青海省农业区主要猪病的流行病学调查

采用ELISA检测方法和流行病学调查方法，于2004～2005年对青海省互助、湟中、大通、乐都、民和、西宁6县（市）的142个规模养猪场和部分养殖户进行了猪瘟、猪生殖与呼吸综合征、猪圆环病毒2型感染、伪狂犬病等流行状况的调查。结果显示，猪瘟、猪生殖与呼吸综合征、猪圆环病毒2型感染、伪狂犬病在青海省农业区普遍存在，6县（市）之间血清抗体阳性率无明显差异；母猪繁殖障碍覆盖了所有种猪场，后备母猪不发情率约为8．2％，产死胎、木乃伊、弱仔的母猪占繁殖母猪的21％左右；猪瘟仍然是引起当地猪死亡的主要原因。     

Performance of fattening pigs in a farm infected with both porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus and porcine circovirus type 2 following sow and piglet vaccination with an attenuated PRRS vaccine

The purpose of the study was to investigate whether, on farms with both post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), the PRRS vaccination of sows and their fattening pigs protects against these syndromes. In a farrow-to-finish pig farm with a history of PRRS and PMWS, 200 gilts and sows were allocated to one of two groups of equal size. The first group (C-sow group) was used as untreated controls, while the animals of the second group (V-sow group) were vaccinated with live Porcilis PRRS vaccine. At the next weaning, all piglets of half the sows of the C sow group were vaccinated once at 35 days of age with the vaccine (CV group), while the offspring of the other half of the unvaccinated sows were left unvaccinated (CC group). Similarly, the offspring of half the sows of the V sow group were vaccinated (VV group), while those of the other half of the vaccinated sows were left unvaccinated (VC group). No significant differences in morbidity were observed between the groups during the nursery and finishing phases, while morbidity in the growers was significantly reduced in the CV- and VV-groups (P < 0.05). Growers' mortality was significantly reduced after piglet vaccination when compared with unvaccinated pigs of unvaccinated dams (P < 0.05). Average daily gain and feed conversion ratio were significantly improved in vaccinated piglets compared with those in the unvaccinated groups (P < 0.05).     

规模化猪场猪圆环病毒2型感染的实验室诊断

为了确诊贵州省某规模化猪场保育仔猪异常死亡原因,从怀孕母猪、产房母猪、后备母猪、种公猪、哺乳仔猪、保育仔猪6个猪群采集90份血清样本采用ELISA方法分别进行血清抗体检测,并对采集的90份血清样本和1份病死猪淋巴结组织采用荧光PCR方法进行病原学检测。结果:6个猪群综合的猪瘟病毒、猪蓝耳病病毒、伪狂犬病病毒g B蛋白、伪狂犬病病毒g E蛋白血清抗体阳性率分别为87.78%、70.00%、88.89%、4.44%;猪瘟病毒、猪蓝耳病病毒、伪狂犬病病毒病原核酸检测显示阴性,猪圆环病毒2型病原核酸检测淋巴结组织样本显示阳性。试验结果表明,引起该猪场保育仔猪死亡的原因为猪圆环病毒2型感染。同时,怀孕母猪群出现了伪狂犬病病毒g E蛋白抗体阳性,提示怀孕母猪群可能存在猪伪狂犬病野毒感染。     

某规模化猪场伪狂犬病的诊断

河南平顶山某猪场母猪出现较严重的流产和产死胎现象,且50日龄~70日龄仔猪出现神经症状,根据临床表现初步诊断为伪狂犬病。为排除猪繁殖与呼吸综合征和猪瘟,进行了实验室诊断。应用ELISA方法检测发病保育猪及母猪血清的伪狂犬病病毒野毒株gE抗体,并对发病仔猪病料进行了伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)和猪瘟病毒(CSFV)的实时荧光定量PCR检测。结果显示,伪狂犬病病毒野毒抗体阳性,实时荧光定量PCR检测确定仔猪病料中PRV核酸阳性,PRRSV和CSFV核酸阴性。结合临床症状及实验室检测,确诊该猪场发生的是猪伪狂犬病。     

不同类型猪蓝耳病疫苗的体液免疫效果比较

为科学评价不同猪蓝耳病疫苗对生产母猪和仔猪免疫效果,选取11个规模猪场,分别使用猪蓝耳病进口弱毒疫苗、国产弱毒疫苗、普通灭活疫苗、猪高致病性蓝耳病灭活疫苗对生产母猪和仔猪进行免疫,二免28d后,采集免疫猪群的血清,进行免疫抗体检测,结果表明:生产母猪使用不同类型的蓝耳病疫苗免疫后所产生的抗体阳性率均高于仔猪免疫后所产生的抗体阳性率。     

潍坊市猪繁殖与呼吸综合征的流行病学调查

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征是由猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV）引起的一种严重危害养猪业的传染病,主要引起妊振母猪的流产、死产、木乃伊胎、弱仔等繁殖障碍和仔猪的呼吸道疾病。本次调查采用RT-PCR对山东省潍坊市7个县20家猪场的送检样品进行PRRSV检测。结果显示,7个县猪场均检出PRRSV阳性,阳性检出率为35%~82%,平均阳性率为67.9%。流行病学调查结果表明,PRRSV感染已在潍坊市猪群中普遍存在,PRRS已成为危害当地养猪业的重要疫病。但各县市之间PRRSV感染率差异较大,在拥有较多小规模猪场的县市阳性率较高;不同日龄猪之间PRRSV感染率及死亡率差异较大,30~60日龄最高;不同品种猪群对该病毒的易感性和感染阳性率差别不大。     

某规模化猪场猪伪狂犬病的诊断

试验采用流行病学调查、临床观察和实验室检查对华北地区某疑似伪狂犬病发病猪场进行了诊断。猪场发病情况主要为母猪流产,新生仔猪死亡率较高,肥猪死亡率低。发病或死亡仔猪扁桃体充血出血、溃疡,肺脏出血、水肿,心肌色淡、心包积液,脑膜充血;表现为坏死性扁桃体炎、出血性淋巴结炎、出血性间质性肺炎、间质性心肌炎和非化脓性脑炎。发病猪扁桃体、肺脏、脑组织匀浆上清液接种家兔后出现奇痒等典型症状并很快死亡。发病猪脑组织可检出猪伪狂犬病毒gD基因特异性目的片段。猪场伪狂犬病野毒感染抗体阳性率为63%（63/100）。本试验结果表明,确诊该猪场发生了伪狂犬病。     

Experimental inoculation of late term pregnant sows with a field isolate of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome vaccine-derived virus.

The use of a live attenuated porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccine in piglets has been associated with reproductive disorders in non-vaccinated sows. Vaccine-derived virus (VDV) has been isolated from foetuses, stillborn pigs, and dead piglets, indicating that the live vaccine spread from vaccinated piglets to non-vaccinated sows, and that the virus might be implicated in the severe reproductive problems observed. In the present study, one such VDV isolate was used to experimentally infect pregnant sows in the last trimester. The chosen isolate, which had more than 99.6% identity to the attenuated vaccine virus, originated from the lungs of a stillborn pig from a swine herd with a sudden high level of stillborn pigs and increased piglet mortality in the nursing period. Intranasal inoculation of sows with the virus isolate resulted in congenital infection, foetal death, and preweaning pig mortality. As such, the present study showed that vaccine-derived PRRSV can cause disease in swine consistent with PRRS.     

Sow performance in an endemically porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS)-infected farm after sow vaccination with an attenuated PRRS vaccine

The objective of this field study was to evaluate in an endemically porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus-infected farm the reproductive performance of sows after their vaccination with a PRRS attenuated vaccine. In a farrow-to-finish pig farm with history of endemic PRRS virus infection, a total of 200 gilts and sows were used. They were divided in 2 groups of 100 animals. The first group was used as untreated controls, while the animals of the second group were vaccinated against PRRS virus using the attenuated Porcilis PRRS vaccine (Intervet International, The Netherlands) based on European strain. All health and reproductive parameters were recorded from the time of vaccination up to next weaning. No adverse systemic or local reactions or side effects relative to vaccination were noted. Compared to controls, vaccinated sows showed significantly improved farrowing rate (89% versus 78%) and a tendency for fewer returns to oestrus, particularly those at irregular intervals. Fewer sows farrowed prematurely and showed post-partum dysgalactia syndrome, but more live pigs were born and weaned in each litter after vaccination. It was concluded that vaccination of sows with Porcilis PRRS attenuated vaccine in farms with endemic PRRSV infection has beneficial effects on their health and fertility.     

Microbial ecology of swine farms and PRRS vaccine vaccination strategies

The present study investigated the microbial ecology and vaccination strategies against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) in field condition. Four representative farms with a history of PRRS were included in this study. Over the almost 3-year period, the average detection rate was 68.9%, making PRRSV the first most frequently detected virus, followed by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) (64.2%), pseudorabies virus (PRV) (11.03%) and classical swine fever virus (CSFV) (4.41%). Streptococcus suis (77.92%), Haemophilus parasuis (51.25%) and Escherichia coli (52.39%), Pasteurella multocida (26.77%) were isolated most frequently in association with PRRSV. Under the present microbial ecology, production performances of sows their offspring after mass vaccination with a PRRS attenuated vaccine were evaluated. In addition, large scale PRRS vaccines usage and efficacy were further performed. The results indicated that mass vaccination following our immunization program can improve health status and production performances of both sows (2ml/i.m. booster after 4 weeks, and then immunized quarterly) and their offsprings (1ml/i.m. on 14-18 days of age).     

酒泉市猪繁殖与呼吸综合征的流行病学监测和分析

为掌握酒泉市猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(PRRS)的流行情况,本试验在酒泉市五个农业县市采集638份样品,采用反转录-聚合酶链式反应(荧光RT-PCR)方法进行核酸检测,对不同地域、不同生长期、不同饲养模式的流行情况进行分析。结果显示,638份样品共检测出PRRS核酸阳性样品29份,PRRS阳性感染率为4.55%。不同地域PRRS阳性感染率介于0-7.95%;屠宰场、规模场、散养户PRRS阳性感染率分别为0、2.96、6.82%;种公猪、育肥猪、仔猪、母猪PRRS阳性感染率分别为0、3.1、5.38、6.36%。结果表明,酒泉市PRRS呈散发流行,规模养殖场标准化高,饲养管理模式先进PRRS阳性感染率低,此病仔猪和母猪更容易感染,本试验将对我市PRRS综合防控提供技术支撑。     

猪伪狂犬病病毒gE基因缺失苗免疫试验

为了掌握猪伪狂犬病gE基因缺失疫苗免疫效果,并制定合理的免疫程序,选用国产和进口的猪伪狂犬病gE基因缺失弱毒疫苗,用4种不同的免疫程序,对250头母猪和1000头仔猪进行了免疫试验。试验期间,按比例定时采集免疫猪的血液,用ELISA试剂盒进行抗体检测,证明猪伪狂犬gE基因缺失疫苗,无论国产苗或进口苗都可以产生良好的免疫效果;无论跟胎免疫、1年2次普免,每隔4个月定时免疫,效果均良好。种猪免疫抗体合格率达100%,仔猪49日龄前抗体合格率达100%,75日龄后抗体逐渐降低,120日龄后基本消失。为了使猪体免疫力更强,不给野毒入侵的机会,建议仔猪在首免后,适当时间进行二次加强免疫。而只给公猪、母猪春秋两季免疫,不给仔猪免疫组,仔猪在35日龄后抗体降为阴性,不能抵抗野毒的侵袭,这种免疫方法不宜推广。     

2016年-2017年新疆规模化猪场伪狂犬病抗体检测

为了解新疆地区不同规模化猪场伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)野毒感染情况,采用ELISA对2016年4月-2017年12月来自67个不同规模化猪场的2 516份血清进行了PRV-gE抗体血清学调查。结果显示,血清总阳性率为34.02%,2016年和2017年阳性率分别为17.77%和39.52%;哺乳仔猪、保育猪、育肥猪、后备母猪、妊娠母猪、哺乳母猪、公猪总阳性率分别为26.07%、22.35%、35.38%、32.70%、33.13%、31.06%和31.71%;猪场总阳性率为82.09%,北疆、南疆和东疆猪场阳性率分别为78.57%、100.00%和100.00%。结果表明,2016年-2017年新疆地区猪群中PRV感染率明显上升,南疆与东疆地区阳性率显著高于北疆地区,各个阶段猪群阳性率均显著升高,母猪与公猪感染加重是伪狂犬病持续存在的重要原因,对其进行防控与净化刻不容缓。     

Factors affecting piglet mortality in loose farrowing systems on commercial farms

Crating sows in farrowing systems greatly restricts their normal behaviour (e.g. movement, nest-building, leaving the nest site for defecation), which is usually justified by the assumption that piglet mortality is higher with loose-housed sows. Based on experiments showing that this is not the case, farrowing crates were banned in Switzerland in 1997, with a 10-year transitional period. Since then, many farms have introduced loose farrowing systems, enabling an analysis of risk factors for piglet mortality in crateless farrowing systems based on a large sample size. Data from a Swiss sow recording scheme (UFA2000) were analysed using generalised linear mixed-effects models with an underlying Poisson distribution. Average total piglet mortality for the years 2002 and 2003 on 99 farms (N = 12457 litters) with loose farrowing systems amounted to 1.36 liveborn piglets per litter. The number of crushed piglets was 0.64 piglets per litter, whereas the number of piglets that died for other reasons was 0.72 piglets per litter.Herd size, pen size, possibility of confinement of the sow, presence of piglet protection bars and year of data collection did not significantly influence total piglet losses, losses due to crushing and losses due to reasons other than crushing. With greater litter size at birth, significantly more losses occurred due to all reasons (total, crushed, others). Total piglet mortality and losses for reasons other than crushing were significantly higher in older sows. Losses were therefore mainly attributable to sow-related characteristics rather than to the design of the farrowing pen.     

猪伪狂犬病的科学预防与治疗

猪伪狂犬病(Porcine Pseudorabies, PRV)是一种引发神经系统功能障碍的病毒性传染病,主要危害妊娠期母猪和哺乳期仔猪,母猪感染后表现繁殖障碍,仔猪则以神经症状为主要表现,病死率高;预防本病需对易感猪群科学接种疫苗,加强全场综合消毒工作,提升猪场生物安全管理水平;目前猪伪狂犬病尚无特效化学药物能够治疗,病猪可通过对症用药来降低病死率。     

规模化猪场猪瘟免疫状况调查及仔猪首免日龄的优化

为了调查规模化猪场猪瘟的免疫方案,比较及评价其免疫效果,本研究将湖北省7个规模化种猪场作为研究对象,将猪群分为经产母猪、种公猪、后备母猪、哺乳仔猪(0~30日龄)、保育仔猪(30~60日龄)和生长猪(61日龄以上)6个群体,并按各猪群5%~8%的比例采血,检测猪瘟抗体。结果表明,各猪群猪瘟免疫合格率分别为99.55%、96.43%、99.22%、89.88%、81.68%及78.64%,不同免疫方案下,各场猪群表现出不同免疫效果。而从总体上看,保育仔猪的猪瘟抗体水平是各个猪群中最为薄弱的环节。因此本研究在调查的基础上,继续探索了一个规模化猪场的仔猪猪瘟母源抗体消退规律,并且分别设置了14、21、28、35日龄猪瘟疫苗免疫组,于免疫后1周及2周后采血检测猪瘟抗体。结果表明,该场猪瘟免疫最佳首免日龄为28日龄,并根据研究结果将该场原来的首免21日龄调整到28日龄。本研究的开展对规模化猪场制定合理的猪瘟免疫方案具有较好的参考价值。     

Verification of peroral vaccination of pigs against enteropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli

In a large herd of pigs where the parenteral immunisation of pregnant sows by polyvalent vaccine against enteral coliinfections of new-born piglets was performed successfully for several years, an increased occurrence of diseases and mortality of sucking piglets was observed. After screening tests in the herd, six strains of E. coli, differing from the strains contained in the commercial vaccine, were isolated. The obtained strains were employed for preparation of peroral vaccine for sows by means of the modified method after Kohler. In two cycles of sows (48 animals in experimental group and 60 animals in control group), this method was compared with the effectiveness of the commonly used commercial polyvalent parenteral vaccine against enteral E. coli infections of new-born piglets (manufactured by Bioveta, Ivanovice in Haná). In experimental sow groups vaccinated perorally by the new vaccine, the number of live-born piglets increased by 0.475 piglet per litter, the number of reared piglets up to the age of 28 days by 0.904 piglet per litter and the mortality till the age of 28 days decreased by 6.1% as compared with the control vaccinated by commercial vaccine. The results were not statistically significant. The advantages and disadvantages of both vaccination methods are discussed.     

Prevalence of pseudorabies virus infection and associated infections in six large swine herds in Illinois.

Sera were collected from 6 large farrow-to-finish swine herds infected with pseudorabies virus (PRV) in Illinois. All herds were participating in the Large Herd Cleanup Study, a USDA-initiated project to evaluate the feasibility of eradicating pseudorabies from large farms (greater than 400 sows) by use of a combination of vaccination and management changes. Herd size ranged between 425 and 1,500 breeding females. Between April and July 1990, sera for measurement of PRV antibodies were obtained from 113 to 156 sows and 112 to 162 finishing pigs (body weight greater than 70 kg)/herd. Duplicate sera from 30 sows and 30 market-weight pigs/herd were obtained for measurement of serum antibodies to the following associated organisms: swine influenza virus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus, encephalomyocarditis virus, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Eperythrozoon suis, and 6 serovars of Leptospira interrogans. Prevalence of PRV antibodies attributable to field virus infection ranged between 53.8 and 100% for sows and between 0.7 and 97.3% for finishing pigs, as determined by the appropriate differential test for the vaccine being used on each farm. In only 1 herd, PRV seroprevalence was increased with higher sow parity. For associated infections, the risk of seropositivity attributable to PRV was not significant (for most infections) on all farms and varied among farms. Thus, pseudorabies did not appear, in general, to increase susceptibility to infection with other disease agents.     

Exploratory study of Mycoplasma suis (Eperythrozoon suis) on four commercial pig farms in southern Brazil

Mycoplasma suis (Eperythrozoon suis) was detected by PCR and Southern blot in 186 pigs (121 sows, 61 piglets and four boars) on four farms in southern Brazil. DNA was extracted from blood samples and a 16S rRNA gene fragment of M suis was amplified by PCR; Southern blot analysis was then performed on all the samples. Twenty-two of the sows (18.2 per cent) were positive by PCR, and 40 (33.1 per cent) were positive by Southern blot; only one piglet and one boar were positive. The packed cell volume and total plasma protein of the pigs and their PCR and Southern blot results were not significantly different on the four farms, but higher proportions of the pigs were positive by Southern blot than by PCR (P<0.05). The packed cell volume and total plasma protein concentrations of the M suis positive and negative sows were not significantly different.