Effect of take-all root infections on nitrate uptake in winter wheat

The effect of take-all root lesions on nitrate uptake of wheat was investigated in two experiments under controlled conditions. Plants were supplied with a nutrient solution labelled with ¹⁵N during stem elongation and flowering to assess the distribution of the isotopic tracer in the different plant organs, and particularly in root segments located on both sides of take-all lesions. The ¹⁵N atom percentage excess measured in root segments located below lesions longer than 1 cm was reduced on average by half compared with that in healthy roots and root segments above lesions, reflecting a reduction in nitrogen uptake by these root segments. This reduction probably resulted from the invasion and breakdown of phloem vessels by the fungus hyphae, interrupting energy supply and thus the uptake process. Severely infected plants showed an increase in the uptake rate per unit of efficient root, which appeared to be a compensatory response to reduction of efficient root biomass in order to satisfy shoot nitrogen demand. However, this compensatory response was insufficient to ensure nitrogen accumulation equivalent to that of healthy plants, as reductions in nitrogen accumulated in roots and aerial parts at flowering were up to 56 and 49%, respectively, for plants with more than 50% of the root system below lesions longer than 1 cm.     

Influence of crop management on take-all development and disease cycles on winter wheat

ABSTRACT Wheat was assessed at four crop growth stages for take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici) in a series of field trials that studied the effects of five wheat management practices: sowing date, plant density, nitrogen fertilizer dose and form, and removal/burial of cereal straw. An equation expressing disease level as a function of degree days was fitted to the observed disease levels. This equation was based on take-all epidemiology and depended on two parameters reflecting the importance of the primary and secondary infection cycles, respectively. Early sowing always increased disease frequency via primary infection cycle; its influence on the secondary cycle was variable. Primary infection and earliness of disease onset were increased by high density; however, at mid-season take-all was positively correlated to the root number per plant, which was itself negatively correlated to plant density. At late stages of development, neither plant density nor root number per plant had any influence on disease. A high nitrogen dose increased both take-all on seminal roots and severity of primary infection cycle but decreased take-all on nodal roots and secondary infection cycle. Ammonium (versus ammonium nitrate) fertilizer always decreased disease levels and infection cycles, whereas straw treatment (burial versus removal of straw from the previous cereal crop) had no influence.     

Quantifying the impacts of soil water stress on the winter wheat growth in an arid region, Xinjiang

Wheat growth in response to soil water deficit play an important role in yield stability. A field experiment was conducted for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during the period of 2002-2005 to evaluate the effects of limited irrigation on winter wheat growth. 80%, 70%, 60%, 50% and 40% of field capacity was applied at different stages of crop growth. Photosynthetic characteristics of winter wheat, such as photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, photosynthetically active radiation, and soil water content, root and shoot dry mass accumulation were measured, and the root water uptake and water balance in different layer were calculated. Based on the theory of unsaturated dynamic, a one-dimensional numerical model was developed to simulate the effect of soil water movement on winter wheat growth using Hydrus-1 D. The soil water content of stratified soil in the experimental plot was calculated under deficit irrigation. The results showed that, in different growing periods, evapotranspiration, grain yield, biomass, root water up- take, water use efficiency, and photosynthetic characteristics depended on the controlled ranges of soil water content. Grain yield response to irrigation varied considerably due to differences in soil moisture contents and irrigation scheduling between seasons. Evapotranspiration was largest in the high soil moisture treatment, and so was the biomass, but this treatment did not produce the highest grain yield and root water uptake was relatively low. Maximum depth of root water uptake is from the upper 80 cm in soil profile in jointing stage and dropped rapidly upper 40 cm after heading stage, and the velocity of root water uptake in latter stage was less than that in middle stage. The effect of limited irrigation treatment on photosynthesis was complex owing to microclimate. But root water uptake increased linearly with harvest yield and improvement in the latter gave better root water uptake under limited irrigation conditions. Appropriately controlled soil wate     

Methods for studying population structure, including sensitivity to the fungicide silthiofam, of the cereal take-all fungus, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici

Field isolates ( n  = 144) of the wheat take-all fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici ( Ggt ) were tested for sensitivity to silthiofam, a take-all-specific fungicide used as a seed treatment, and identified as A- or B-type by PCR–RFLP analysis of nuclear rDNA. A possible association was identified between polymorphisms in ITS2 of the nuclear rDNA and sensitivity to silthiofam. A Ggt -specific PCR assay was developed which simultaneously identified isolates of Ggt as A- or B-type, based on the polymorphisms in the nuclear rDNA. A highly significant correlation between Ggt type using the PCR assay and sensitivity to silthiofam was demonstrated in a collection of 358 isolates from three field experiments designed to test the effects of seed-treatment fungicides on take-all and Ggt populations in winter wheat. In one experiment the percentages of silthiofam-sensitive and B-type isolates were significantly less in populations from plots sown with silthiofam-treated seed in two consecutive years than in populations from plots sown with nontreated seed. However, silthiofam still provided a significant amount of control of take-all. The natural occurrence of fungicide-insensitive isolates, up to about 30% in soils in which the fungicide had never been used, is unusual. The new PCR assay provides a useful tool for studying the population structure of Ggt , and may provide a novel method for assessing the incidence of insensitivity to silthiofam (the target site for which has not yet been identified) in field populations of Ggt .     

Effects of summer fallow management on take-all of winter wheat caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gaeumannomyces graminis</Emphasis> var. <Emphasis Type="Italic">tritici</Emphasis>

Crop rotation is the oldest, and perhaps the best cultural practice for reducing the risk of take-all. The effects of crops sown before wheat in a rotation are known in detail, but we know little about the opportunities for reducing take-all risk by planting certain crops in the summer period between wheat harvest and the planting of a subsequent winter wheat crop. We investigated the effects on take-all of five summer fallow crops, two soil tillage treatments and a fungicide seed treatment, in a five site-year experiment. We tested the effects of oats, oilseed rape, mustard, ryegrass and volunteer wheat crops. Bare-soil plots were also included. Take-all epidemics varied with year and site. Summer fallow crops had a greater effect on tilled plots. The incidence and severity of take-all were significantly higher in the wheat volunteer plots, whereas maintaining bare soil provided the lowest level of disease. Oilseed rape had no significant effect on take-all incidence in our experiment. The best candidates for reducing take-all risk appeared to be oats, mustard and ryegrass. These summer fallow crops decreased disease levels only when associated with conventional tillage. Summer fallow crops did not alter take-all decline in the same way as a break crop after a wheat monoculture.     

Root infection of potato by Spongospora subterranea: knowledge review and evidence for decreased plant productivity

Information is reviewed on root infection of potato by the plasmodiophorid Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea. This pathogen has long been recognized as the cause of root galls (hyperplasia) and the economically important disease powdery scab on tubers (modified stolons). The significance for plant productivity of the zoosporangium stages of the pathogen in potato roots has only recently begun to be documented. Two experiments are described that assessed effects of S. subterranea root infection on potato plant root function and productivity. A greenhouse experiment measured root function and plant parameters for eight potato cultivars with markedly different susceptibilities to tuber powdery scab. Water uptake and plant growth were reduced by S. subterranea inoculation in all eight cultivars. The magnitudes of these negative effects, and intensities of root hyperplasia, differed among the cultivars, but were not related to respective susceptibilities to tuber powdery scab. A field trial assessed root function and plant productivity for a cultivar (Iwa) that is very susceptible to Spongospora tuber and root diseases. Soil water content beneath uninoculated plants was consistently less than for inoculated plants, indicating that inoculation reduced water uptake (root function). Inoculation reduced shoot and root dry weights, and reduced weight of tubers per plant by 42%. Spongospora subterranea causes three diseases of potato: root membrane dysfunction, root hyperplasia and tuber powdery scab. The root diseases caused by the pathogen are likely to be important both for powdery scab management and for deleterious effects on potato crop yields.     

水氮耦合对油菜生长及氮肥利用效率的影响

在油菜种植主产区,定量研究了不同水分管理和氮素施入对油菜生长和氮肥利用的影响,为油菜高产高效生产科学施肥提供理论依据。于2015—2017年度在重庆西南大学日光温室开展油菜水肥耦合效应盆栽试验,比较高水W1(90%田间持水量)、中水W2(70%田间持水量)、低水W3(50%田间持水量)三个水分梯度和高氮N1(150%常规施氮量)、中氮N2(100%常规施氮量)、低氮N3(50%常规施氮量)三个氮肥水平共9个处理对油菜产量、生长性状、氮素吸收和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明:油菜株高、茎粗、叶片数、有效分枝数对水分因素不敏感,主要受氮素影响。本试验中当土壤含水量达到田间最大持水量的90%,施氮量才对根系形态特征指标、根系干物质量产生影响。水氮因素对土壤的全氮含量影响不显著,主要影响作物的全氮含量,作物氮含量随着施氮量的增加而增加,随着土壤含水量的增加则呈下降趋势;油菜产量在不同施氮水平下差异不显著,随着土壤含水量的增加呈增加趋势。氮肥表观利用率、氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学效率和氮肥生理利用率均随着施氮量的减少而增加,同一施氮水平下随着土壤含水量的增加而增加。综合考虑,本研究中最优水氮组合为W1N3,即灌水水平控制在田间持水量的90%、施氮量为0.12 g·kg~(-1)。     

西南高原“旱三熟”地区不同覆盖栽培措施的土壤水分效应

在西南高原季节性旱区进行田间试验,研究不同覆盖栽培条件下"旱三熟"种植模式的农田土壤水分效应。研究表明,秸秆、地膜覆盖尤其是秸秆地膜二元覆盖有明显蓄集和保存土壤水的作用,土壤保蓄水度平均提高60.63%,覆盖能有效减少田间水分的无效蒸发,平均减少181.93 mm,使作物蒸腾系数和水分利用效率提高,平均提高19.84%和23.5%,而使作物耗水系数减小,平均减少18.26%,根区是作物耗水与土壤保蓄水的关键区域;农田水分变化沿土层可划分为3个层次,即0~30 cm土层为土壤水分变化活跃层和土壤贮水变化明显层、30~80cm土层为土壤水分变化次活跃层和土壤贮水变化显著层、80~100 cm土层为土壤水分变化相对稳定层和土壤贮水变化缓慢层。覆盖栽培可促进作物耗水量由田间无效蒸发耗水向有效的田间作物蒸腾耗水转化,使农田水分的有效性显著提升。     

The influence of nitrogen supply on the ability of wheat and potato to suppress Stellaria media growth and reproduction

Summary This paper tests the hypothesis that increased soil nitrogen supply reduces the growth of late-emerging weeds in wheat and potato by enhancing canopy leaf area development and thereby reducing the availability of light for weed growth. Two series of experiments were conducted: one in spring wheat (1997, 1999) with sown Stellaria media and one in potato (1998, 1999) with naturally emerged weeds, including S. media . For each crop, two cultivars were grown at three levels of nitrogen supply. In wheat, as in a monoculture of S. media , total dry weight and seed number of the weed increased with soil nitrogen supply, whereas in potato the opposite was found. Increased soil nitrogen supply increased the nitrogen uptake of S. media in wheat, despite the reduced light availability, indicating that S. media in wheat was limited by nitrogen. In potato, on the other hand, growth of S. media was limited by light availability, which decreased with increased soil nitrogen supply . We conclude that the differences in response of S. media in wheat and potato to additional nitrogen supply are attributable to the dual influence of soil nitrogen supply on light and nitrogen availability, which are mediated by the crops.     

Evaluation of models to predict take-all incidence in winter wheat as a function of cropping practices,soil, and climate

The incidence and severity of take-all, caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt), in susceptible crops depend on climate, soil characteristics and cropping practices. Take-all can be controlled by modifying crop rotation, crop management and fungicide treatment. When available, fungicides are used as a seed treatment and are partially effective. There is currently no reliable method for helping farmers to optimise their choice of cropping system to improve take-all control. In this study, we defined 16 models, based on various mathematical functions and input variables, for predicting disease incidence in a wheat crop as a function of soil characteristics, climate, crop rotation and crop management. The parameters of these models were estimated from field experiments carried out at six sites in the north of France over a ten-year period. The root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) values of the models were estimated by cross validation and compared. RMSEP was in the range 16.34–65.93% and was higher for the models based on multiplicative functions. The lowest RMSEP value was obtained for a dynamic model simulating disease incidence during the crop cycle and which included among input variables the percentage of diseased plants determined at GS30.     

膜下滴灌棉花根系吸水模型研究

通过室内三组桶栽水平试验,在不同生育期对棉花根系进行取样,得到棉花根长密度分布函数,并在每次灌水前后对试验桶进行取土样及称重,进而得到土壤剖面的含水量和棉花的蒸腾量;由根长密度分布函数、土壤含水量及棉花蒸腾量,选定根系吸水模型为Feddes模型,经模型计算:土壤水分的模拟值与实测值吻合较好,该模型能够准确地描述膜下滴灌棉花根系吸水,表明建立的棉花根系吸水模型是可行的。     

Reduced severity and impact of Fusarium wilt on strawberry by manipulation of soil pH, soil organic amendments and crop rotation

Strawberry (Fragaria?×?ananassa) is one of the most important berry crops worldwide. Fusarium wilt poses a serious threat to commercial strawberry production worldwide and causes severe economic losses. Our previous surveys suggested that soil pH, soil amendment with organic matter and/or crop rotation could offer opportunities for improved management of strawberry disease. Studies were conducted for the first time to determine the effects of soil pH, soil amendments with manure compost and crop residue, and crop rotation on the severity and impact of Fusarium wilt on strawberry. At soil pH 6.7, plants showed the least severe disease and the lowest reductions in shoot and root dry weight (DW) of plants from disease, significantly lower than those of plants in acidic soil at pH 5.2 or 5.8. In soil amendment with manure compost at 5.0?%, plants showed the least severe disease and the lowest reductions in shoot and root DW of plants from disease, significantly lower than those of plants in the other three levels of manure compost. In soil amendment with crop residue at 2.5?% or 5.0?%, shoot and root disease of plants and reductions in shoot and root DW of plants from disease were significantly lower than those of plants in soil without crop residue or excessive crop residue amendment at 10.0?%. Plants in soil rotated with tomato not only showed the least severe disease but also showed the lowest reductions in shoot and root DW of plants from disease, significantly lower than those of plants in soil continuously planted with strawberry without rotation or rotated with capsicum. Soil pH, soil amendment with manure compost or crop residue, and crop rotation, all significantly reduced the severity and impact of Fusarium wilt on strawberry. There is great potential for manipulating soil pH, adding soil organic amendments and utilizing crop rotation, not only to successfully manage Fusarium wilt on strawberry, but to do so in a sustainable way without current reliance upon chemical fumigants.     

猪场废水灌溉对土壤-夏玉米系统氮素分布的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了猪场废水处理工艺中3个阶段出水(原水、厌氧水和仿生态塘水)与地下水1∶5混水和厌氧水不同灌溉量对土壤中矿质氮含量、夏玉米产量以及植株吸氮量的影响。结果表明:厌氧水不同灌溉量对各土层硝态氮和铵态氮含量影响差异较显著,而不同阶段出水混水灌溉对各土层硝态氮和铵态氮含量影响差异不显著;厌氧水不同灌溉量处理下玉米产量呈现中量厌氧水高量厌氧水低量厌氧水的趋势,不同处理阶段出水混水灌溉时,原水与地下水1∶5混水灌溉产量较其他处理高;仿生态塘混水灌溉玉米籽粒粗蛋白含量最高。建议适宜的猪场养殖废水厌氧出水灌水定额为500 m3/hm2,适宜的混水灌溉处理为仿生态塘水与地下水1∶5的配水比例。     

Take-all of wheat

Take-all, caused by the soilborne fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, is arguably the most-studied root disease of any crop, yet remains the most important root disease of wheat worldwide. S. D. Garrett launched the study of root diseases and soilborne pathogens as an independent field of science starting in the middle of the 20th century, inspired by and based in large part on his research on take-all during the first half of the 20th century. Because there has been neither a source of host plant resistance nor an effective and economical fungicide for use against this disease, the focus for nearly a century has been on cultural and biological controls. In spite of the intensive and extensive works towards these controls, with mostly site-or soil-specific success, the only broadly and consistently effective controls require either crop rotation (break crops), or the converse, wheat monoculture to induce take-all decline. Take-all decline has become the model system for research on biological control of plant pathogens in the rhizosphere and provided the first proof to the scientific world after decades of debate that antibiotics are both produced in soils and play a role in the ecology of soil microorganisms. On the other hand, even the best yields following take-all decline are rarely equal to those achieved with crop rotation. Because of this, the continuing trends globally to shorten rather than lengthen the rotations in wheat-based cropping systems, and the growing use of direct-seed (no-till) trashy systems to reduce costs and protect soil and water resources, new methods to control take-all are needed more than ever. With high resolution maps of the genomes of cereals and other grasses now available, including a complete sequence of the rice genome, and the interesting differences as well as striking similarities among the genomes of cereals and related grasses, gene transfer to wheat from oats, rice, maize and other grass species resistant to G. graminis var. tritici should be pursued.     

Environmental and irrigation conditions can mask the effect of Magnaporthiopsis maydis on growth and productivity of maize

Maize production in temperate countries is threatened by late wilt, caused by Magnaporthiopsis maydis. Plant infection occurs early after sowing, but symptoms appear from flowering onwards. The disease is mainly controlled by genetic resistance, which is often partially expressed in the field. Development of disease symptoms is also highly dependent on environmental conditions. This study looked at whether production and growth of susceptible maize are affected by M. maydis under environmental conditions that are suboptimal for disease development. In addition, the effect of water availability on disease development under optimal conditions was determined. Pot experiments were conducted in an open-air enclosure in 2013, 2015 and 2016. Under unfavourable conditions for disease (low air temperature and relatively high air humidity), aboveground symptoms did not appear in the plants despite growth and production variables being clearly altered by the fungus. When air temperatures and humidity were optimal for disease development (air temperatures relatively high and humidity rather low), leaf symptoms on inoculated plants became apparent but with secondary importance compared to decreases in growth and production. The pathogen also affected the root:aboveground biomass ratio to a greater extent when the plants were under good water conditions than under deficit irrigation. Under optimal conditions and with good soil water content, the infected crop may end its cycle without symptoms, with the disease undetected, although reductions in yield and aboveground biomass can occur.     

加气灌溉对根区土壤肥力质量与作物生长的影响

水、肥、气、热、光是保障作物生长发育的五大要素,传统的灌溉方式不但用水量大,还会导致土壤通气性不足、团粒结构破坏,五要素之间的平衡被打破,造成土壤板结、盐碱化等土壤退化现象,从而土壤肥力质量下降,对作物生长发育造成不利影响。综述了加气灌溉研究背景、加气灌溉条件下土壤肥力质量评价指标、加气灌溉对土壤和土壤肥力质量的影响、加气灌溉对作物生长的影响,总结了加气灌溉对土壤微环境、酶环境、营养环境和作物根系的影响规律以及加气灌溉对土壤微环境和作物根系的调节机理。大量研究表明,加气灌溉能够有效改善根区土壤结构和水力学特性,增强作物根区土壤通透性,明显增加作物根区土壤中细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量,提高土壤中过氧化氢酶与脲酶活性,改善作物根区土壤微环境;加气灌溉可以增加土壤中速效氮和速效磷的含量,提高土壤肥力质量,促进根系对营养物质的吸收和作物的生长发育,提高灌溉水利用效率,作物增产高达10%以上。最后总结了现阶段加气灌溉还存在加气设备研发、加气时间与频次问题以及加气灌溉对土壤、微生物、作物根系、生态环境等的影响机制问题,提出了目前加气灌溉处于定量研究的探索阶段,还需要对加气灌溉中水-土-气-作物的耦合机制进一步开展研究。     

土层水分非均匀供应下施锌对玉米植株中Ca、Fe、Mn、Cu吸收积累的影响

进行分层盆栽试验,模拟田间土壤剖面上下层水分不均匀分布条件,研究表层土壤施锌对玉米植株吸收Ca、Fe、Mn和Cu养分的影响。结果表明:上层土壤干旱抑制了苗期玉米植株生长,降低了地上部Ca、Fe、Mn分配比例。上层土壤干旱情况下,增加下层土壤水分供应,并没有提高植株生长和养分元素的吸收量。施锌明显促进了玉米地上部生长,在土壤水分充足时,施锌对植株生长效果更明显。不论土壤水分状况如何,施锌显著降低了植株中Ca、Fe、Mn、Cu浓度,对植株吸收积累Fe有拮抗作用;上层土壤干旱条件下,施锌还降低了地上部和整株中Mn以及根部Cu的积累量。施锌对植株体内Ca、Fe、Mn、Cu向上运输没有显著性影响。研究表明土壤表层干旱条件下,即使增加土壤水分,尚不能提高玉米植株生长和对Ca、Fe、Mn、Cu等养分的吸收利用。施用锌肥可以提高作物对土壤水分利用,但要注意对作物吸收Fe与Mn的拮抗作用,适当配合铁锰等养分供应。     

作物从土壤中吸收、传递和累积农药的研究进展

农药是保障粮食安全的重要农业投入品,施用后部分农药会沉积在土壤中,甚至会被作物根部吸收,进入作物体内并累积于可食部位,从而导致潜在农产品质量安全问题。研究表明,土壤中的有机质含量、农药的辛醇-水分配系数和作物脂质含量是影响作物吸收非离子型农药的关键因素,作物各部位的脂质含量是影响该类农药累积的关键因素,借助蒸腾作用向上传递是作物根部吸收传导农药的主要动力。本文重点综述了农药被作物的根部吸收、传递和累积及其主要影响因素,结合植物吸收模型的发展及运用,展望了该领域未来发展方向,为农药归趋及应用风险研究提供参考。     

利用HYDRUS-2D模拟膜下滴灌玉米农田深层土壤水分动态与根系吸水

河套灌区农田地下水埋深普遍较浅且年内波动较大,明确不同膜下滴灌条件下深层土壤水分对根区的补给作用及作物根系吸水的响应差异有利于膜下滴灌技术的完善和推广。本研究开展了连续2 a(2017—2018年)的春玉米田间试验,设置3个膜下滴灌灌溉水平,分别控制土壤基质势下限为-10 kPa(S1)、-30 kPa(S3)和-50 kPa(S5)。利用HYDRUS-2D模型模拟0～120 cm深度土壤含水量、根层下边界(100 cm深度处)水分通量和作物根系吸水速率。结果表明,经过率定后的HYDRUS-2D模型对0～120 cm深度土壤含水量模拟结果的根均方差(RMSE)和决定系数(R~2)分别为0.039～0.042 cm~3·cm~(-3)和0.78～0.73,模拟结果可靠。膜下滴灌农田100 cm和120 cm深度处土壤含水量较高且处理间差异不大,说明不同滴灌条件对于100 cm以下深层土壤含水量影响较小;但不同处理显著影响根区下边界的水分通量和根系吸水速率。基质势下限控制水平越低,深层土壤水分对于根区的补给量(毛管上升)越大,S1、S3、S5生育期内累积补给量在31.9～49.6 mm之间。S5处理根系吸水速率较低,根系吸水受到显著抑制,从而造成作物生长指标和产量显著低于S1和S3处理(P0.05);而S1和S3之间籽粒产量差异不显著。综上,在本研究所设置的3个滴灌处理中,S3生育期内灌溉定额为240～300 mm,既较S1显著减少灌水量、提高水分利用效率,又具有较好的根系活力,有效利用深层土壤水分,因此建议该地区春玉米膜下滴灌的灌水下限为-30 kPa。     

结实期水分与氮素对水稻氮素利用与养分吸收的影响

以武育粳3号和汕优63为材料,研究了结实期水分与氮素对水稻氮素利用与养分吸收的影响。结果表明:随氮素水平的提高,稻株吸氮量增加,氮素的利用率、产谷效率和营养器官的氮素转运率下降,稻草中氮的滞留量提高;氮肥促进了稻株对P、K的吸收;水分胁迫降低了稻株的吸氮能力,但提高了氮素的利用率、产谷效率和营养器官的氮素转运率;水分胁迫降低了稻株对P、K的吸收,但提高了对P的利用率;水分与氮肥有明显的互作效应,在一定的氮肥水平下,轻度的水分胁迫,可不降低产量或提高产量,同时提高了水稻的氮素利用率,减少稻田氮的损失。