水稻物质生产对稻田甲烷排放的影响

以研究水稻物质生产对稻田甲烷排放影响为目的的大田与盆栽试验于１９９４￣１９９５年在美国德克萨斯州进行。对同期观测的稻田甲烷排放量与水稻干物质积累资料的分析表明,在类似的气候,土壤及水稻栽培管理条件,稻田甲烷排放的季节总量随水稻生产力水平的提高而增加;甲烷日排放通量与水稻干物质积累呈正相关,水稻生长中,后期的物质生产对甲烷排放的贡献大于前期。     

水肥管理对稻田土壤甲烷和氧化亚氮排放的影响

就稻田水肥管理以甲烷和氧化亚氮排放的影响研究进行了综述，文章分析表明，甲烷和氧化亚氮的排放条件存在明显的反位关系，即有利于甲烷排放的水分条件往往不利于氧化亚氮的排放，稻田温室气体的排放与水分管理的历史有明显的关系，不同的肥料施用对甲烷和氧化亚氮排放影响的机制不同。因此，要真正有效地控制温室气体的排放必须首先弄清甲烷和氧化亚氮在不同条件下的排放关系。     

稻田甲烷排放的研究进展

稻田是甲烷的重要排放源之一。文章对稻田甲烷的最新研究进展作了较为详尽的综述，包括稻田甲烷和的机理，规律；重点分析了影响稻田甲烷排放的因素以及控制稻甲烷排放的措施。最后指出了今后的研究重点应以现有的田间数据为基础，建立稻田温室气体排放的综合模型，预测稻田温室气体排放变化。     

不同施肥处理稻田甲烷排放研究进展

稻田是甲烷的重要排放源之一,而施肥是影响稻田甲烷排放的重要因素之一。本文对施肥稻田甲烷排放的最新研究进展作了较为详尽的综述,包括不同肥料类型、不同的施肥处理等对甲烷排放的影响,分析了导致这种影响的原因。最后指出了今后的研究重点应以现有的研究成果为基础,探索产量、环境与甲烷排放增减的相关研究,寻求最优的减排方法。     

稻田甲烷排放影响因子的研究进展

综述影响因素-农业操作、水稻植物体、天气以及土壤对稻田甲烷排放的作用,说明目前稻田甲烷排放研究的状况和研究方向.     

长期施肥对湖南稻田甲烷排放的影响

采用静态箱-气相色谱法对长期不同施肥处理的稻田甲烷排放进行了手动观测。结果表明，不同施肥处理的稻田甲烷排放具有一致的规律，混施有机肥的处理甲烷排放大于单施氮肥的处理，同施用稻草相比，发酵猪粪处理的甲烷排放较少。文章还对影响稻田甲烷排放的因素进行了讨论。     

不同农作措施对稻田甲烷排放通量的影响

通过网室小区试验，观测得到单施尿素处理的甲烷排放通量为０．６４ｍｇ／ｍ＾２·ｈ；农家肥＋尿素处理、农家肥＋硝铵处理、农家肥＋硫铵处理的甲烷排放通量分别为５７．１，４２．１，３０．７ｍｇ／ｍ＾２·ｈ；农家肥＋硫铵＋间歇灌溉处理和农家肥＋尿素＋间歇灌溉处理的甲烷排放通量分别为２２．０和１４．７ｍｇ／ｍ＾２·ｈ。结果表明，以农家肥为基肥的５个处理的甲烷排放通量大大高于单施尿素处理的甲烷排放通量，表明高量     

影响稻田甲烷形成和排放的因子及控制技术的研究进展

在全球变暖的研究中,对甲烷等温室气体的研究越来越引人注目,因为它对全球变暖的贡献居第2位(占15%).稻田是最大的农业甲烷排放源之一.本文综述了近十几年来世界稻田甲烷排放因子研究的最新进展,包括甲烷菌的主要生态要求,土壤环境条件(温度、水分、氧化还原电位等),施肥的效果,品种的差异以及耕作措施等.由此可以得出:在加强排放监测的同时,开发一些实用控制技术是可能的.     

施肥对稻田甲烷排放的影响

本文综述了N肥和有机肥的种类、施用量、施用方式和施用时间对稻田CH4排放的影响,提出了减少稻田CH4排放的施肥策略,并指出了今后的研究重点:加强对稻田CH4排放机理的研究;针对以往研究中的不足,全面深入研究施肥对稻田CH4排放的影响;进一步研究稻田温室气体排放的交互作用。     

Influences of indigenous phototrophs on methane emissions from a straw-amended paddy soil

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the influences of indigenous phototrophs on methane (CH₄) emissions from a paddy soil where rice straw was incorporated or was surface-applied. During the cultivation, half of the pots were covered with aluminum foil, except for the minimum space for rice plants, to prevent ambient light reaching the floodwater or the soil surface. Growth of oxygen-producing phototrophs was hardly observed in the unilluminated plots, whereas intensive growth of algae, duckweed and hydrophytes was found in the illuminated ones. Plant growth was not affected by the different treatments. Seasonal changes in CH₄ emission determined by a closed chamber method indicated that illumination had no or only minor effects on CH₄ emissions when rice straw was incorporated or was not applied, but significantly reduced CH₄ emissions when rice straw was surface-applied. Methanogenesis occurring in the soil-floodwater interface was further investigated in two lab-scale model experiments measuring methanogenic activity. As a result, more activated methanogenesis was found in the surface-applied rice straw and the soil around the straw compared with the soil incubated without rice straw. The magnitude of the methanogenic activity in the rice straw incubated under illuminated conditions was significantly lower than that incubated in the dark. Consequently, this study demonstrates that methanogenesis in paddy soil occurs even in the soil-floodwater interface if plant residues like rice straw exist, and such methanogenesis is likely to be suppressed by growth of indigenous phototrophs under illumination.     

中国稻田CH4排放量估算研究综述

稻田是大气CH4的重要排放源,对中国稻田CH4排放量做出准确估算是中国CH4研究的主要目的之一。估算稻田CH4排放的方法主要有四种:根据田间测定结果或特定的排放系数和该值代表的稻田面积外推计算;将水稻的净初级生产力(NPP)的折算系数与模型相结合进行估算;根据新投入到土壤的有机碳量或原有土壤有机质碳折算;机理模型计算。其次,还有模型与GIS技术、其他方法相结合估算。稻田CH4排放在空间和时间尺度上的变异性是估算结果不确定性的主要驱动因素。统计分析显示中国稻田CH4排放量为8.4(7.2～9.5)Tga-1。     

稻田温度与甲烷排放通量关系的研究

稻田温度与CH4 排放通量有密切关系 ,通过灰关联分析发现稻田 5cm深处温度与CH4 排放通量关系最密切 ,水稻抽穗期CH4 排放通量达极大值 ,而完熟期CH4 排放通量达极小值。温度对CH4 排放通量的增效应明显 ,减效应较弱。稻田温度与CH4排放通量的关系呈S型曲线相关关系。     

Effect of silicate fertilizer on reducing methane emission during rice cultivation

Slag-type silicate fertilizer, which contains high amount of active iron oxide, a potential source of electron acceptor, was applied at the rate of 0, 2, 6, 10, and 20 Mg ha⁻¹ to reduce methane (CH₄) emission from rice planted in potted soils. Methane emission rates measured by closed chamber method decreased significantly with increasing levels of silicate fertilizer application during rice cultivation. Soil redox potential (Eh) decreased rapidly after flooding, but floodwater pH and soil pH increased significantly with increasing levels of silicate fertilizer application. Iron concentrations in potted soils and in percolated water significantly increased with the increasing levels of silicate fertilizer application, which acted as oxidizing agents and electron acceptors, and thereby suppressed CH₄ emissions. Silicate fertilization significantly decreased CH₄ production activity, while it increased carbon dioxide (CO₂) production activity. Rice plant growth, yield parameters, and grain yield were positively influenced by silicate application levels. The maximum increase in grain yield (17% yield increase over the control) was found with 10 Mg ha⁻¹ silicate application along with 28% reduction in total CH₄ flux during rice cultivation. It is, therefore, concluded that slag-type silicate fertilizer could be a suitable soil amendment for reducing CH₄ emissions as well as sustaining rice productivity and restoring the soil nutrient balance in rice paddy soil.     

Diurnal patterns of methane emissions from paddy rice fields in the Philippines

Methane (CH₄) emissions from rice paddies often show significant diurnal variations, most likely driven by diurnal changes of radiation and temperature in air, floodwater, and soil. Field measurements, however, are often scheduled at a fixed time of a given measuring day, thereby neglecting sub‐daily variations of CH₄ emissions. Here we evaluated diurnal patterns of CH₄ emissions from traditional paddy rice production as observed during field measurements in the Philippines. Field emissions were measured during three consecutive cropping seasons using an automated chamber and gas sampling system with fluxes being obtained every 4 h. Methane fluxes were monitored with a total of nine chambers during the dry seasons in 2012 and 2013 and 27 chambers during the wet season in 2012. Significant and consistent diurnal patterns of CH₄ emissions were mainly observed from the start of field flooding until the middle of cropping periods, i.e., periods with low leaf area of the rice crop. Our data show that disregarding the diurnal variability of fluxes results in an average overestimation of seasonal CH₄ emissions of 22% (16–31%) if measurements were conducted only around noon. Scheduling manual sampling either at early morning (7:00–9:00) or evening (17:00–19:00) results in estimations of seasonal emissions within 94–101% of the “true” value as calculated from multiple daily flux measurements. Alternatively, uncertainties of seasonal emissions can be reduced to an average of ≤3% by applying sinus function or Gauss function‐based correction factors. Application of correction factors allows the performance of flux measurements at any time of day. We also investigated N₂O emissions from rice paddies with respect to diurnal variations, but did not find, as in the case of CH₄, any significant and persistent diurnal pattern.     

Oxidation of methane in the rhizosphere of rice plants

Oxidation of CH₄ in the rhizosphere of rice plants was quantified using (1) methyl fluoride, a specific inhibitor of CH₄ oxidation, and (2) measuring changes in plant-mediated CH₄ emission after incubation under air, N₂, or 40% O₂. No significant rhizospheric CH₄ oxidation was observed from rice plants in the ripening stage. CH₄ emission from rice plants 1 week before panicle initiation increased by 40% if CH₄ oxidation in the rhizosphere was blocked. The growth stage of the rice plant is an important factor determining the rhizospheric CH₄ oxidation. Fluctuation of rhizospheric CH₄ oxidation during the growing season may help to explain the observed seasonal CH₄ emission patterns in field studies. Measurements from four rice varieties showed that one variety, Pokkali, had higher rhizospheric CH₄ oxidation. This was probably because Pokkali was in an earlier growth stage than the other three varieties. Both in the early and in the late growth stages, incubation under N₂ caused a much stronger CH₄ flux than inhibition of CH₄ oxidation alone. Apparently, N₂ incubation not only blocked CH₄ oxidation but also stimulated methanogenesis in the rhizosphere. Incubation under a higher O₂ atmosphere (40% O₂) than ambient air decreased the CH₄ flux, suggesting that increasing the oxidation of the rice rhizosphere may help in reducing CH₄ fluxes from rice agriculture. The O₂ pressure in the rhizosphere is an important factor that reduces the plant-mediated CH₄ flux. However, inhibition of methanogenesis in the rhizosphere may contribute more to CH₄ flux reduction than rhizospheric CH₄ oxidation.     

水肥管理对稻田CH4排放及其全球增温潜势影响的评估

甲烷(CH_4)是主要温室气体之一,对全球增温的作用仅次于二氧化碳(CO_2)。稻田是CH_4的重要排放源,减少稻田CH_4排放对减缓气候变暖具有直接效应。为此,掌握稻田CH_4排放的规律和特征对控制和减少稻田CH_4排放尤为重要。为了解稻田温室气体排放的主要影响因子及影响程度,估算稻田温室气体全球增温潜势,寻求农田减排措施,我们通过收集已发表的文献建立了稻田CH_4排放的数据库,采用析因分析与回归分析方法对稻田CH_4日排放量和全球增温潜势特征和可能的影响因子进行了分析。结果表明,稻田CH_4日排放量和增温潜势均随土壤有机质背景含量的升高而增加,不同类型稻田CH_4日排放量大小依次为:双季稻晚稻双季稻早稻单季稻稻麦轮作晚稻;晚稻田CH_4的增温潜势大于早稻田。不同肥料处理条件下,稻田CH_4日排放量表现为:秸秆还田配施有机肥化学氮肥≈生物炭。控制灌溉水量可降低稻田CH_4的综合增温潜势,表现为:持续淹水晒田干湿交替控制灌溉。研究结果说明,稻田CH_4的产生与排放过程受土壤有机质含量、肥料管理和水分管理以及轮作制度等多种因素的共同影响,应依据不同土壤条件和种植制度,适当调整肥水管理,以减少稻田温室气体排放,降低其增温潜势。     

Fluxes of methane from rice fields and potential for mitigation

Abstract. Methane (CH₄) is an important greenhouse gas. Flooded rice fields (paddies) are a significant source of atmospheric CH₄; estimates of the annual emission from paddies range from less than 20 to 100 million Tg, with best estimates of 50 × 20 Tg. The emission is the net result of opposing bacterial processes: production in anaerobic microenvironments, and consumption and oxidation in aerobic microenvironments, both of which occur sequentially and concurrently in flooded rice soils. With current technologies, CH₄ emission from rice fields will increase as production increases. Over the next 25 years rice production will have to increase by 65% from the present 460 Mt/y to 760 Mt/y in 2020. The current understanding of the processes controlling CH₄ fluxes, rice growth and rice production is sufficient to develop mitigation technologies. Promising candidates are changes in water management, rice cultivars, fertilization, and cultural practices. A significant reduction of CH₄ emission from rice fields, at the same time that rice production and productivity increase at the farm level, is feasible, although the regions where particular practices can be applied, and the trade-offs that are possible, have still to be identified.     

The role of rice plants in regulating mechanisms of methane missions

 Rice plants play a pivotal role in different levels of the methane (CH₄) budget of rice fields. CH₄ production in rice fields largely depends on plant-borne material that can be either decaying tissue or root exudates. The quantity and quality of root exudates is affected by mechanical impedance, presence of toxic elements, nutrient deficiencies, water status of growing medium, and nitrogenase activity in the rhizosphere. CH₄ oxidation in rice fields is localized in the rhizosphere where the concentration gradients of CH₄ and oxygen overlap. CH₄ oxidation capacity is a function of the downward transport of oxygen through the aerenchyma, which, in turn, also acts as a conduit for CH₄ from the soil to the atmosphere. The decisive step in the passage of CH₄ through rice plant is the transition from root to stem. However, rice plants show an enormous variety of morphological and physiological properties, including differences in root exudation and gas transfer capacity. Comparative studies on different cultivars are deemed crucial for accomplishing a better understanding of the mechanisms of CH₄ consumption in the rhizosphere and CH₄ transport through the rice plant as well as the interaction of these processes. The results of such studies are considered tools for devising mitigation options. Received: 7 April 1999