土壤硒富集空间分布特征及影响因素研究

以揭阳市土壤为对象,系统采集了表层土壤样(0～20 cm)1 330个和深层土壤样(150～200 cm)331个,并利用相关性分析、回归分析、方差分析及GIS空间分析技术等方法对土壤硒的含量分布、富集特征及影响因素进行了系统的分析。结果表明,揭阳市表层土壤Se含量处于0.02～2.01 mg/kg之间,几何平均值为0.48 mg/kg,是中国土壤Se平均含量的1.66倍。揭阳市土壤总体呈足硒及富硒特征,不存在硒过剩,极少区域土壤呈硒缺乏特征,表层与深层土壤表现基本一致,富硒土壤主要分布于普宁市、惠来县及北部边缘。表层土壤中Se富集面积达到52.03%,但在空间上分布零散,这可能与母质、土壤类型等因素有关。强富集区域集中分布于花岗岩与粉砂岩为母质的土壤区,而大部分由第四纪冲积物形成的土壤无富集。方差分析表明:不同母质、土壤类型及土地利用方式对土壤Se的含量及富集水平均造成不同程度的影响,其中影响揭阳市表层土壤Se含量的主要因素为成土母质。除此之外,土壤理化性质及海拔也是影响揭阳市表层土壤Se富集的重要因素。回归分析表明表层土壤Se与pH值呈极显著的负相关,并且分别与有机碳、Fe_2O_3及Al_2O_3呈极显著线性正相关。     

石泉县中部地区土壤硒分布特征及影响因素

石泉县是我国富硒(Se)的重点地区,研究其土壤Se元素的分布特征及影响因素,对特色农业资源的开发利用具有重要意义。为开发富硒土地,以1个·km^-2的采样密度对石泉县研究区土壤的Se分布特征及其影响因素进行分析。结果表明：石泉县研究区表层土壤中Se含量为0.06～12.8 mg·kg^-1,平均值为0.678 mg·kg^-1,以足Se(0.175～0.40 mg·kg^-1)或富Se(0.40～3 mg·kg^-1)为主,其分布面积达到80.28%,Se中毒(>3mg·kg^-1)区域仅为3.83%,缺Se(<0.175 mg·kg^-1)面积仅为15.88%。成土母质是影响石泉县Se含量的主要因素,高Se土壤主要分布在以页岩、板岩为母质的古生代地层区;Se含量与主要重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Zn、Pb等元素存在着较强的伴生关系;海拔、坡度等地形地貌因素对Se的含量无明显影响;另外,Se含量与p H存在一定正相关关系,...     

贵州省清镇市土壤硒含量的分布及其影响因素

为了解清镇市土壤硒(Se)含量特征与空间分布,明确其背景值与基准值,探明成土母岩、表生环境(土壤酸碱度、有机质、土壤类型等)与人类活动(施肥、浇灌等)对土壤Se含量的影响,采集了清镇市表层(0～20 cm)土壤样品4 637件和深层(150～200 cm)土壤样品216件,分析了土壤p H、有机质、Se含量等指标。结果表明：清镇市表层土壤Se含量高于深层土壤,表层与深层土壤Se含量空间分布趋势一致;Se含量较高的区域集中分布在流长苗族乡、犁倭镇与站街镇接壤的区域;清镇市富硒(0.4～3.0 mg/kg)土壤面积为103 789.65 hm²,占调查总面积的89.98%;清镇市土壤Se背景值为0.56 mg/kg,土壤Se基准值为0.35 mg/kg,该背景值是全国土壤Se背景值的1.93倍,且高于贵州省土壤Se背景值。清镇市不同土地利用方式与黄壤、黄棕壤、石灰土和水稻土的土壤Se背景变化率(ΔRCSe)均增加。2009—2019年清镇市土壤p H降低了0.15个单位,表层土壤Se含量与pH负相关,与有机质和深层土壤Se含量正相关,Se元素更容易在酸性强、有机质丰富...     

东北平原土壤硒分布特征及影响因素

我国粮食主产区的东北平原一直被认为是严重缺硒或缺硒地方病经常发生的地区,地质大调查以来采用现代分析测试手段进行高精度土壤硒的富集、分布研究,对特色土地资源开发利用具有重要意义。以每4 km2 1个点的表层(0~20 cm)、每16 km21个点的深层(150~180 cm)土壤数据对东北平原土壤硒分布特征及影响因素进行统计分析。结果表明,东北平原表层土壤以足硒为主,足硒面积达51.54%,硒潜在不足面积占25.05%,Se反应不足面积仅为22.63%,富硒土壤面积不足1%;深层土壤则以缺硒为主,硒反应不足面积占80.68%。表层土壤Se含量相对于深层土壤表现出明显的富集特征,仅在西部盐碱化、沙化区及东部土壤发育程度低的基岩区为基本自然状态―弱富集特征,土壤硒继承成土母岩程度较弱,而铁锰氧化物、有机质、土壤类型、质地等理化性质对硒具有明显的富集作用,后期人类活动也是影响硒富集的主要因素,但表生富集作用、人类活动影响不足以使表层土壤达到富硒程度。     

广东省揭阳市土壤铬的空间结构及分布特征研究

开展对广东省揭阳市土壤Cr的调查研究,系统采集了表层(0～20 cm)土壤样1 330个和深层(> 150 cm)土壤样331个,测定表层和深层土壤Cr含量,并据此研究该地区Cr的空间结构及分布特征。利用富集因子法分析了Cr的污染状况,结合Geoda、GS+等软件分析了Cr的结构特征、Moran指数与空间集聚效应,采用GIS空间分析技术和方差分析对Cr的空间含量分布以及影响因素进行了研究。结果表明,揭阳市土壤Cr不存在明显的污染状况,表层土壤平均Cr含量为22.39mg/kg,低于揭阳市土壤背景值27.88 mg/kg,远低于广东省土壤背景值50.50 mg/kg。富集因子表明研究区土壤Cr富集程度多为无富集和轻微富集,分别占到75.11%和23.46%;Moran指数值为0.52,表明研究区有正相关集聚,"热点"主要分布在榕城区及揭东区的东南部、揭西县的中南部、惠来县的北部以及西南部,"冰点"主要分布在揭西县的西南部以及惠来县南边沿海地区,这与Cr含量的空间分布特征基本一致。土壤Cr主要受到成土母质的影响,成土母质为粉砂岩和页岩中的Cr含量较高,沙性母质中的Cr含量较低;不同土...     

安徽省宁国市土壤和农产品硒地球化学特征及影响因素

以安徽省宁国市全域表层土壤和主要农产品为研究对象,系统采集了6 278件土壤样品和216件农作物样品,研究了土壤全硒含量的分布特征及其主要影响因素,分析了土壤有效硒含量特征和农产品硒含量特征。结果表明:宁国市土壤全硒含量平均值为0.645 mg/kg,富硒土壤样点数和面积占比分别为57.45%、70.30%。土壤硒含量主要受成土母质控制,震旦系和寒武系下统发育土壤硒含量显著高于其他成土母质;不同土地利用方式对土壤硒含量有一定的影响,园地和林地土壤比水田、旱地土壤更易富集硒元素;土壤硒含量与有机质、重金属元素含量存在显著的正相关关系(P<0.01),与土壤p H没有显著相关性。土壤有效硒含量平均值为0.023 mg/kg,水稻、山核桃、茶叶中硒含量平均值分别为0.065、0.022、0.074 mg/kg,水稻、山核桃富硒率高达24.04%和54.88%,富硒山核桃具有广阔的开发前景。     

基于GIS的城市镉元素空间分布特征及其污染评价

以内江市城区为研究区,以GIS软件为平台,利用单因子污染指数法结合地统计方法,分析了内江市城市土壤镉元素空间分布特征及污染水平。结果表明:内江市土壤镉元素含量偏高,污染较重。总体来看,0—15 cm镉含量[（0.823 9±0.429）mg/kg]大于15—30 cm镉含量[（0.637 5±0.306）mg/kg],均高于国家二级标准值0.3 mg/kg。方差分析表明,不同土地利用类型同国家二级标准值之间镉元素含量差异显著。同时,表层的污染程度较深层大,表层中度和重度污染面积占95.07%,污染较重;深层轻度污染和中度污染面积占82.26%,污染较轻。     

北京市挂甲峪地区土壤全硒含量分布特征

为调查北京市挂甲峪地区土壤全硒含量分布特征,探讨不同土地利用方式和海拔高度对土壤全硒含量的影响,采集挂甲峪地区表层土壤(0～20 cm)样品122个,采用GIS方法对土壤全硒含量进行了空间分布特征研究。结果表明:挂甲峪地区土壤全硒含量变幅为0. 06～0.76 mg/kg,平均值为0. 30 mg/kg。86.88%的土壤全硒含量处于足硒及以上水平( 0.175 mg/kg),其中有20.49%的土壤属于富硒含量(0.40～0.30 mg/kg)。不同土地利用类型间以草地土壤全硒含量平均值最高(0.40 mg/kg),其次是林地(0.37 mg/kg),最低为园地(0.25 mg/kg)。表层土壤全硒含量随海拔高度的增加呈上升趋势。土壤硒元素的块金值为0.0014,块金系数为88.10%,空间相关性弱。挂甲峪地区整体上呈北西向带状分布,存在富硒土壤。     

黑龙江省主要耕地土壤硫素现状研究

本研究采集黑龙江省29个市、县,发育于5种母质的8种土壤类型143个耕层土样,分析测试其全硫、有效硫含量;结果表明黑龙江省土壤全硫含量平均值为511.90mg/kg,有效硫含量平均值为26.27mg/kg。缺硫和潜在缺硫(有效硫含量<16mg/kg)土壤以风砂土和盐碱土居多,其次是黑土、黑钙土,而草甸土硫素含量丰富。缺硫面积最大的是黑土。按母质划分,发育于砂质沉积物的土壤100%缺硫,其次是发育于河湖冲积物和沉积物土壤,缺硫达65%以上。     

广西岩溶区表层土壤硒元素分布特征与影响因素探究——以武鸣县为例

中国大部分地区土壤不同程度缺Se,约占中国总面积的72%。前期调查在广西发现目前全国最大面积的连片富Se土壤,其中岩溶区土壤Se含量明显高于非岩溶区。假设广西岩溶区土壤连片富Se可能是受成土母岩、土壤组成和独特的富集机理等综合因素共同影响,选取广西武鸣县表层土壤Se元素为研究对象,分别采集表层、深层土壤样品、岩石样品15 480件、452件和200件,并对样品中的CaO、K_2O、Na_2O、Mg O、Si O_2、Al_2O_3、TFe_2O_3、Se、Mn、SOC、Ti和pH等指标进行分析。通过空间对比法、散点图、多元统计法分析土壤Se的物质来源,讨论成土母岩、风化作用、土壤组成、pH和有机碳(SOC)对土壤Se的影响,理清土壤Se影响因素的主次关系,进而探讨广西重点岩溶区土壤Se元素高度富集的主要成因。结果表明,研究区表层土壤Se元素平均含量为0.07～9.04mg·kg~(–1),背景值为0.87mg·kg~(–1),是全国土壤背景值的4.36倍;土壤Se与地层具有很好的空间耦合关系,深表层土壤Se具有强烈正相关性,表明土壤Se元素来源于下伏地层;散点图表明土壤Se受风化作用强度(CIA)、Al_2O_3、TFe_2O_3、SiO_2、SOC、pH、CaO、K2O、Na_2O和Mg O等因素的影响;多元线性回归方程拟合及方程误差检验表明,风化作用强度、黏土矿物(Al2O3)、含Fe矿物(TFe_2O_3)和石英矿物等矿物组成对土壤Se的次生富集起到主导作用。SOC、含K矿物、含Na矿物和含Mg矿物为次要影响因素,含Mn矿物、含Ca矿物和pH的影响作用较弱。在岩溶区,风化作用控制土壤Se富集作用,高富集黏土矿物和含Fe矿物主导了土壤Se元素吸附作用,这可能是导致广西岩溶区岩母Se含量低于中国岩石平均值而土壤Se高度富集的主要原因。     

Soluble selenium content of agricultural soils in Japan and its determining factors with reference to soil type,land use and region

Abstract

To evaluate labile selenium (Se) content in agricultural soils in Japan and to investigate its determining factors, 178 soil samples were collected from the surface layer of paddy or upland fields in Japan and their soluble Se contents were determined. Two grams of soil was extracted with 20 mL of 0.1 mol L^?1 sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄) solution for 30 min in boiling water, and the released Se was reduced to Se (IV) after organic matter decomposition. The concentration of Se (IV) was then determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a fluorescence detector after treatment with 2,3-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) and extraction with cyclohexane. Soluble Se content ranged from 2.5 to 44.5 μg kg^?1 with geometric and arithmetic means of 11.4 and 12.8 μg kg^?1, respectively, and corresponded to 3.2% of the total Se on average. The overall data showed log-normal distribution. In terms of soil type, Non-allophanic Andosols and Volcanogenous Regosols had relatively high soluble Se content, and Wet Andosols and Lowland Paddy soils had relatively low soluble Se content. In terms of land use, upland soils had significantly higher soluble Se content than paddy soils (p < 0.01). The soluble Se content had significant positive correlation with total organic carbon (TOC) content of the extract, soil pH and total Se content (p < 0.01). In conclusion, total Se content in combination with soil pH was the main determining factor of the soluble Se content of agricultural soils in Japan.     

施硒对暗棕壤硒状况和森林蔬菜硒积累的影响

以培育富硒森林蔬菜为目标,在暗棕壤上进行了荚果蕨、小叶芹、小根蒜、婆婆丁等4种山野菜施硒试验。硒肥种类为亚硒酸钠,施硒量为0.10~10.00mg kg-1,直接施肥范围为0~15cm表土。经过一个完整的生长周期(1a)后测定土壤和植物硒指标。结果表明,典型暗棕壤对外源亚硒酸钠态硒具有较强吸收与保持能力,从低剂量至高剂量施入的硒有90%~70%以上仍保留在原施硒土层内;其中H2O可溶态硒占全硒的6.03%~3.78%,KH2PO4浸提的有效态硒占全硒的19.36%~37.54%,而且土壤全硒、KH2PO4浸提的有效态硒及H2O可溶态硒皆与最初的施硒量呈线性正相关。在土施强化供硒条件下,4种山野菜均能高量富集硒,其含硒量为对照的1.7~158.9倍;不同植物的富硒能力有差异,它们在递增施硒情况下高量富集硒的变化模式也各有特点。总体来看,山野菜含硒量与施硒量之间为非线性正相关关系,但在一定的较低施硒量范围内这种关系则是线性的,线性范围因植物而异;土壤的可溶态硒、KH2PO4浸提的有效硒甚至全硒等指标与山野菜含硒量之间亦均呈明显的非线性正相关,且施硒量较低时其关系亦表现为线性。初步得出,典型暗棕壤控制施硒是在近自然条件下培育富硒森林蔬菜并获取高富硒生物资源的有效途径;不过,强烈搅动的砂砾质暗棕壤却不利于硒肥保持和植物吸收,不适于富硒森林蔬菜栽培。     

三峡库区重庆段水土流失动态变化

利用GIS技术,将1995年、2004年的卫星遥感影像进行空间叠加分析,计算三峡库区重庆段各级强度水土流失的马尔科夫转移概率,分析各级强度之间的相互转化关系,并对水土流失遥感数据进行对比分析,揭示10 a期间三峡库区重庆段水土流失的时空变化特点。结果表明：三峡库区重庆段中度侵蚀和强度侵蚀面积之和占库区水土流失总面积的70.84%,年均土壤侵蚀模数高达3 766 t/（km^2.a）,均高于临近的贵州省和湖北省;2004年水土流失面积占库区土地总面积的51.71%,高于全国37%的平均水平,也高于长江流域31.2%的平均水平,更高于与之邻近的四川、贵州和湖北3省;1995—2004年,三峡库区重庆段的水土流失面积减幅高达22%,水土流失强度也有明显下降,其中减幅最大的是中度侵蚀面积,其次是极强度侵蚀和强度侵蚀;三峡库区重庆段侵蚀好转程度与侵蚀强度呈正相关关系。总体来看,三峡库区重庆段的水土流失基本得到了遏制,生态环境正向良性发展的方向演变。     

Selenium enrichment of tea from some areas of China

The levels of selenium (Se) in soils and rocks and Se enrichment of tea as well as factors affecting Se extraction rate from tea were studied. The Se content for 133 tea samples varied from 0.021 to 0.774 mg kg^‐1 with a minimum value of 0.017 mg Se kg^‐1 while some other teas had a maximum value of 4.32 mg Se kg^‐1. The Se content of tea was in a logarithmic normal distribution, and its geometric mean value was 0.120 mg Se kg^‐1. The Se content of soil parent materials and rocks were highly correlated with the Se content in tea leaves. Rock stratum rich in Se occurred in Paleozoic siliceaus shales and carbonaceous‐siliceaus shales of the Permian, Ordovician, and Cambrian periods. Total Se extraction rate of tea in three extractions was 25.6% (black tea and green tea were 24.9% and 26.2%, respectively), and the extraction rate for the first, second, and third times were 50.9%, 27.3%, and 21.8% of the total Se extracted, respectively. Based on factors, such as the Se content in tea, daily quantity of tea drunk, Se extraction rate of tea, and the normal Se dietary requirement, we would suggest that the Se index for tea rich in Se is within the range from 0.40 to 1.55 mg Se kg^‐1.     

香港土壤研究Ⅱ.土壤硒的含量、分布及其影响因素

基于香港地区51个剖面土壤和44个表层土壤中总硒量的分析,对香港土壤硒含量、分布及其影响因素进行研究.分析结果表明,香港土壤总硒量变幅在0.07～2.26 mg kg-1,平均含量为0.76 mg kg-1,在湿润铁铝土中的硒含量最高,平均为1.05 mg kg-1,含量最低的为旱耕人为土,平均为0.45 mg kg-1;在土壤剖面中硒主要分布在心土层和底土层.林地土壤硒含量(1.36 mg kg-1)较高, 农业土壤较低(0.36 mg kg-1).影响香港土壤硒含量及其分布的因素主要是成土母质.土壤pH值、有机质、粘粒和Fe、Al的含量也是影响土壤硒富集与分布的因素.     

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) biofortification with selenium: How do sulphate and phosphate influence the efficiency of selenate application into soil?

ABSTRACT

The connection between sulphur (S) and selenium (Se) metabolism makes rapeseed (Brassica napus) an attractive candidate for Se fortification. Unfortunately, fertilizers may interfere with the availability of selenate (SeO₄^2-) in numerous ways, including both soil and physiological processes. Experiments on two agricultural soils amended with SeO₄^2- (32 μg Se kg^?1 soil), sulphate and phosphate (each at three levels of supply) were established to elucidate the effect of these anions on the selenization efficiency. Maximal efficiency in Chernozem soil was roughly two-fold higher (455 μg Se kg^?1 seed) than in Cambisol. Sulphate significantly decreased (up to 28%) the seed Se contents in Cambisol, while an enhancement (up to 33%) was found in Chernozem. In the Chernozem, the induction of collective S and Se translocation toward the seed more than compensated for any competition effects due to the highest sulphate supply. In Cambisol, plant Se distribution did not follow that of S as closely as in Chernozem. Phosphate did not significantly alter the fortification efficiency. Resistance of rapeseed proteins to protease hampered a quantitative investigation of changes in Se speciation under different S supplies. Nevertheless, protein-bound selenomethionine was the predominant Se storage form and traces of other Se species were also identified.     

陕西地区土壤中的硒

硒是人和动物体必需的微量元素之一,早已证明,土壤和饲草中过量的硒会导致牲畜中毒而罹患“碱质病”和“盲跚症”,而土壤和饲草硒含量过低则会引起牲畜白肌病等多种缺硒病^[9]。近年来国外又有资料报道食物和饮水中的低硒容易使人体产生癌症、心血管病、关节炎、婴幼儿碎死症等多种疾病^[6]。鉴于在土壤一植物一动物和人的生态系统中,土壤是最基本的因素,因此对土壤硒的研究在许多国家早已受到人们的重视。国内对土壤硒的研究,始于七十年代对人体地方性疾病的研究,现已证实,地方性克山病、大骨节病的发生与环境和机体缺乏硒有密切关系^[1,3,11]。     

Evaluation of leaching and runoff losses of selenium from seleniferous soils through simulated rainfall

Experiments were conducted to study drainage and runoff losses of selenium (Se) from two seleniferous soils (from Simbly containing total Se 850 μg [kg soil]^–1 and from Barwa containing 1310 μg [kg soil]^–1) under simulated rainfall (250–260 mm in three rainstorms) conditions. Rainfall intensities ranged from 56 to 120 mm h^–1 with uniformity coefficients ranging from 70.6% to 84.2%. Selenium lost through drainage (sum of drainage from initially saturated soil for 24 h and through dry and wet runs) was 0.15% and 0.11% of total Se content in the two soils. In soils having similar pH and organic‐C content, losses of Se through drainage as well as runoff were defined by total Se, water‐soluble Se, CaCO₃ content, and texture of the soils. The amount of runoff water was almost two times in the soil with fine texture and less infiltration rate than in the other and that same trend was observed with respect to loss of sediment. The soil with higher CaCO₃ content and water‐soluble Se lost more Se with moving water both through leaching and runoff, whereas the other soil with fine texture lost greater amount of Se with the sediment. Total Se lost through drainage as well as runoff was 0.29% of the native Se present in both the soils suggesting that significant amount of Se could be lost from seleniferous soils during irrigation and rainfall events.