放线菌菌株97发酵液中活性代谢产物的抑菌作用及稳定性测定

本实验室从采自山东临沂和日照的烟田土样中分离得到一株对烟草黑胫病菌(Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae)具有拮抗作用的放线菌菌株97,为了明确该生防菌的抑菌作用和抑菌因子的理化性质,采用菌丝生长速率法,对菌株97发酵液中活性代谢产物的抑菌作用及稳定性进行了研究。结果表明,发酵液中活性代谢产物对多种植物病原真菌均表现较好的抑制作用。此外,发酵液中活性代谢产物在低温贮藏下仍有很好的抑菌效果,在偏酸性或中性条件下稳定,有较强的热稳定性和抗紫外线照射能力,对蛋白酶K稳定性较好。     

生防菌BH-2发酵液中抑菌成分的定位及提取研究

为了明确生防菌BH-2发酵液中的抑菌成分及其提取方法，采用管碟法，通过抑菌活性的测定，对其发酵液中抑菌物质及其提取进行了研究。结果表明，生防菌BH-2发酵液中的抑菌作用大致分为活体的抑菌作用和和代谢活性物抑菌作用，且胞外的抗菌代谢物有较好的热稳定性，而胞内不产生抑菌物质。此外，有机溶剂的萃取试验表明，代谢活性物质的极性较强；不同浓度的硫酸铵和乙醇均不能使其沉淀；酸沉淀法基本上可以将其提取出来。这为该菌株的进一步研究和产品开发提供了理论依据和技术支持。     

Tpb55菌株发酵液中活性代谢产物抑菌作用及稳定性测定

以烟草野火病生物防治为目的,分别用滤纸片法和牛津杯法测定了Tpb55菌株的发酵液和无菌滤液对烟草野火病菌的抑制作用,采取了水浴加热,调节PH及紫外光和日光照射无菌滤液等方法,测定了Tpb55产生抗细菌物质的热稳定性,酸碱稳定性及光稳定性等理化性质。结果表明,菌株Tpb55发酵液及其活性代谢产物对烟草野火病菌具有较强的抑制作用,滤纸片法测定抑菌圈直径达6.04 cm,琼脂扩散法测定抑菌圈达2.52 cm;发酵液在pH3~8范围内保持较高的活性,以pH为中性的条件下最好,最稳定;光照稳定性测定结果表明,Tpb55菌株产生的抗菌物质对紫外光具有较好的稳定性,连续紫外光照9 h,抑菌活性下降幅度不超过16%。由此可见,Tpb55是一株具有较高潜在价值的生防菌株,本研究为进一步分离、纯化该菌株发酵液中有效组分提供了重要参数,为该菌株的进一步开发提供了研究基础。     

一株拮抗放线菌NMG8-2的抑菌特性

为研究拮抗放线菌NMG8-2的抑菌活性,评价其在植物病害防治中的开发应用价值,对该菌株及其发酵液的抑菌活性、发酵液稳定性进行了研究。试验采用平板对峙法、抑制菌丝生长速率法和杯碟法测定拮抗放线菌NMG8-2菌株及其发酵液对18种植物病原真菌和6种细菌的抑制作用。结果表明:NMG8-2菌株及其发酵液对苜蓿茄镰孢根腐病菌、立枯丝核菌等16种植物病原真菌和胡萝卜软腐欧文氏菌、马铃薯环腐棒杆菌、青枯雷尔氏菌、蜡状芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌5种细菌具有较强的抑菌作用;发酵液能抑制苜蓿茄镰孢根腐病菌的分生孢子萌发和芽管伸长。不同条件下的稳定性测定结果表明:该菌株发酵液的抑菌作用对碱、紫外线、高温和蛋白酶均比较稳定,但在强酸条件下稳定性较差;连续传接10代,抑菌活性仍然稳定。     

小链霉菌Yn168抗病毒活性组分的分离及其稳定性研究

为进一步了解小链霉菌Yn168代谢产物中抗病毒活性物质的化学本质,为其作用机理的研究和产品开发提供依据,对该小链霉菌产生的抗病毒物质的活性组分进行了分离纯化及稳定性研究。经过乙酸乙酯萃取、三氯乙酸沉淀、Sephadex G-75柱层析、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE),证明小链霉菌Yn168发酵液中的活性成分为2个组分的蛋白质Ⅰ168和Ⅱ168,分子量分别为34,22 k Da。稳定性研究表明,抗病毒蛋白在温度超过60℃、p H值小于6或大于8以及紫外线照射时间超过8 h的条件下,抗病毒活性均明显下降。所以,该小链霉菌的抗病毒活性成分为2个组分的小分子蛋白质,适于在较低温度、酸碱度接近中性及避光条件下保存和使用。     

侧孢短芽孢杆菌BL-21抗菌蛋白的稳定性分析和分离纯化

为明确侧孢短芽孢杆菌BL-21(Brevibacillus laterosporus)产生的抗菌物质的类型,对其发酵液抗菌活性的稳定性进行分析,并在此基础上对有效成分进行分离纯化。采用杯碟法检测了B.laterosporus BL-21代谢产物的热稳定性、酸碱稳定性和蛋白酶稳定性;通过硫酸铵盐析、CM-Sepharose Fast Flow离子交换层析、凝胶过滤层析和SDS-PAGE进行了分离纯化。研究结果表明:B.laterosporus BL-21产生的抗菌物质在50℃以下稳定,在pH 7~8时抑菌效果最好,对蛋白酶敏感;发酵液中含有多组分抗菌物质,其中一个组分的分子量为20.1 k Da。B.laterosporus BL-21的发酵液能抑制烟草赤星病菌(Alternaria solani)和蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)的生长,具有一定的生防潜力和研究价值。     

扩展青霉拮抗菌的筛选鉴定及其发酵液的抑菌效果

从水果表面及土壤中分离到几十株细菌,通过平板筛选到6株拮抗效果较好的拮抗菌,其中2株拮抗菌T3和T8的发酵液对扩展青霉（Penicillium expansum）表现出显著的拮抗效果。本实验对该两种菌的发酵液的抑菌作用进行了初步的研究。这两株拮抗菌T3和T8的发酵液稳定性表现出不同,分别用100℃高温或两种蛋白酶处理后,T3菌株的发酵液抑菌效果均有一定程度的下降但仍表现出较高的活性,而T8菌株的发酵液在100℃高温处理后,抑菌活性下降但仍保持部分活性,但用蛋白酶处理,其抗菌活性几乎丧失。T3与T8发酵液的抑菌活性在培养2天后几乎达到最大,T3的最适发酵培养基为BPA,T8的最适发酵培养基为PDA。两株菌的发酵液处理扩展青霉菌的菌丝后,引起菌丝畸形,原生质凝缩,出现空泡。根据细菌16SrDNA序列分析及其形态特征和生理生化特性,初步鉴定T3和 T8均为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis),两株菌之间基因序列的相似性为93.45%。     

大丽轮枝菌拮抗细菌的分离与抗菌物质鉴定

从黄萎病发病棉田未发病棉株根际土样中分离芽孢杆菌,利用对峙培养法对大丽轮枝菌进行平板拮抗实验,筛选出6株对大丽轮枝菌有拮抗作用的芽孢杆菌,其中3株菌发酵代谢产物具有抗菌活性。S4-3菌株发酵液滤液经100℃、30min热处理丧失抗菌活性,发酵液氯仿抽提物不具有抗菌活性,发酵液硫酸铵沉淀物有抑菌活性,但经蛋白酶处理后活性丧失,认为S4-3菌株抑菌活性物质是蛋白质。而菌株S4-5发酵液经100℃热处理后还有较高的抗菌活性,发酵液氯仿抽提物也具有抗菌活性,但硫酸铵沉淀物对病原菌无抑制作用;S5-6菌株发酵液滤液经100℃热处理丧失抗菌活性,硫酸铵沉淀物也不具有抗菌活性,而发酵液氯仿抽提物有抗菌活性,因此认为S4-5和S5-6菌株产生的抑菌物质不是蛋白质类。     

稻瘟病生防放线菌菌株A11发酵液中 抗菌物质的稳定性测定

在实验室分离获得的放线菌A11菌株，其发酵液采用对峙培养对植物病原真菌均表现良好的抑菌活性。对发酵液在不同温度和不同pH下的稳定性进行测定，结果表明菌株A11发酵液在中性及酸碱条件下都稳定，在极酸和极碱条件下抑菌活性丧失；A11发酵液能经受75℃温度60 min，仍保持原来的抗菌活性，温度升高到100℃时活性丧失。     

黄酮类化合物抑菌作用的研究进展

黄酮类化合物是广泛存在于自然界中的多酚类植物次级代谢产物,具有许多潜在的药用价值和生物活性,其中抑菌活性是研究热点之一。综述了近年来黄酮类化合物抑菌作用的研究进展,探讨和展望了黄酮类化合物的结构特征与抑菌作用的构效关系、抑菌机理和应用前景等,以期为黄酮类化合物抑菌活性的进一步研究提供理论信息平台。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.