精氨酸改善宫内发育迟缓、对胎儿生长发育及母猪繁殖性能的影响

氨基酸作为构成蛋白质的主要原料和基本单位在动物体内发挥作用,是生物体内不可缺少的营养成分。L-精氨酸是条件必需氨基酸,也是功能性氨基酸,在妊娠母猪生理、免疫、繁殖等方面均有重要影响。通过综述精氨酸的生物学作用、合成与代谢,改善宫内发育迟缓,以及对母猪繁殖性能和胎儿生长发育等方面的影响,为其在饲料中的合理应用提供参考。     

妊娠母猪精氨酸营养研究进展

精氨酸对妊娠母猪的营养作用正被人们重新认识并不断深化,依赖内源合成以及传统日粮供给不足以支持母猪妊娠阶段最佳营养需要,额外添加精氨酸对提高孕期母猪繁殖性能具有重要意义。     

妊娠母猪日粮中添加精氨酸对初生仔猪肠道发育的影响

本研究旨在评估妊娠母猪日粮中添加精氨酸对初生仔猪肠道发育的影响。试验将12头第3～4胎次、体重接近、膘情和健康状况一致、妊娠第60天的长大（长白×大白）二元母猪随机分为2组,每组6头。对照组饲喂常规日粮,试验组饲喂试验日粮（常规日粮添加1%精氨酸,同时减少1%豆粕）,试验从母猪妊娠60 d开始至分娩结束。结果：妊娠母猪日粮中添加1%精氨酸能显著提高窝产活健仔数、活健仔率、平均初生个体重和初生窝重（P＜0.05）,极显著提高初生仔猪小肠重量和长度（P＜0.01）,显著提高十二指肠绒毛高度和绒毛宽度、空肠绒毛宽度（P＜0.05）,显著降低小肠各段隐窝深度（P＜0.05）,显著提高小肠各段绒隐比（P＜0.05）。结论：妊娠母猪日粮中添加精氨酸能显著提高初生仔猪肠道发育水平。 [关键词]肠道发育|精氨酸|初生仔猪|妊娠母猪     

精氨酸对妊娠母猪繁殖性能的调节作用

妊娠第30～60天母畜体内精氨酸代谢及其所依赖的途径表现异常活跃,这些现象说明精氨酸在维持正常妊娠和提高繁殖成绩方面具有重要作用.本文就精氨酸及其代谢产物在妊娠中的作用及其对妊娠成绩的改善效果作一综述.     

泌乳母猪精氨酸营养研究进展

精氨酸对泌乳母猪的营养作用正被人们重新认识并不断深化,额外添加精氨酸对提高泌乳期母猪生产性能具有重要意义,本文旨在对当前泌乳母猪精氨酸营养研究进展作一回顾。     

母猪精氨酸营养研究进展

内源合成以及传统饲粮供给的精氨酸并不能满足母猪的最佳营养需要,因此需外源添加,其对母猪胎盘、胚胎和胎儿的生长发育具有重要意义.本文从精氨酸的理化特性、合成与分解代谢以及对母猪繁殖性能的影响等方面阐述精氨酸的营养生理作用,重点阐述精氨酸营养调节母猪繁殖性能的作用机制.     

妊娠母猪的氨基酸营养

母猪的妊娠是一个漫长而复杂的生理过程,妊娠母猪营养供给的合理性直接影响母猪的繁殖性能。由于母猪体内胎儿和自身组织(乳腺等)的不断发育,母体对于饲料中各种营养的需求不断变化,尤其是氨基酸。氨基酸不仅是合成胎儿和母体组织蛋白质的构件物质,同时,特别是在母猪妊娠阶段,一些氨基酸还具有调节特殊生理过程的功能性作用。而且,妊娠母猪的氨基酸需要及理想比率随妊娠期进程而呈动态变化趋势[1]。本文旨在总结氨基酸在提高妊娠母猪繁殖性能、促进胚胎成活与发育方面的研究现状和新发现,探讨妊娠     

母猪生产力和妊娠期营养对仔猪出生前后生长发育的影响

研究表明胎儿宫内发育迟缓与母猪生产力的提高有关系,为了提高胎儿初生重和窝内均匀度,维持良好的母体环境非常重要(子宫-胎盘-胎儿)。宫内营养不良可通过激素和母体营养的调控得到缓解,这对胎儿肌纤维发育有重要影响,从而影响仔猪初生重和出生后生长速度。     

精氨酸和维拉帕米对缓解胎鼠宫内发育迟缓的影响

本研究在日粮中添加精氨酸(L-Arg)和钙阻滞剂维拉帕米,旨在探讨L-Arg通过钙信号对小鼠宫内发育迟缓(IUGR)的影响。将160只雌性小白鼠随机分为4组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,L-Arg组、钙阻滞剂组、L-Arg+维拉帕米组分别在基础日粮中添加0.5%L-Arg、8 mg/kg维拉帕米、0.5%L-Arg+8 mg/kg维拉帕米。在妊娠第10、12、14、16天颈部放血处死母鼠,剖腹取胎鼠、子宫和胎盘等样品,测定相关指标,取14 d母鼠子宫固定于Carnoy’s和多聚甲醛中,分别用作肥大细胞(MC)、HE和免疫组化染色。结果表明:Arg组胎鼠数量、胎鼠体重等IUGR指标显著高于对照组(P0.05),维拉帕米组显著或极显著低于Arg组(P0.05或P0.01);L-Arg组子宫MC数显著低于对照组(P0.05),极显著低于维拉帕米组(P0.01);Arg组子宫巨噬细胞数较对照组显著增多(P0.05),维拉帕米组较对照组显著减少(P0.05),Arg组与维拉帕米组差异极显著(P0.01);L-Arg组子宫微血管(MVD)数较对照组显著增多(P0.05),较维拉帕米组显著减少(P0.05)。综上,L-Arg通过调控MC释放介质来提高母鼠的繁殖能力,维拉帕米能阻止Arg该作用,表明L-Arg通过钙信号发挥生物学作用,是其缓解IUGR的机理之一。     

饲粮中添加不同水平L-精氨酸对妊娠母猪繁殖性能及血液生化指标的影响

本研究探讨饲粮中添加不同水平L-精氨酸(L-Arg)对母猪繁殖性能及血浆一氧化氮相关指标的影响。试验选择36头2胎次母猪(长白×大约克),随机分为4组,每组9头母猪。各组饲粮分别在基础饲粮中添加0 L-Arg+1.70%L-丙氨酸(L-Ala)(0 L-Arg组)、0.4%L-Arg+1.02%L-Ala(0.4%L-Arg组)、0.7%L-Arg+0.51%L-Ala(0.7%L-Arg组)和1.0%L-Arg+0 L-Ala(1.0%L-Arg组),各组添加L-Ala以满足等氮平衡需要。试验期从母猪配种当天到分娩。结果表明:1.0%L-Arg组比0 L-Arg组显著提高了窝产活仔数和初生窝重(P<0.05),随着饲粮中L-Arg水平的提高,窝产仔总数和初生个体重有上升趋势(P>0.05);母猪妊娠第30、60和90天,1.0%L-Arg组血浆中Arg、鸟氨酸含量均显著或极显著高于0.7%、0.4%、0 L-Arg组(P<0.05或P<0.01);母猪妊娠第90天,各组间的血浆脯氨酸含量均有极显著差异(P<0.01),但第30、60天差异均不显著(P>0.05);母猪妊娠第30、60、90天,1.0%L-Arg组血浆一氧化氮含量和第90天血浆总一氧化氮合酶(TNOS)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)活性均显著或极显著高于0.7%、0.4%、0 L-Arg组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。经回归分析,母猪的窝产仔总数、窝产活仔数、初生窝重、血浆中各氨基酸、一氧化氮含量及TNOS和iNOS的活性与饲粮L-Arg水平均有显著或极显著的线性关系(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结果提示,饲粮中L-Arg水平变化对母猪妊娠后期血液生化指标影响明显,饲粮中添加1.0%L-Arg对提高母猪繁殖性能效果最佳。     

维生素E对怀孕母猪的营养

维生素E(VE)缺乏会加大母猪繁殖障碍疾病的发生概率,空怀母猪缺乏维生素E时出现乏情,妊娠母猪缺乏维生素E时,产生死胎或体弱仔猪。研究表明,在母猪日粮中添加维生素E能降低胚胎和仔猪的病死率,显著提高产仔数,从而改善母猪的繁殖性能。     

妊娠母猪的营养需要研究进展

本文综述了妊娠母猪对能量、氨基酸、维生素、纤维素的适宜需要量及其对生产性能的影响。     

Arginine for gestating sows and foetal development: A systematic review

The use of functional amino acids during pregnancy has been linked to improved reproduction in mammals. In this context, arginine is a precursor in the synthesis of numerous molecules, such as nitric oxide and polyamines, which play an important role during reproduction. However, contradictory studies are found in the literature, particularly regarding the amount of supplementation and the period of pregnancy in which it is used. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary arginine supplementation for pregnant sows on foetal development via a systematic review. The search for papers was performed during the month of December 2015, in the databases ISI Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, and SciELO. From a total of 5675 returned studies, only 13 papers were selected after applying selection criteria. Most (47%) of the studies that evaluated the effects of dietary arginine supplementation on foetal development in pigs used 1% arginine. Supplementation was initiated in the first third of pregnancy in 47% of tests, including in both primiparous and multiparous sows. These studies showed positive results for embryo survival and foetal development, evidenced by the increase in placental weight and the number and weight of piglets born alive. Of all evaluated studies, 53% showed benefits on foetal development. It is concluded that supplementing dietary arginine in gestating sows can benefit embryo survival and foetal development. However, to establish a supplementation plan with this amino acid, aspects related to the period of pregnancy, supplementation levels, and source of arginine must be well defined.     

Gastric cannulation of pregnant sows

The purpose of this project was to study the effect of superalimentation in lactating sows through permanent, surgically placed, gastric cannulas. A surgical technique was developed to install gastric cannulas into pregnant sows to allow superalimentation by introducing feed through the cannula. After induction of general anesthesia, a flexible, T-shaped cannula (22 mm outside diameter) was surgically placed in the dorsal portion of the greater curvature of the stomach and exteriorized through the tenth intercostal space approximately 30 cm left of the dorsal midline. Cannulas were installed on day 85 +/- 5 days of gestation. Anesthesia, surgical procedures, and the subsequent presence of the cannula did not affect the size or number of live pigs at birth. In addition, the prevalence of stillbirths and mummified fetuses was not significantly different than that of noncannulated sows. The gastric cannulas did not affect lactation performance, as litter size and weight were unaffected when compared with that in noncannulated controls. Postmortem examination of euthanatized sows revealed adhesions of the gastric wall to the abdominal wall, thus eliminating the possibility of leakage of the gastric contents into the peritoneum. Detrimental effects of the cannulas on gastric function or capacity were not detected, and cannulas could be maintained through multiple parities.     

精氨酸的抗热应激作用及在母猪上的应用

精氨酸是一种条件性必需氨基酸,在生理调节方面具有重要的功能。在正常情况下,成年动物对精氨酸的需求可以通过内源性合成满足,但在应激条件下,内源合成的精氨酸不足以满足机体的需求。精氨酸代谢可合成一氧化氮(NO),NO在体内发挥着重要的生理作用。文中综述了高温热应激对母猪的影响、精氨酸在体内的代谢过程及在抗氧化应激方面的作用,以促进高温热应激条件下精氨酸在母猪中的应用及研究。     

Energy requirements of pregnant and lactating sows

The energy requirement of pregnant and lactating sows is derived on the basis of extensive experimental studies of the energy metabolism (indirect calorimetry, slaughtering) according to the factorial method. For the first reproduction cycle (RC) 0.41 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) or 0.29 MJ net energy fat, pig (NEFpig) resp. were necessary for energy maintenance requirement for pregnant and lactating sows and, depending on age, 0.44 MJ ME or 0.31 MJNEFpig in the second or third RC and 0.47 MJ ME/kg LW0.75.d or 0.33 MJ NEFpig/kg LW0.75.d in the 4th-8th RC. A linear increase of up to 6% of the energy requirement caused by pregnancy between the 85th and 115th day of pregnancy is taken into consideration. Energy requirement per 1 MJ retention both in pregnancy and lactation is 1.45 MJ ME or 1.03 MJ NEFpig, per 1 MJ milk yield it is 1.33 MJ ME or 0.91 MJ NEFpig. 1 MJ body energy for milk yield corresponds to 1.20 MJ ME or 0.82 MJ NEFpig. Equations describing energy retention in the products of conception, uterus and udder are established as well as equations characterizing the connections between live weight gain or loss and energy content of the gain or loss.     

泌乳母猪的营养

母猪泌乳期的饲养目标是 :最大限度地提高母猪泌乳量和乳品质以使仔猪窝增重最大 ;使母猪泌乳期失重最小 ,尽可能缩短断奶 -发情间隔 ,并提高下一繁殖周期的排卵数。为获得母猪最佳的长期的繁殖效率 ,需最大限度地减少其泌乳期失重(Dourmad等 ,1 994)。增加泌乳期的采食量是母猪饲喂方案中最重要的方面 ,应最大限度地提高母猪泌乳期的采食量。1　泌乳期的采食量及其影响因素许多研究已证明 ,母猪繁殖性能随泌乳期采食量的增加而改善 ,泌乳期间的总采食量与母猪泌乳性能以及随后的繁殖性能之间呈正相关关系。Ah erne( 1 994)报道 ,将初产母…