稻株中抗原次生物质含量变化及其对水稻褐飞虱抗性的影响

 对影响水稻对褐飞虱生物型Ⅱ抗性水平的主要抗原次生化合物，即HPLC谱图中的4个谱峰（峰1、峰2、峰8、峰12）对应的次生化合物的含量变化及其对抗性的影响进行了研究。结果表明，某些品种不同苗龄稻株对褐飞虱生物型Ⅱ的抗性差异，极可能就是这4个相关抗原次生化合物在不同生育期的含量变化所致；与水稻植株其他部位相比，这4种抗原次生物质在叶鞘中的含量最低。这也许是褐飞虱喜欢聚集在叶鞘部位取食的化学因素之一。     

籼型杂交水稻抗褐飞虱育种研究

 对80份籼型杂交水稻恢复系的抗褐飞虱特性鉴定表明,30份材料对褐飞虱抗性达中抗以上水平,其中12份材料的持抗性优于ASD7。将这12份材料的抗级为0～3级、持抗期≥7 d的优质抗性材料归为一级抗性材料。经杂种优势的测定、外观米质评价、白叶枯病和稻瘟病抗性鉴定,筛选出对两病一虫达中抗水平,与协青早A的杂种产量比对照汕优10号增产12.9%的杂交水稻新恢复系埃红/台1059;以及高抗褐飞虱、高抗稻瘟病、中抗白叶枯病且外观米质极好的恢复系LS2/密阳46。     

Effect of Nitrogen on Water Content, Sap Flow, and Tolerance of Rice Plants to Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens

Water content (WC) and sap flow from leaf sheath of rice plants with varying nitrogen levels at different growth stages,and fluctuations in relative water content (RWC) of rice plants being damaged by brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens were determined in the laboratory, and the tolerance of rice plants to BPH at different nitrogen regimes was evaluated in the greenhouse at International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), the Philippines. The results indicated that both WC and RWC were increased significantly, as the amount of sap flow from rice plants was reduced statistically, with the increase of nitrogen content in rice plants. RWC in rice plants applied with high nitrogen fertilizer decreased drastically by the injury of BPH nymphs, while the reduced survival duration of rice plants with the increase of nitrogen content was recorded. These may be considered to be one of the important factors in increasing the susceptibility to BPH damage on rice plants applied with nitrogen fertilizer.     

氮肥对稻株含水量和伤流液的影响及其与对褐飞虱为害耐性的关系

 在实验室测定了不同含氮量稻株的含水量和叶鞘伤流液以及被褐飞虱为害后稻株相对含水量的变化，在温室监测和评价了不同氮肥施用量条件下稻株对褐飞虱的耐性。结果表明，随着稻株含氮量的增加，稻株的含水量和相对含水量均显著增加，但叶鞘伤流液总量却明显减少。被高密度的褐飞虱若虫为害后，高氮肥施用量稻株的相对含水量显著低于低氮肥施用量稻株的相对含水量。这些结果可能是高氮肥条件下稻株对褐飞虱为害的敏感性增加的主要原因。     

Effect of Nitrogen on Water Content, Sap Flow, and Tolerance of Rice Plants to Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens

Water content (WC) and sap flow from leaf sheath of rice plants with varying nitrogen levels at different growth stages, and fluctuations in relative water content (RWC) of rice plants being damaged by brown planthoppcr (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens were determined in the laboratory, and the tolerance of rice plants to BPH at different nitrogen regimes was evaluated in the greenhouse at International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), the Philippines. The results indicated that both WC and RWC were increased significantly, as the amount of sap flow from rice plants was reduced statistically, with the increase of nitrogen content in rice plants. RWC in rice plants applied with high nitrogen fertilizer decreased drastically by the injury of BPH nymphs, while the reduced survival duration of rice plants with the increase of nitrogen content was recorded. These may be considered to be one of the important factors in increasing the susceptibility to BPH damage on rice plants applied with nitrogen fertilizer.     

两个水稻抗褐飞虱隐性基因的遗传分析与初步定位

选用抗褐飞虱的海南普通野生稻渗入系WB01与感虫品种9311杂交,构建F2群体。采用141个具有多态性的SSR标记对303个F2:3株系进行分析,并应用MapMaker/EXP3.0和Windows QTL Cartographer2.0对水稻抗褐飞虱的数量性状基因座进行检测和遗传效应分析。共检测到2个抗性QTL,分别位于第4和第8染色体上,LOD值分别为2.92和3.15,贡献率分别为11.3%和14.9%。     

温度对水稻抗褐飞虱特性的影响

 为研究温度对水稻抗褐飞虱特性的影响,于2007年和2008年应用苗期集团筛选法（SSST）在杭州地区的自然条件下测定了抗性水稻品种IR26和IR36对田间褐飞虱的抗性,同时比较了不同温度（22℃、25℃、28℃、31℃和34℃）下IR26和IR36对褐飞虱的抗性、可溶性糖和草酸含量的变化。自然条件下,IR26已完全失去对杭州种群褐飞虱的抗性,而IR36仍具中等抗性。在25℃到34℃的范围内随着温度升高,IR26对褐飞虱抗性减弱,但22℃条件下抗性比25℃更弱。IR36在温度升高的条件下对褐飞虱的抗性总体呈降低趋势,在31℃和34℃下也已完全失去对褐飞虱的抗性。在22~25℃条件下,IR26和IR36的持抗期均在25℃下最长,分别为9 d和11 d。3个品种稻株中的可溶性糖含量均随温度升高而增加,而草酸含量则随温度升高先增加后下降,在25℃时为最大值。不同温度下及不同水稻品种之间稻株内可溶性糖和草酸的含量均有显著差异。     

水稻抗褐飞虱遗传和育种研究

综述了水稻抗褐飞虱基因资源的鉴定及其分布特点、水稻抗褐飞虱主基因定位和QTL分析、水稻抗褐飞虱遗传的“基因对基因”关系以及水稻品种对褐飞虱的抗虫机制与褐飞虱对抗虫品种的适应等4个方面的研究进展，同时简述了抗褐飞虱基因的育种利用现状，并对今后抗褐飞虱遗传和育种利用研究作了展望。     

Donors for Resistance to Brown Planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) from Wild Rice Species

Out of 1 989 wild accessions sown in seed boxes for screening, only 1 003 wild accessions with good germination were screened against brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) under greenhouse conditions. The collection comprised of accessions from 11 wild species and African cultivated rice. The germplasm was screened for BPH following standard seed box screening technique in the greenhouse. As many as 159 accessions were identified as resistant during the year 2012 based on one year screening. A selected set of BPH resistant accessions were screened again during 2013. Based on the two years screening, seven accessions of O. nivara (AA), one accession of O. officinalis (CC), seven accessions of O. australiensis (EE), five accessions of O. punctata (BB and BBCC) and nine accessions of O. latifolia (CCDD) were confirmed to be resistant to BPH. So far no BPH resistance genes have been identified and designated from O. nivara and O. punctata, hence these may act as new sources of resistance.     

褐飞虱危害在水稻植株光谱反射率上的表现

利用手持式光谱仪测定了褐飞虱为害后稻株的光谱反射率。在可见光和近红外区,随褐飞虱虫量和虫龄的增加稻株光谱反射率呈下降趋势,近红外光区的光谱反射率可很好地表征褐飞虱不同龄期、不同虫量及成虫产卵对稻株的危害程度。各波长处的光谱反射率与褐飞虱虫量间存在明显的负相关,并且在520～570nm和700～1000nm波长范围内的相关性达到了极显著水平。褐飞虱为害后稻株光谱的红边斜率和红边面积也分别与虫量存在极显著相关。利用虫害后稻株在可见光波长550nm处的反射率(R550)和近红外光区波长760nm处的反射率(R760)、红边参数值与未受害稻株相应值的比值建立了褐飞虱虫量的预测模型,发现在19次预测中,各模型的预测正确率为53%～79%,且R760因子对褐飞虱虫量有相对较好的预测效果。     

水稻种质资源抗灰飞虱评价及抗性机制分析

通过改进的苗期集团筛选法,对138份水稻种质进行了抗灰飞虱鉴定与评价。筛选出对灰飞虱具有不同程度抗性的材料25份,占总鉴定材料的181%,其中高抗种质2份,抗性种质9份,中抗材料14份,粳稻品种明显比籼稻感虫。对部分材料进行的排驱性、抗生性试验及相关分析表明,Rathu Heenati(RHT)、Mudgo、Kasalath和IR36对灰飞虱具有强的排驱性和抗生性,其抗性水平与这两种抗虫机制密切相关;道人桥、羊毛谷的抗生性强,但排驱性弱,其主要抗虫机制表现为抗生性;Dular、ASD7和密阳23对灰飞虱具有较强的排驱性和抗生性,表明排驱性和抗生性是这3个品种的重要抗性类型;DV85具有较强的排驱性,但抗生性较弱,窄叶青8号和鬼衣谷具有中等水平的抗生性和排驱性,推测这3个材料具有较好的耐害特性。中抗材料9311的抗性水平由中等排驱性和抗生性控制,V20A的抗性主要表现为排驱性,明恢63和扬粳9538的排驱性和抗生性均较弱,暗示其抗性机制主要是耐害性。上述具有强抗生性或排驱性的材料是理想的抗灰飞虱资源。     

水稻品种(组合)对褐飞虱抗性的田间表现

在褐飞虱大发生的2007年单季稻期间,以TN1作为感虫对照,在浙江省金华市评价了48份水稻品种(组合)的田间成株期抗性表现。结果表明,16个品种(组合)表现为田间成株期感虫,其他32个品种(组合)具有中抗以上水平,其中丙04-123、Ⅱ优845、宜香845、中组14、嘉兴优04-1和IR36等品种(组合)达高抗水平。在持久抗性方面,除高抗品种外,秀水09、新嘉优99、嘉优22-5、秀优0969、宁04-81、丙04-103、丙04-08、丙04-123、R4101、丙04-132、丙05-129、丙05-227、浙粳23和浙粳22等品种(组合)具持抗性。试验表明,成株期田间褐飞虱抗性评价对生产实践具有更重要的意义。     

水稻品种RP1976-18-6-4-2对褐飞虱和稻瘿蚊的抗性评价及其遗传分析

对水稻品种RP1976-18-6-4-2进行褐飞虱和稻瘿蚊的抗性评价及其遗传分析。结果表明,该品种抗褐飞虱生物型Ⅱ、孟加拉型及稻瘿蚊中国Ⅱ型和中国Ⅳ型,它对褐飞虱生物型Ⅱ和孟加拉型的抗性由1对显性基因和1对隐性基因控制;对稻瘿蚊中国Ⅱ型和中国Ⅳ型的抗性由1对显性基因控制。     

普通野生稻抗源94-42-5-1对稻褐飞虱的抗性评价及其遗传研究

研究了普通野生稻(Oryza rufipogon Griff.)株系94-42-5-1对稻褐飞虱(Nilaparvata lugens Stal)的抗性及其遗传规律。94-42-5-1高抗稻褐飞虱生物型2、印度潘特纳加生物型和越南九龙江生物型,其抗性均达到高抗1级,具有对稻褐飞虱抗谱广、抗性强的特点,是在AA染色体组稻种资源中发现的高抗稻褐飞虱抗源之一。抗性遗传分析表明,94-42-5-1对潘特纳加生物型的抗性为1对隐性基因遗传,对九龙江生物型的抗性受2对互相独立的隐性重复基因控制。     

经除草剂处理的水稻对褐飞虱体内几种酶及水稻受褐飞虱为害程度的影响

褐飞虱５龄若虫在不同除草剂不同剂量处理的水稻上短期取食(取食１ h)和长期取食（３龄若虫取食至５龄,约７ d）,然后测定其体内代谢酶、保护酶的变化。褐飞虱取食除草剂处理的水稻后其体内羧酸酯酶活性不论是短期取食还是长期取食均极显著高于对照（未施用除草剂）;乙酰胆碱酯酶活性明显高于对照;稻乐思、苯达松低剂量、丁草胺高剂量处理短期取食后超氧化物歧化酶活性显著低于对照,所有处理长期取食明显高于对照;过氧化物酶活性除了稻乐思300 mL/hm2和苯达松1500 mL/hm2处理短期取食低于对照外（但没有达显著差异）,也不同程度地高于对照。褐飞虱在除草剂处理的水稻上蜜露排泄量显著增加,水稻受害程度与对照相比极显著加重。除草剂处理后的水稻游离氨基酸的含量增加而蔗糖含量下降,由此表明除草剂施用后对水稻和褐飞虱具有双向效应     

浅析褐飞虱对吡蚜酮的抗药性及其对策

褐飞虱是一种水稻生产上危害较严重的害虫。吡蚜酮作为防治稻飞虱的首选长效药剂,使用频繁。为此,笔者结合平湖当地近年来相关田间试验和防治实践,分析了褐飞虱对吡蚜酮较快产生抗药性的原因,并从抗性治理角度提出加强抗性监测、调整防治策略、筛选新药剂、合理轮换和混用,以及推进病虫统防统治等对策建议。     

苗期抗性不同的水稻品种成株期对褐飞虱的抗性

 在浙江富阳评价了汕优63（含Bph1）、IR42（含bph2）、IR56（含Bph3）和TN1(感虫对照)以及新近育成的杂交稻中浙优1号、国稻6号等苗期抗性不同的水稻品种成株期对褐飞虱的抗性。结果表明,苗期中抗（5级）以上的水稻品种在成株期均表现出明显的抗性;苗期高感(9级)的水稻品种成株期亦感虫,但田间虱烧出现时间和虱烧程度有所差异。苗期高感的中浙优1号田间“虱烧”发生时间比同样高感的TN1晚5 d,推测中浙优1号对褐飞虱有一定的耐受性,这是在苗期鉴定中不能体现的。因此,应重视对苗期感虫的优良水稻品种的成株期抗性鉴定。     

秀水620对褐稻虱抗生性的研究及其抗性评价

 测定了秀水620对褐稻虱的一些抗生性指标，从实验室所得的各种参数来估计褐稻虱的种群趋势指数和内禀控制率；同时调查了秀水620对褐稻虱的田间控制作用。(1)抗生性作用中． 秀水620品种上褐稻虱分泌蜜露的面积为感虫品种秀水48的37.8％；饲养一代后，刚羽化的成虫体重比感虫品种上的成虫体重显著减轻。秀水620品种上，成虫平均产卵量为191粒／♀；秀水48品种上为3l6.2粒／♀；IR64品种上仅87.5粒／♀；在秀水620、IR64品种上的存活率比秀水48品种上存话率减少约50％，羽化率明显比秀水48品种上低。(2)褐稻虱种群趋势指数，秀水48为139.6，秀水620为30.30，IR64为19．09；秀水620对褐稻虱的内禀控制率为0．7829，IR64为0.8632；秀水620对褐稻虱田间控制率为77.23％。     

Evaluation of Rice Germplasm for Resistance to the Small Brown Planthopper(Laodelphax striatellus)and Analysis of Resistance Mechanism

One hundred and thirty-eight rice accessions were screened for resistance to the small brown planthopper(SBPH)resistance to SBPH were detected,accounting for 18.1%of the total accessions,which included 2 highly resistant,9 resistant and 14 moderately resistant varieties.Compared with indica rice,japonica rice was more susceptible to SBPH.Antixenosis test,antibiosis test and correlation analysis were performed to elucidate the resistance mechanism.The resistant check Rathu Heenati(RHT),highly resistant varieties Mudgo and Kasalath,and resistant variety IR36 expressed strong antixenosis and antibiosis against SBPH,indicating the close relationship between resistance level and these two resistance mechanisms in the four rice varieties.Antibiosis was the dominant resistance pattern in the resistant varieties Daorenqiao and Yangmaogu due to their high antibiosis but low antixenosis.Dular,ASD7 and Milyang 23 had relatively strong antixenosis and antibiosis,indicating the two resistance mechanisms were significant in these three varieties.The resistant DV85 expressed relatively high level of antixenosis but low antibiosis,whereas Zhaiyeqing 8 and Guiyigu conferred only moderate antibiosis and antixenosis to SBPH,suggesting tolerance in these three varieties.Antibiosis and antixenosis governed the resistance to SBPH in the moderately resistant accession 9311.Antixenosis was the main resistance type in V20A.Tolerance was considered to be an important resistance mechanism in Minghui 63 and Yangjing 9538 due to their poor antibiosis and antixenosis resistance.The above accessions with strong antibiosis or antixenosis were the ideal materials for the resistance breeding.     

Evaluation of Rice Germplasm for Resistance to the Small Brown Planthopper （Laodelphax striatellus） and Analysis of Resistance Mechanism

One hundred and thirty-eight rice accessions were screened for resistance to the small brown planthopper (SBPH) (Laodelphax striatellus Fallén) by the modified seedbox screening test. Twenty-five rice accessions with different levels of resistance to SBPH were detected, accounting for 18.1% of the total accessions, which included 2 highly resistant, 9 resistant and 14 moderately resistant varieties. Compared with indica rice, japonica rice was more susceptible to SBPH. Antixenosis test, antibiosis test and correlation analysis were performed to elucidate the resistance mechanism. The resistant check Rathu Heenati (RHT), highly resistant varieties Mudgo and Kasalath, and resistant variety IR36 expressed strong antixenosis and antibiosis against SBPH, indicating the close relationship between resistance level and these two resistance mechanisms in the four rice varieties. Antibiosis was the dominant resistance pattern in the resistant varieties Daorenqiao and Yangmaogu due to their high antibiosis but low antixenosis. Dular, ASD7 and Milyang 23 had relatively strong antixenosis and antibiosis, indicating the two resistance mechanisms were significant in these three varieties. The resistant DV85 expressed relatively high level of antixenosis but low antibiosis, whereas Zhaiyeqing 8 and Guiyigu conferred only moderate antibiosis and antixenosis to SBPH, suggesting tolerance in these three varieties. Antibiosis and antixenosis governed the resistance to SBPH in the moderately resistant accession 9311. Antixenosis was the main resistance type in V20A. Tolerance was considered to be an important resistance mechanism in Minghui 63 and Yangjing 9538 due to their poor antibiosis and antixenosis resistance. The above accessions with strong antibiosis or antixenosis were the ideal materials for the resistance breeding.