退化草地上,开展多年生禾本科牧草引种试验,共引种7属15个品种。2年的试验结果表明,15个品种在巴塘地区均能正常越冬并完成生育期。牧草产量和种籽产量比较表明,其中同德老芒麦(E. sibiricus L.'Tongde')第2年干草产量最高为10030.8 kg·hm^-2,同德短芒披碱草(E. Breviaristatus Keng f.'Tongde')草籽产量最高,达到2986.7 kg·hm^-2。所有牧草品种均能完成生育期,并且第2年株高、盖度和产草量均高于第1年,适应玉树地区的生态环境,生产力均较好,适宜在玉树地区推广。     

Grazing Management and Microclimate Effects on Cattle Distribution Relative to a Cool Season Pasture Stream

Because of concerns about the impact of grazing management on surface water quality, a 3-yr study was conducted to determine grazing management and microclimate impacts on cattle distribution relative to a pasture stream and shade. Three treatments, continuous stocking with unrestricted stream access (CSU), continuous stocking with restricted stream access (CSR), and rotational stocking (RS), were evaluated on six 12.1-ha cool-season grass pastures stocked with 15 fall-calving Angus cows (Bos taurus L.) from mid-May through mid-October of each year. On 2 d · mo^?1 from May through September of each year, a trained observer in each pasture recorded cattle position and activity every 10 min from 0600 to 1800 hours. In years 2 and 3, position of one cow per pasture was recorded with a Global Positioning System (GPS) collar at 10-min intervals 24 h · d^?1 for 2 wk · mo^?1 from May through September. In week 2 of collar deployment in May, July, and September, cattle had access to off-stream water. Ambient temperature, black globe temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed were recorded at 10-min intervals and temperature humidity (THI), black globe temperature humidity (BGTHI), and heat load (HLI) indices were calculated. Based on GPS collars, mean percentage of time cows in CSU pastures were in the stream (1.1%) and streamside zone (10.5%) were greater (P < 0.05) than cows in CSR (0.2% and 1.8%) or RS (0.1% and 1.5%) pastures. Based on GPS collar data, off-stream water did not affect the percentage of time cattle in CSU or CSR pastures spent in the stream. Probabilities that cattle in CSU and CSR pastures were in the stream or riparian zones increased (P < 0.05) as ambient temperature, black globe temperature, THI, BGTHI, and HLI increased. Rotational stocking and restricted stream access were effective strategies to decrease the amount of time cattle spent in or near a pasture stream.