小麦慢条锈品种成株期抗性组分分析

经2001-2003年对典型慢条锈品种成株期抗性组分测定结果表明,慢条锈品种具有如下特征:反应型和普遍率与快条锈品种差异不大,但病情指数低且上升速度缓慢;侵染点数少;潜育期相对较长;相对寄生适合度较小;对产量构成因素的影响不大等特点。提出了潜育期和病情指数是田间鉴定品种慢条锈性与否的简易、快速方法。     

冬小麦分蘖期复水对根、冠生长及其相互关系的影响

以冬小麦品种北农6号为材料,通过温室管栽试验,研究了苗期中度和童度缺水条件下分蘖期复水对冬小麦株高、叶面积、根、冠干物质积累、叶面积比、根冠比、产量、耗水量和水分利用效率等指标的影响.结果表明,苗期受旱程度不同的冬小麦分蘖期恢复供水后,其株高、单株叶面积、生物量及产量等都超过中度和重度缺水对照,表现出明显的激发生长效应.同时,各复水处理与对照相比,分配到冠部的干物质比饲均增加,R/S下降.在不同土壤水分条件下,冬小麦的水分利用效率随耗水量的增加而降低,中度水分亏块后分蘖期充分供水的处理,可以在少减产的情况下节约大量用水,从而达到提高水分利用效率的目的.     

The effect of temperature and light intensity on growth and sporulation of Puccinia striiformis on wheat

Urediniospore production by Puccinia striiformis on wheat per unit leaf area infected was much lower at low light intensities than at high light intensities. The number of pustules per unit area of infected leaf and the daily sporulation rate per pustule increased linearly with increasing light over the range 10–50 W/m². Increasing temperature between 7 and 20°C shortened latent period and reduced the longevity of sporulating leaves. Colonization rate and the frequency of pustules per unit area of infected leaf increased between 7 and 15°C but declined markedly at 20°C. Spore production reached its peak earlier and declined more rapidly with increasing temperature between 7 and 15°C. this decline being less marked in the highly susceptible cultivar Maris Beacon than in the more resistant Maris Nimrod and Maris Huntsman.     

Nitrogen per unit leaf area affects the upper asymptote of Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici epidemics in winter wheat

Field trials tested which components of epidemic development of Puccinia striiformis , the cause of yellow rust, were affected by nitrogen (N) fertilizer applied to winter wheat. Both timing and amount of N were varied to affect canopy size and leaf N content, and to provide a supply of mobile N to the pathogen, by causing fresh N uptake after leaf expansion was complete. No N was applied to control plots. A logistic disease-progress function was fitted to disease-severity data, which were assessed in absolute units. Leaf area and specific leaf N (g N per m² leaf tissue) were quantified. Large and highly significant effects of N on the upper asymptotes, or 'carrying capacities' ( c ) were found. Effects on rates and points of inflection of the epidemics were not significant. Early N resulted in larger shoot numbers and leaf area, but disease was also more severe, so that by grain filling, the remaining green leaf areas were larger without N than with N. Later N treatments did not increase canopy size, but did increase symptom area compared with the control. These effects differ from the concept that N affects disease as a result of its effect on canopy growth, and therefore canopy microclimate, and suggest instead a substrate effect. Linear regression revealed that 51% of the observed differences in c were explained by variation in specific leaf N, suggesting that growth of the rust fungus may depend directly on particular components of total leaf N.     

小麦条锈病菌非亲和性小种诱发小麦抗锈性研究

 在水源11、洛夫林10等7个品种上分别选择小麦条锈菌CY17、CY28等9个生理小种中非亲和小种进行诱发接种,亲和小种为挑战小种。观察发病后的病情指数并与单独接种诱发小种和单独接种挑战小种处理的病情指数进行比较。证明诱发抗病现象是比较普遍的,但表现程度因小麦品种、诱发小种和挑战小种而不同。诱发抗病性的表达时间可持续8 d,以诱发接种后1~2 d表达最强。诱发接种量与诱发抗病性表达呈指数函数关系,也间接证明这种诱发抗性是局部的。作者认为:诱发抗病性在品种、诱发和挑战小种不同组合之间的差异在小种动态中会起一定的作用。     

Effect of wheat cultivar mixtures on populations of Puccinia striiformis races*

This study quantifies the frequency of simple and complex races (races that can infect two or more components) of Puccinia striiformis in mixtures of wheat cultivars possessing different race-specific resistance genes. Treatments were designed so that the complex race changed depending on the host mixture, thus enabling us to observe the influence of pathogen complexity in different genetic backgrounds. Six cultivar mixtures and one pure stand of winter wheat were inoculated with three races of P. striiformis at two locations for two seasons. Potted plants of three winter wheat cultivars, each susceptible to one of the three races of the pathogen, were used to sample the pathogen during the field epidemics. Disease incidence on the differential cultivars was used to calculate the proportion of the three races in each treatment. The specific cultivars included in the mixtures influenced the frequencies of the three races. Increasing the number of virulent races in a mixture reduced the frequency of the complex race relative to the other two races. The results suggest that genetic background of the pathogen race, host composition, and interaction among pathogen races may be as important as cost of virulence in determining race frequencies in mixtures.     

小麦新抗源一粒葡抗条锈病的组织学和超微结构研究

 采用荧光显微镜、微分干涉显微镜和电子显微镜技术,系统研究了小麦新抗源一粒葡抗小麦条锈病的组织学和超微结构特征。结果表明:相对于感病品种铭贤169,一粒葡对条锈菌的侵染,在组织学和超微结构上均表现出明显的抗性特征。在组织学水平,表现为菌丝生长受抑,菌落发育延迟或败育,吸器母细胞和吸器数目明显减少;同时,侵染点的寄主细胞表现出不同程度的过敏性坏死症状。电镜观察发现,在一粒葡和感病品种中,条锈菌均可由芽管顶端直接进入或通过形成附着胞进入小麦气孔。其后,在一粒葡上,病菌胞间菌丝、吸器母细胞、吸器在细胞和亚细胞水平均发生了一系列异常变化,表现为原生质染色逐渐加深,液泡增多变大,逐渐消解原生质;胞间菌丝、吸器母细胞细胞壁不规则增厚;胞间菌丝线粒体肿胀,数目增多,逐渐解体;吸器母细胞细胞质逐渐空泡化后丧失其生理功能;吸器外质膜皱褶;吸器外间质加宽并有丝状或颗粒状物质形成,吸器体壁逐渐消解出现孔洞,吸器体最终畸形坏死。同时,寄主细胞产生一系列显著的结构防卫反应:形成胞壁沉积物、乳突、吸器鞘等结构,以及发生坏死,阻碍并抑制病菌的发育及扩展。     

Differences in reaction to Puccinia striiformis between first and second leaves in wheat crosses

Samenvatting In toetsingen van F1-en F2-kiemplanten van enige tarwekruisingen is gebleken dat het infectietype op het tweede blad tegenovergesteld kan zijn aan dat van het eerste. Dit verschijnsel zou verband kunnen houden met de invloed van het endosperm op de fysiologie van het eerste blad, terwijl de reactie van het tweede, blad bepaald wordt door het genotype van het embryo. De graduele verschillen in infectietypen op het eerste blad van F2-kiemplanten, een verschijnsel dat ook door Macer (1966) is gevonden, zouden het gevolg kunnen zijn van een gen-dosis effect in het endosperm.     

小麦品种对小麦条锈病抗病性试验评价

2006～2007年对13个小麦品种在自然发病情况下进行抗条锈病试验,结果表明,对小麦条锈病表现为抗病的品种有淮麦17、96.23粉质、云杂3号、繁19、宜麦1号,其中96-23粉质、宜麦1号的产量较高,繁19、淮麦17的产量居中;对小麦条锈病表现为耐病的品种有川麦107、楚麦3号,且产量较高.绵阳19、白粒5号对小麦条锈病高度摩病.     

中国小麦生产品种对条锈菌不同生理小种抗病性分析

小麦条锈病是严重威胁我国小麦安全生产的病害,抗病品种培育和利用是经济、安全、高效的防控策略.通过对来自全国不同麦区的115个小麦生产品种进行苗期和成株期抗条锈病分小种鉴定的结果显示,供试小麦品种对条锈菌流行小种的抗病性存在明显差异.其中,苗期对7个条锈菌生理小种均表现抗病的品种9个(占参试品种的7.8%),均表现感病的品种23个(占20.0%);对条锈菌生理小种CYR32、CYR33和V26均表现全生育期抗性的品种13个(占11.3%)、成株抗性品种5个(占4.3%)和慢锈性品种3个(占2.6%).表明当前我国小麦主产区品种整体抗条锈性水平仍较低,需大力加强小麦抗条锈病育种工作,并对不同麦区小麦品种合理布局问题进行了讨论.     

An advisory model for control of Puccinia recondita in winter wheat

Epidemics ofPuccinia recondita and resulting yield loss of winter wheat were studied in field experiments over three seasons in the Netherlands. Results are reported and used to construct an advisory model for control of brown rust, based on rust monitoring. If the fraction of leaves with rust (I) at a certain development stage is determined, the average number of rust sori per leaf (M) was estimated by: M=EXP(1.84+1.39ln(ln[1/(1-I)]). The final number of sori per leaf (Mf) at early dough was forecast by an exponential growth: Mf=M·EXP(RGR·t). The relative growth rate (RGR) averaged 0.163/day and the forecasting period, t, until early dough, was derived from published data. The forecast number of sori-days per leaf (S, AUDPC-value) was then obtained by: S=(Mf-M)/RGR. Yield loss (kg/ha) by brown rust was 1.15 times the number of sori-days per leaf at low rust intensities. The efficacy of the fungicides used was 85%. The forecast avoidable yield loss (L, kg/ha) was calculated by: L=0.85 (1.15 S). Economic thresholds for brown rust control at different development stages are given for Dutch wheat fields at a cost level of 270 kg/ha for one fungicide application.     

Genes for race-specific resistance to yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis) in Indian wheat cultivars

Seedlings of Indian wheat cultivars (Kalyansona, Sonalika, WL711 and eight others released commercially) were tested with 13 British and four alien races of Puccinia striiformis. The data indicated the probable presence of the resistance gene Yr2 in the three cultivars named above and in six of the others. Reactions of the remaining two cultivars, PWB12 and WL2265, were consistent with the presence of the gene 177. The presence of Yr2 in Kalyansona, Sonalika and WL711 was supported by evidence from crosses between them and with Heines VII, which is known to carry Yr2. In crosses of Sonalika with a susceptible cultivar, Kharchia Local and also with WL711, tests of F1, F2 and F3 generations indicated that, in addition to Yr2 , Sonalika possesses at least two other genes. Both these genes were difficult to detect but the F3 data supported the hypothesis that there is a single partially recessive gene giving resistance to alien race 6E16 and a different, possibly complementary, gene system effective against another alien race, 39E134. The presence of resistance in addition to Yr2 was also detected in WL711 and HD2329.     

叶面喷施FA旱地龙对冬小麦产量和发育期的影响

利用3种不同浓度的抗旱剂(FA旱地龙),在山西省万荣县冬小麦生育的关键期分3次和2次,进行了叶面喷施抗旱试验研究.结果表明:在冬小麦拔节期、孕穗期和灌浆期对叶面喷施一定浓度的抗旱剂,都有明显的抗旱增产效果;在干旱年份,喷施高浓度的抗旱剂比喷施低浓度的抗旱剂增产效果要好,喷施3次比喷施2次的抗旱增产效果好,6种处理的理论产量增产百分率在8.2%～38%之间.喷施抗旱剂主要是提高了冬小麦的抗逆性,提高了土壤水分的利用效率,对提高成穗率、穗粒数和千粒重有利.     

Effect of temperature on latent period of septoria leaf blotch on winter wheat under outdoor conditions

Batches of two winter wheat cultivars (Riband and Apollo) were inoculated with conidia of Mycosphaerella graminicola at weekly intervals over a 2 year period. Following 72 h incubation, plants were placed in ambient temperatures ranging between −7 and 32°C with mean batch temperatures of 2·9–20·2°C. Latent period until the first visible symptoms ranged between 11 and 42 days. The relationship between development of lesions and accumulated thermal time was described using a shifted cumulative gamma distribution model. The model provided good estimates of lesion development with r ² > 0·92 for both cultivars. Base temperatures, below which the pathogen did not develop, were estimated from the model as approximately −2·4°C for the two cultivars. Latent period was estimated as being 250 and 301 degree-days above the estimated base temperature, when defined as time from inoculation to first lesion and time to 50% of maximal lesions, respectively, for cv. Riband. The values for cv. Apollo were similar, but with estimates of thermal time periods c . 5% higher. The relationship between mean temperature and inverse latent period, expressed as days either to first lesion or to 50% of maximal lesions, was best described by a linear regression with r ² > 0·96 for both cultivars. The opportunity for plants to outgrow disease was reduced when prolonged periods of cold temperature occurred, because the base temperature for growth of the pathogen was less than that for the crop.     

条锈病侵染对小麦抗氰呼吸和活性氧代谢的影响

 以不同抗病性的小麦为材料,观察了条锈病菌侵染小麦幼苗叶片时活性氧代谢和抗氰呼吸发生、运行的变化。讨论了二者在长期病程下的平衡关系。实验显示:接种8d后,感病小麦中H₂O₂含量开始高于抗病小麦,O₂^-·含量变化差异不明显。SOD、CAT和POD活性整体上表现为接种后的前4d有所上升,接种4d之后呈下降的趋势;感病小麦中3种抗氧化酶的活性均高于抗病小麦。条锈菌侵染下小麦幼苗抗氰呼吸容量和运行活性的变化在两类小麦中与H₂O₂的变化一致,在侵染初期上升缓慢,以后迅速上升;aoxl的mRNA水平仅在侵染后4d的幼苗叶片中略有上升,在以后的侵染过程中没有发生显著的变化。我们推测,活性氧可以在多种水平上参与条锈病菌侵染下抗氰呼吸的诱导,而抗氰呼吸也在某种程度上参与小麦在条锈病菌侵染下活性氧的清除与机体的生理保护机制。     

Effects of temperature, leaf wetness and cultivar on the latent period of Mycosphaerella graminicola on winter wheat

After inoculation of winter wheat cv. Longbow at a single time, lesions of M. graminicola were produced over a long interval starting 15–35 days after inoculation, dependent on temperature. There was no evidence that a single infection gave rise to more than one lesion. After the initial infection period at 100% relative humidity (r.h.), keeping leaves wet for c. 10 h per day did not shorten latent period on seedlings. Experiments in controlled-environment chambers demonstrated a minimum latent period at approximately 17°C Variation in the latent period of individual lesions was also minimum at this temperature. The latent period varied among the cultivars tested, cv. Longbow having the shortest, cv. Avalon having almost the longest. Field observations broadly confirmed the results of experiments in constant-environment chambers.     

天水小麦条锈病菌越夏区综合治理

多年研究结果表明,甘肃陇南天水是我国小麦条锈病菌的核心越夏区。近年来通过长期治理和应急防治相结合的方式,即调整越夏区种植结构,压缩小麦面积,降低菌源基数;加强抗锈品种选育和示范推广,进行多抗源品种合理布局;推广伏耕、适期晚播、药剂拌种、早期及普发期的防治等常规综合防治措施取得了良好效果。     

Effect of maleic hydrazide on parasitic fitness of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in wheat

As a growth inhibitor of the apical meristem in the plant stem, Maleic hydrazide plays an important role in modulation of plant growth. In this research, Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici and its host for reproduction was employed to characterize the effect of maleic hydrazide on parasitic fitness of the strain. Growth inhibition of the secondary leaves of wheat by maleic hydrazide was demonstrated. Results showed that root irrigation by maleic hydrazide at the seedling stage significantly increased the parasitic fitness of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, leading to the increase in sporulation amount, sporulation period, and germination rate of urediniospores. In addition, the ultrastructure of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici urediniospores was not affected by maleic hydrazide treatment. Out data indicate that the optimal concentration and dose for the use of maleic hydrazide is 0.35 g?l^?1 and 1.5 ml/cm², respectively, facilitating the widespread application in wheat stripe rust studies.     

小麦条锈病越夏过程的模拟研究

 以小麦条锈病大区流行模型PANCRIN为基础,按小麦成熟期和地理位置分区,加上有关越夏的各种参量,用于越夏过程的模拟。模拟试验结果确认和深化了如下认识:除周年麦外,任何单一成熟期的麦区都不能起越夏作用,必须生育末期植株和自生苗有交叠的双区组合才能实现越夏作用。春麦在越夏上直接作用不大;越夏作用大小主要取决于双区面积、成熟期交叠情况、当地流行速率和距承受其菌源的地区的远近。只要夏季最热一旬旬均温<22℃,上述交叠时期越早,越夏率就越高;完整的越夏过程包括菌源准备-越夏-后继增殖,陇东早播冬麦区的后继增殖对黄淮江汉冬麦发病可能有重要作用;越夏区停种的大区防治效果要受多种因素影响,欲获得良好效果,停种率要达95%以上。越夏区的分布和面积需要进一步查清,特别要注意允许条锈菌越夏的海拔下限是会随年份夏季气候变化而上下浮动的。在更全面地澄清了这些问题的基础上再设计和试行停种试验,是较为稳妥的。     

条锈菌诱导的小麦抑制差减杂交文库构建及其表达序列标签研究

 利用抑制差减杂交技术构建了条锈菌(Puccinia striiformis)诱导的小麦叶片cDNA文库。文库质量检测表明:差减杂交效率较高,质量较好。用DNAStar 5.0对172条高质量的ESTs进行聚类,共获得120个contigs。对功能已知的contigs分类,能量和初级代谢类占32.5%,其中与光合作用相关的基因出现频率最高;参与膜及转运、抗病与防御的基因分别位于第二、三位;次生代谢、蛋白质合成加工和细胞结构建成的基因较少。通过分析抗病相关基因,初步推测HR和SAR可能为小麦抗条锈病过程中的2种抗性形式。最后利用RT-PCR对4条感兴趣基因进行分析,明确其在抗病过程中的表达模式。