铁皮石斛与钩状石斛杂交及种子无菌播种快繁研究

以铁皮石斛和钩状石斛为研究对象,通过人工辅助杂交获得杂交种子,诱导种子离体萌发,开展无菌播种技术研究.结果表明,铁皮石斛与钩状石斛杂交容易成功,杂交坐果率可达到80％;适宜的种子萌发培养基为MS+ 6-BA 1.0 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L,培养30 d时的萌发率为89.7％;培养基MS+6-BA 1.5 mg/L+ NAA0.1 mg/L+香蕉100 g/L+ AC 1.0 mg/L对原球茎的增殖最好;培养基MS+ 6-BA 1.5 mg/L+ NAA 0.1mg/L+马铃薯200 g/L+ AC 1.0 g/L对原球茎的分化最好;壮苗生根培养基配方为1/2 MS+ NAA 0.6 mg/L+香蕉100 g/L+AC 1.0 g/L,植株生长健壮,生根率100％,移栽成活率达95％以上.     

蕙兰杂交种子的无菌萌发和快速繁殖研究

本实验采用蕙兰传统品种‘崔梅’与普通蕙兰进行杂交,对不同发育阶段的种子进行无菌萌发实验,并作不同培养基的对照。对萌发原球茎的增殖及分化进行研究。探讨不同培养基、6-BA和NAA对根状茎增殖和分化的影响。结果表明: 110天的种子接种在KC培养基上萌发效果最佳,蕙兰原球茎增殖的最佳培养基为W+NAA0.5mg/L+6-BA1.0mg/L,根状茎分化和生根的最佳培养基为MS+NAA 1.0 mg/L +6-BA 0.5 mg/L。     

红花文殊兰的离体培养及快速繁殖

以红花文殊兰的鳞茎为外植体,研究不同培养基对其腋芽启动、不定芽增殖及生根培养的影响。研究表明,腋芽启动的最适培养基为5.0 mg/L MS+6-BA+0.2 mg/L NAA+活性炭1 g/L,腋芽的诱导萌发率为88%;不定芽增殖的最适培养基为MS+2.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L TDZ+0.1 mg/L NAA+活性炭0.5 g/L,40 d的增殖系数可达7.16;壮苗培养基为1/2 MS+0.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.1 mg/L NAA+10%椰子水(CW)+活性炭0.5 g/L;生根的最适培养基为MS+0.5 mg/L NAA+0.5 mg/L IBA+活性炭0.5 g/L,生根率达100%,根系发达,植株生长健壮。生根苗经一段时间炼苗后,移栽到基质为树皮∶椰糠∶河砂=1∶1∶1的苗钵上,红花文殊兰的假植成活率达95%。该研究建立了红花文殊兰的快繁体系,为其工厂化生产提供技术支持。     

铜陵白姜组织培养及快速繁育技术

本试验以铜陵白姜(Tongling white ginger)嫩芽为外植体,研究超声波处理时间和次氯酸钠处理时间、启动培养基、增殖培养基、壮苗及生根培养基以及炼苗方法对铜陵白姜快速繁殖体系建立的影响。结果表明,铜陵白姜外植体的最适处理为超声波处理30 min,次氯酸钠处理6 min,此时无菌率最高(83.33%)。铜陵白姜外植体适宜的萌发条件为MS+2.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.1 mg/L NAA+30 g/L蔗糖,萌发率为90.67%。铜陵白姜的适宜增殖培养基为MS+1.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.02 mg/L TDZ+0.10 mg/L NAA,增殖系数为5.67。GA3为2.0 mg/L时,表现为苗粗壮,叶色深绿,长势好,适合壮苗培养。采用逐步炼苗法后,移栽至田间试验地成活率可达96.0%,该研究结果可为铜陵白姜的工厂化生产提供技术参数。     

木蓝愈伤组织诱导与不定芽分化培养

初步建立了木蓝(Indigofera bungeana Walp.)的离体再生培养体系，为其基因工程育种研究提供前期技术参考。通过种子无菌播种技术获得野生木蓝无菌实生苗，以胚轴、茎段和叶片为外植体，筛选木蓝愈伤组织诱导、不定芽分化、增殖、壮苗培养的最适培养基配方。结果显示，木蓝种子无菌播种发芽率达98%，最适培养基为1/2MS。3种外植体在不同培养基下均能诱导出愈伤组织，根据愈伤组织生长及质地色泽筛选出最适诱导培养基，其中，叶片为MS+0.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L 2,4-D+0.5 mg/L NAA；茎段为MS+0.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.1 mg/L 2,4-D+0.1 mg/L NAA；胚轴为MS+0.1 mg/L 6-BA+0.1 mg/L2,4-D+0.5 mg/L NAA。相比较叶片和茎段，胚轴来源的愈伤组织适于不定芽分化，最适分化培养基为MS+0.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.1 mg/L 2,4-D+0.1 mg/L NAA和MS+2.0 mg/L 6-BA。不定芽增殖培养基为MS+1.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.1 mg/L NAA，壮苗和生根的最适...     

金莲花组织培养体系的建立

为了建立金莲花的组织培养技术体系,为金莲花野生资源的保护和开发利用提供理论和技术支持,本试验以金莲花无菌播种苗为基础试验材料,以MS(1/2 MS)为基本培养基,在此基础上添加不同浓度的6-BA、NAA、IAA以及抗氧化剂,筛选适合金莲花组织培养各个阶段的最适培养基配方。结果表明,以金莲花无菌播种苗为初始材料,先经过壮苗培养是最佳的离体培养过程,壮苗培养的培养基配方是MS+6-BA4.0 mg/L+NAA 0.2 mg/L,丛生芽增殖的最佳培养基配方为MS+6-BA 4.0 mg/L+2,4-D 0.2 mg/L,抑制褐化的培养基配方为MS+6-BA 4.0 mg/L+2,4-D 0.2 mg/L+Vc 0.03 g/L,试管苗生根的最佳培养基配方为1/2 MS+IAA 0.5 mg/L,移栽炼苗的最好基质是草炭土,其移栽成活率达到了94.2%。     

白花兜兰的无菌播种和离体快速繁殖

为建立白花兜兰(Paphiopedilum emersonii)组织培养和离体快速繁殖体系,以授粉结果为180 d未开裂的白花兜兰种子为基础材料,研究不同的添加剂对无菌萌发、原球茎分化及其根诱导的影响,筛选出适宜白花兜兰生长增殖的培养基和原球茎诱导与增殖的培养基,以及炼苗时间和栽培基质。结果表明:诱导白花兜兰种子萌发的最佳培养基为MS+6-BA 0.5 mg/L+NAA 0.05 mg/L+100 mL/L椰乳;原球茎的诱导和增殖最佳的培养基为1/2 MS+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L+100 mL/L椰乳,有机添加物椰乳对种子的萌发和原球茎的诱导与分化均有较好的促进作用。1/2 MS+NAA 0.5 mg/L+IBA 1.0 mg/L+1.0 g/L活性炭对白花兜兰根的诱导效果最为理想;炼苗最佳时间为7 d,栽培适宜基质的配比为树皮∶珍珠岩∶腐殖土(1∶1∶1),移栽成活率达76%。     

野生珍稀植物虎舌红组培快繁技术研究

以虎舌红带芽茎段为外植体,研究其培养的最佳培养基配方及培养程序,建立虎舌红快繁技术体系.结果表明:芽萌发的最佳培养基为:MS+ 6-BA 2.0 mg/L+ NAA 0.5 mg/L+GA31.0 mg/L,萌发率为73.33％;芽苗增殖最佳培养基为MS+6-BA 1.5 mg/L+ NAA 0.5 mg/L+ GA3 0.1 mg/L,增殖系数可达7.5,且芽苗生长良好;生根培养基以1/2 MS+ IBA 0.5 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L为最好,生根率达96.67％.在此培养基上添加不同浓度的活性炭,以0.2％ AC效果更好.炼苗以碎树皮的成活率最高,达91％.     

五种药用石斛快速繁殖的研究

为解决石斛的快速繁殖和提高组培苗的成活率,以MS为基本培养基,把<中华人民共和国药典(2000版)>(以下简称中国药典)收载的5种药用石斛的茎段作为外植体进行了组培和快繁,并根据石斛的生物学特性,配制了多种基质进行炼苗.结果表明:不同种类的石斛在诱导侧芽萌发时所需培养基不同,但是在增殖、壮苗生根以及炼苗移栽时所需基质却具有相似性.环草石斛、铁皮石斛、束花石斛、马鞭石斛和金钗石斛在诱导侧芽萌发时的最适培养基分别为:MS NAA 0.1 mg/L 6-BA 1.0mg/L、MS NAA 0.1 mg/L 6-BA 1.5 mg/L、MS NAA0.5 mg/L 6-BA 2.0mg/L、MS NAA1.0mg/L 6-BA 2.0 mg/L、MS NAA0.1 mg/L 6-BA 2.0 mg/L.这5种石斛增殖、壮苗生根的最适培养基分别为:MS NAA 0.1 mg/L 6-BA 3.0 mg/L、1/2MS NAA 0.7 mg/L.移栽最适基质为:碳酸盐小石子:木屑=1:2,再覆盖1 cm厚的苔藓,幼苗移栽成活率达95%以上.本文首次报道了在实验室里获得马鞭石斛和束花石斛这两个种的组培苗,并初步解决了石斛试管苗脱瓶移栽成活率低的问题,使下一步进行大面积人工栽培成为可能.     

总状绿绒蒿组织培养再生体系的建立

本研究以总状绿绒蒿(Meconopsis racemosa)的种子、无菌苗的根及生长点为材料,以2,4-D、NAA、6-BA设置不同的激素配比,以建立其组织培养快繁体系。结果显示,用0.1%升汞溶液为消毒剂,5.5 min为最佳的消毒时间,此时的种子发芽率为56.7%;愈伤组织诱导培养：以种子为外植体诱导愈伤,MS+0.6 mg/L 2,4-D为最佳的培养基。以无菌苗的根为外植体诱导愈伤,进行暗培养,MS+1.0 mg/L 2,4-D+0.2 mg/L 6-BA为最佳的诱导培养基。以无菌苗的生长点为外植体诱导愈伤,并进行光培养,MS+2.0 mg/L NAA+1.0 mg/L 6-BA为最佳的诱导培养基;愈伤增殖培养：由种子诱导愈伤的最佳增殖培养基为MS+0.6 mg/L 2,4-D。MS+1.0 mg/L 2,4-D+0.2 mg/L 6-BA是无菌苗的根诱导愈伤的最佳增殖培养基。MS和MS+2.0 mg/L NAA+1.0 mg/L 6-BA为生长点诱导愈伤的最佳增殖培养基;生根培养：由种子、生长点诱导并增殖愈伤的最佳生根培养基为MS。本研究为总状绿绒蒿的快速繁殖和分子育种提供了基...     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.