掺合料和水胶比对水泥基材料水化产物和力学性能的影响

掺合料和水胶比是影响混凝土性能发展的重要因素。该研究结合纯硅酸盐水泥和掺合料的水化反应机理,推导出复合水泥基材料的水化产物、理论最大掺量和孔隙率的计算公式,探究粉煤灰、钢渣和锂渣掺量对水化产物、孔隙率以及砂浆力学性能的影响,并推算出3种掺合料在混凝土中的理论最大掺量。结果表明:同掺量的粉煤灰、钢渣和锂渣掺入后,复合胶凝材料水化产物CH、CSH和总孔隙率较纯水泥砂浆要小;相比4种砂浆中水化产物而言,按水化产物CSH含量排序为水泥砂浆水泥-锂渣砂浆水泥-钢渣砂浆水泥-粉煤灰砂浆;按总孔隙率大小排序为水泥-钢渣砂浆水泥-粉煤灰砂浆水泥-锂渣砂浆水泥砂浆;按理论最大掺量值大小排序为粉煤灰锂渣钢渣。经砂浆力学性能测试发现:当掺量为20%时,水泥-锂渣砂浆后期的抗压强度优于纯水泥砂浆,若掺量再增加时,水泥-粉煤灰砂浆、水泥-锂渣砂浆和水泥-钢渣砂浆的力学性能均低于纯水泥砂浆。综合上述研究发现锂渣的活性较钢渣和粉煤灰要好,该研究可为掺合料在砂浆和混凝土中的使用提供参考。     

含掺合料混凝土水化产物体积分数计算及其影响因素

Powers理论仅提出针对纯水泥水化产物体积的计算方法,为研究掺加矿物掺合料后的胶凝材料的水化产物体积的影响,该文基于水泥水化基本原理及矿物掺合料的反应机制,提出含掺合料胶凝材料的水化产物体积的计算公式,并将其应用于计算掺合料为0时凝胶材料水化产物的体积分数,与基于Powers理论模型的计算结果对比来验证该文提出的方法的可靠性,在此基础上,进一步研究水胶比、掺合料种类及其比例对胶凝材料水化产物体积的影响。结果表明:矿物掺合料掺量的降低和水胶比的增加都能促进复合水泥基材料的水化,相对而言,矿物掺合料增量对胶凝材料水化程度的影响较水胶比要大。复合胶凝材料中CSH、铝酸盐相AF和CH的体积分数均低于水泥浆体,未水化颗粒和毛细孔的体积均高于水泥浆体。分析发现,未水化颗粒、CSH凝胶和毛细孔的体积分数分别受水胶比×掺量×矿物掺合料种类(60.33%)、水胶比×矿物掺合料种类(91.79%)和水胶比(89.23%)的影响最大,CH和铝酸盐相AF的体积分数受掺量的影响最大,分别为6.17%和16.65%。研究可为锂渣、粉煤灰和钢渣在水泥混合材和混凝土掺合料中的应用提供科学依据,同时达到降低能耗和节约资源的目的。     

高掺量粉煤灰和矿渣高强混凝土抗渗性和抗冻性试验

采用粉煤灰和矿渣2种掺合料的40%和50%2种质量比例掺量,制备了高掺合料C50高强混凝土,并利用扫描电镜和X射线衍射技术分析了高比例掺合料对高强混凝土强度的影响,最后通过抗氯离子渗透试验和快速冻融试验综合分析了高掺合料C50高强混凝土的耐久性。结果表明:当复掺掺合料总质量占胶凝材料总质量的50%时,随着粉煤灰与矿渣掺入量比值的减小混凝土养护28 d强度有所增加;在掺合料总质量不变的情况下,混凝土的抗冻性和抗氯离子渗透性能均随着粉煤灰掺入量的增加和矿渣掺入量的减小而逐渐提升,但掺合料总质量的增加会降低抗氯离子渗透性能;采用抗冻耐久性指数与电通量的比值法可较好的综合评价高掺合料高强混凝土的耐久性,耐久性较好的适宜配合比为掺合料总量50%,粉煤灰与矿渣掺量比为4:1。研究可为高掺量粉煤灰和矿渣在高强混凝土中的应用提供依据,同时达到提高高强混凝土的经济性和节约资源的目的。     

农村建筑中水泥的选择

水泥是一种人造的颗粒胶合材料.与水混合以后,能起水化作用,并放出一定热量,叫做水化热。同时会起理化反应,由可塑性浆体变成坚硬的石状体,并能将散状材料(如砂,石)胶结成具有一定抗压强度的整体,它是最重要的建筑材料之一.水泥的品种很多,最常用的主要有硅酸盐水泥,普通硅酸盐水泥(也称普通水泥)、矿渣硅酸盐水泥(矿渣水泥)、火山灰质硅酸盐水泥(火山灰水泥)和粉煤灰硅酸盐水泥(粉煤灰水泥).     

渠道衬砌膨胀混凝土力学特性试验研究

在水灰比保持不变的条件下,通过正交试验研究了膨胀剂AEA掺量、粉煤灰掺量及养护条件对混凝土膨胀率和强度的影响规律,提出了强度等级达到C15、自由膨胀率最大的渠道衬砌补偿收缩混凝土最优配合比.结果表明:随着膨胀剂掺量的增大,混凝土膨胀率先升后降,混凝土28d强度有一定幅度的降低;在试验条件下,膨胀剂AEA掺量为水泥质量的12%、粉煤灰掺量为水泥质量的30%及养护条件为水中养护时,混凝土的膨胀率达到最大,强度亦满足渠道衬砌要求.这表明,在渠道衬砌工程中应用微膨胀混凝土是完全可行的.     

内蒙古砒砂岩的性能及其对水泥力学性能影响的研究

砒砂岩地区是黄河泥沙的主要来源地之一。为了实现对砒砂岩的资源化利用,对砒砂岩基本物理化学性质进行了研究,并探讨了其作为混凝土掺合料的可行性。通过X射线荧光光谱分析(XRF)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)研究发现,红色、白色砒砂岩的矿物成分差别不大,主要包含石英、长石、蒙脱石、高岭土、方解石等,还含有一定量活性的Si O2、Al2O3和Ca O(能够促进水泥水化)。砒砂岩作为水泥掺合料对水泥胶砂性能影响的研究试验结果表明,掺入砒砂岩会缩短水泥的初凝时间,掺量30%时初凝时间会缩短69%;当砒砂岩掺量不多于20%时水泥胶砂的28 d抗压强度和抗冻性能会提高,当掺量大于20%时水泥胶砂的抗压强度和抗冻性能(冻融循环后抗压强度)会显著降低。同时,研究还发现掺入砒砂岩会显著提高水泥胶砂28 d抗折强度。     

高粉煤灰掺量的常态混凝土性能研究

在重力式混凝土坝设计中,一些发达国家正在研究大体积常态混凝土高掺粉煤灰,以减少水泥用量、降低工程造价,减少水化热、简化温控措施,而不影响大坝质量要求的混凝土配合比。据查询国内外已建的混凝土重力坝资料,粉煤灰最高掺量不超过50%。美国外部混凝土粉煤灰掺量为25%,内部常态混凝土粉煤灰掺量为50%;日本大坝混凝土粉煤灰最高掺量为30%;我国湖南江垭大坝部分常态混凝土粉煤灰掺量为45%……,我国《水工混凝土掺用粉煤灰技术规范》(DL/T5055-1996)规定常态混凝土粉煤灰掺量不能超过55%。辽宁省朝阳市阎王鼻子水库大坝设计中,经试验测试,常态混凝土采用碾压混凝土配合比的水泥用量,其中粉煤灰掺量高达68.4%,其热物理性能、力学性能指标、混凝土自生体积变形等技术指标均达到设计要求。不仅单位体积节省水泥用量42.86%;而且节省胶凝材料费31.47%。在一般情况下,对于混凝土粉煤灰掺量,在我国北方较低,南方较高。该项研究,不仅突破了北方的条件限定,而且突破了国家技术规范的限定,该项研究成果,1999年通过专家技术鉴定,2001年获朝阳市科技进步一等奖,2004年获辽宁省政府科技三等奖。相信此项研究在水土保持骨干工程中应用,一定取得费省效宏的结果。建议此项研究成果能在水土保持工程措施中应用。但对北方地区,应注意研究其掺入粉煤灰后,混凝土的抗冻性。     

水泥-粉煤灰基植生固沙材料的正交优化和氮、磷、钾初期释放速率研究

以本实验室设计的配方来制备水泥-粉煤灰基固沙材料,以3～4个月释放期的美国Osmocote 14-14-14为控释肥肥源,以PAM、自制SAP1和SAP2为吸水保水剂,采用沙柱法对植生固沙材料的吸水剂种类、吸水剂用量、肥料用量和水灰比材料参数进行正交优化试验,研究材料参数与NPK释放速率和材料抗压、抗折强度的关系。结果表明,影响N释放速率的主要因素是肥料用量和吸水剂种类,影响抗折强度的主要因素是水灰比和吸水剂种类,优化配方是1.5%PAM,0.8 g Osmocote/100 g沙和水灰比为1.2。在水泥-粉煤灰基固沙材料中NPK的28 d初期释放量大小顺序为K＞N＞P,其原因是水泥基材料富钾和固磷特性使得增K减P,水泥基材料毛细孔多孔特征使得N将以气态氨和液态銨释放。N的初期释放率受N的水溶肿胀和控释肥薄膜孔缝扩大速度的影响。     

广西大学2001年度通过鉴定的科技成果9项

1. HB型高效砂浆增稠粉。为自选项目 ,由南宁盈溢环保建材科技有限公司和广西大学化学化工学院共同完成 ,参加人员有谢盈庭 *、陈益兰。该成果于 2 0 0 1年 4月 1 6日由广西区科技厅组织鉴定。本成果是一种广泛用于工民建各种建筑砂浆的掺合料。掺入混合砂浆中可取代石灰膏 ,掺入水泥砂浆中可节约水泥 3 0 %以上 ,并能显著改善砂浆的和易性 ,同时提高砂浆的抗压强度和粘结强度以及抗冻、抗渗性能。本产品的原材料是以无机矿物材料为基础 ,加入糖业废液等 ,经各种分解、提炼合成的一种粉体材料。产品综合技术性能指标良好 ,达到国内同类产品…     

水泥-土基植生固沙材料水、肥释放特征研究

采用沙柱淋出法研究了控释肥、吸水剂和水泥掺量对植生固沙材料NPK释放规律和保水性的影响。结果表明,因NPK的溶解度不同对照组和实验组养分累计淋出率顺序均为NKP;与对照组相比,实验组掺撒可力肥128d的N素累计淋出率均高于对照组。两种肥料相比,因撒可力肥芯有吸水性故其NPK控释能力优于Osmocote;不同肥料、吸水剂和水泥掺量相比,养分控释能力较优的是掺撒可力肥、SAP1和10%水泥/土比这组配方;保水性较优的是掺撒可力肥、SAP1和30%水泥/土比这组配方。固沙材料中N素累计淋出率曲线为"S"型和P、K为"L"型;N素淋出率曲线为"多峰"型和P、K为"单峰"型,多峰现象可解释为磷素对固沙材料中水泥和土固化作用-部分减少了控释肥薄膜溶胀破裂行为。     

秸秆灰混凝土力学性能试验及强度预测

为了优化混凝性能,减少水泥产业耗能,尝试采用以部分秸秆灰替代水泥制备混凝土。该文通过试验对油菜秸秆灰混凝土拉压性能进行了研究,得到秸秆灰质量分数和水胶比对秸秆灰混凝土拉压性能的影响规律,如当秸秆灰质量分数增大时,混凝土拉压性能呈下降趋势;当水胶比过大时,混凝土力学性能急剧下降。同时提出秸秆灰混凝土抗拉性能与抗压性能间的线性函数关系以及混凝土轴心抗压强度计算公式,并与其他混凝土抗压强度公式进行比对验证。采用小波神经网络的预测方法,引入随机函数,对试验数据抽样进行训练,而后预测数据并与试验数据进行比对,计算误差,并将预测数据用于该文提出的拉压公式进行验证,结果表明验证较好。最后试验结果表明:当秸秆灰替代掺量为10%时,秸秆灰混凝土劈裂抗拉强度下降了25%,抗压强度仅下降了8%;当替代掺量为20%时,抗压强度下降了31%。     

再生骨料透水混凝土强度及透水性能试验

利用再生废弃混凝土骨料制备透水混凝土是目前研究的热点和趋势,其中强度和透水性是其关注及目前亟待突破的关键性能。以废弃的预制混凝土梁构件为再生骨料来源制备透水混凝土,并以水胶比0.3,砂率10%为基准,设计6组配合比,并通过标准养护下的立方体试块试验,研究了单一因素下再生骨料透水混凝土的孔隙率、透水性及其强度性能,其范围分别为孔隙率17.8%~23.8%,渗透系数0.27~0.57 cm/s以及抗压强度4.0~9.63 MPa。结果表明,再生骨料透水混凝土基本性能够满足要求,其中内掺粉煤灰能大幅提高其抗压强度,提高约44%,外掺钢纤维提高透水性,掺入萘系高效减水剂及硅粉的效果不明显。此外,再生骨料透水混凝土的毛细吸水过程与普通混凝土类似,即前期吸水快,后期趋于平缓。     

Use of Power Plant Ash to Remove and Solidify Heavy Metals from a Metal-finishing Wastewater

This laboratory-scale study investigated initially the potential of heavy metal removal from a metal-finishing wastewater using fly and bottom ash from a power plant as coagulants. It was found that the maximum heavy metal content in the ash–sludge mix was obtained at a fly ash-to-bottom ash ratio of 1.5:1 and a stirring time of 3 h, which resulted in heavy metal removal (i.e., Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) in excess of 99%, with effluent concentrations below the corresponding regulatory standards of Thailand. Furthermore, the feasibility of using fly ash as an admixture to stabilize and solidify the ash–sludge mix generated previously was explored. Results indicated that the stabilization/solidification process can achieve a high level of heavy metal removal efficiency from the ash–sludge mix. The optimum ratio regarding chromium leaching was found to be 1:0.75:0.75 (cement:fly ash:ash–sludge). In addition, the compressive strength and the chromium leaching concentration of the solidified sludge were within acceptable levels for secure landfill disposal and/or use as a construction material.     

Evaluation of industrial wastes as sources of fertilizer silicon using chemical extractions and plant uptake

Six inorganic industrial‐waste materials (coal fly ash, bauxite‐processing mud, steel slag, two samples of air‐cooled blast furnace [BF] slag, and one sample of water‐cooled BF slag), along with wollastonite, were evaluated as fertilizer‐Si sources. Evaluation was carried out by analyzing total and extractable Si fractions in the materials, by incubating them at two rates with a Si‐deficient soil and measuring potentially available extractable Si and by measuring yield and Si uptake by two successive rice crops grown in the fertilized soils. Of the waste materials used, fly ash had the highest total Si content (29%) but a negligible quantity was present in extractable forms. Steel slag and bauxite‐processing mud had only 5%–7% Si content while BF slags contained 14%–18% Si. All materials, other than fly ash, increased the amount of extractable Si present in the soil. Additions of steel slag and bauxite‐processing mud caused greater increases in Si extractability than the air‐cooled BF slags while water‐cooled BF slag–treated soils contained notably high acid‐extractable Si. Because of the alkaline nature of the materials, and their reaction products, there was a positive relationship between extractable soil Si and soil pH. However, an equilibration experiment using NaSiO₃ as the Si source confirmed that Si solubility in the soil decreased with increasing pH. Dry‐matter yields of rice, at the lower rate of Si addition, were increased by all treatments other than fly ash. The higher rates of steel slag and bauxite‐processing mud caused yield depressions. Total Si uptake by rice was increased by all treatments, other than fly ash, and was greater at the higher rate of Si addition. It was concluded that the BF slags are the most effective waste materials as fertilizer‐Si sources and that, in slag‐amended soils, CaCl₂ and NH₄ acetate are the most reliable soil‐test extractants.     

Sorption Behavior of Arsenate by Mg-Bearing Minerals at Hyperalkaline Condition: Implications for Oxyanions Sequestration During the Use and Disposal of Alkaline Wastes

The utilization and disposal of alkaline waste materials such as slag and coal fly ash as cement aggregates and raw materials in cement manufacturing can pose environmental and health hazards because these waste materials usually contain elevated concentration of toxic elements. This study examined the possibility of controlling the pore water chemistry of these waste materials in order to induce the secondary mineral formation of Mg-bearing minerals as major sorbing solids for oxyanions during the utilization and disposal of alkaline wastes. The formation of Mg-bearing minerals was examined at ambient temperature and alkaline pH conditions in the Mg?CSi?CAl system. The interaction of Mg-bearing minerals with oxyanions using arsenate as an analog was examined during and after mineral formation. The results revealed that the generated Mg-bearing mineral phases were smectite and brucite in Mg?CSi system and hydrotalcite and serpentine in Mg?CSi?CAl system. Moreover, hydrotalcite, serpentine, brucite, and smectite phases formed under low Si ratio showed high sorption capacity for arsenate, but only high Al content hydrotalcite and serpentine showed substantial irreversible fraction of sorbed arsenate. Hence, the generation of these kinds of hydrotalcite and serpentine phases as scavengers for oxyanions must be considered during the utilization and disposal of alkaline wastes.     

渠道衬砌抗渗型粉煤灰-稻壳混凝土抗渗性能试验

为了满足渠道衬砌的需要,提高稻壳混凝土的抗渗性能,在稻壳混凝土中加入了粉煤灰。该文通过试验对渠道衬砌抗渗型粉煤灰-稻壳混凝土的抗渗性能进行了研究,得到粉煤灰质量分数、稻壳质量分数和水灰比对粉煤灰稻壳混凝土抗渗性能的影响规律,同时得到了粉煤灰-稻壳混凝土相对渗透系数小于0.783×10-8 cm/s的混凝土配合比。通过对混凝土抗渗性能主效应分析得到混凝土抗渗性能的影响因素顺序：水灰比>稻壳质量分数>粉煤灰质量分数;粉煤灰-稻壳混凝土的相对渗透系数随着粉煤灰质量分数和稻壳质量分数的增大呈现出先减小后增大的抛物线的变化趋势,随着水灰比的增大呈现出一直增大的线性变化的规律。试验结果表明在不降低混凝土导热系数的前提下,在稻壳混凝土中掺入粉煤灰后确实能提高稻壳混凝土的抗渗性能。     

Studies on the Phase Mineralogy and Leaching Characteristics of Coal Fly Ash

The phase mineralogy and leaching characteristics of some Indian coal fly ashes were studied to assess their safe disposal in abandoned coal mines. Since, fly ash contains a number of toxic trace elements, the leaching of fly ash was tested using strong acid/alkali solutions and distilled water under different conditions (solid-liquid ratio, leaching time, pH) in the temperature range of 30-100 °C. It was found that the concentration of various metals in leachates depends on their chemical nature, association with mineral phases of ash and follows the almost similar concentration profile to that of iron, especially in acidic medium. The distribution of toxic trace elements in fly ash and their leachability were found to depend on the amount of unburnt carbon and iron in fly ash. In alkaline medium, leaching of iron and toxic trace elements (except As) from fly ash was very negligible. Hence, alkali treatment of coal fly ash is desirable for its safe use in refilling of coal mines.