中药热毒清注射液对内毒素性肾功能衰竭的预防作用及其机理

为了研究热毒清注射液对内毒素性肾功能衰竭的预防作用,将40只哈尔滨白兔随机分为阴性对照组、模型 、 组和热毒清 、 组,每组8只,两模型组和两热毒清组家兔静脉注射内毒素生理盐水溶液,模型 组和热毒清 组剂量为100μg/kg,模型 组和热毒清 组剂量为75μg/kg。热毒清 、 组家兔注射内毒素后再静注热毒清注射液,剂量分别为7.5ml/kg和5.0ml/kg。模型 、 组和热毒清 组家兔另补充注射适量生理盐水,阴性对照组静注生理盐水,调整生理盐水用量,使各组家兔静注液体的总量相等。注射内毒素(或生理盐水)1h后,开始通过膀胱瘘管收集尿液,每h1次,共收集6h。末次收集尿液后心脏采血。对各组家兔的肾功能指标进行动态测定。结果显示,两模型组家兔均发生了急性肾功能衰竭,其各项指标均与阴性对照组家兔有显著或极显著差异;给予"热毒清"防止了肾功能衰竭的发生,和相应模型组比较,热毒清组家兔的尿量、尿素氮和肌酐的排出量显著或极显著增多(P<0.05,P<0.01),肾衰指数、钠排泄分数以及游离水清除率显著或极显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01),内生性肌酐清除率和渗透物质清除率显著或极显著升高(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结果表明"热毒清"对内毒素性肾功能衰竭具有预防作用。     

板连败毒口服液解热作用及其机理研究

对板连败毒口服液(BBO)的解热作用及其可能的作用机制进行探索。48只清洁级新西兰大白兔随机分成6组(8只/组),分别为阴性对照组、阳性对照组、阳性药物组(布洛芬)、BBO低剂量组、BBO中剂量组、BBO高剂量组。阴性对照组家兔耳缘静脉注射生理盐水4mL/kg;其余各组家兔耳缘静脉注射330mL/L脱脂牛奶溶液4mL/kg建立发热模型。造模1h后,低、中、高剂量组分别灌胃给予BBO(0.6、1.2、2.5g/kg),连续3次,每次间隔1h;阳性药物组灌胃给予布洛芬水溶液(0.03g/kg)连续3次,阳性对照组与阴性对照组给予等体积灭菌生理盐水灌胃,连续3次,每次间隔1h。造模后每1h测定体温一次,连续监测5次,观察BBO对家兔发热的解热作用。监测完最后一次体温后麻醉家兔取下丘脑,ELISA检测下丘脑中与炎性发热相关因子,包括白介素-1β(IL-1β)、白介素-6(IL-6)、环磷酸腺苷(cAMP)和前列腺素E2(PGE2)等,探讨BBO的解热机制。结果表明,BBO能够显著降低家兔体温;能够显著降低下丘脑中IL-1β、IL-6、cAMP、PGE2的含量。BBO的解热机制可能与抑制下丘脑IL-1β、IL-6、PGE2等内生致热源从而降低cAPM分泌有关。     

铅性肾病动物模型的建立

为了建立铅性肾损害动物模型 ,按随机原则将 3 6只 SD大鼠分为对照组、模型组。对照组用蒸馏水灌胃 ,1 h后 ,腹腔注射无菌生理盐水 ;染毒组动物用 0 .5%醋酸铅 5mg/ kg体重腹腔注射 ,每周五次 ,连续 1 2周。结果 :模型组自实验第 3周开始肾铅、尿蛋白、尿 r-GT活性和尿 δAL A等均极显著地高于对照组 (P <0 .0 1 )。肾近曲小管上皮细胞空泡变性及细胞内线粒体出现丢失。结论 :大鼠腹腔注射 0 .5%醋酸铅 (5mg/ kg体重 )可诱发铅性肾损害     

3种麻醉药对家兔麻醉效果的观察

将25只家兔随机分成5组,每组5只,各组分别为耳缘静脉注射生理盐水[3 mL/(kg·BW)]组、耳缘静脉注射25%乌拉坦[4 mL/(kg·BW)]组、耳缘静脉注射3%戊巴比妥钠[1 mL/(kg·BW)]组、耳缘静脉注射陆眠宁[0.2 mL/(kg·BW)]组、肌肉注射陆眠宁[0.2 mL/(kg·BW)]组。观察试验过程中动物麻醉诱导时间、麻醉维持时间及外科麻醉期一般状况;外科麻醉期0 h、外科麻醉期0.5 h与苏醒时的呼吸和心率。结果显示,陆眠宁效果较好,尤以陆眠宁肌肉注射麻醉维持时间较长,麻醉时家兔的呼吸、心率变化较小,提示对家兔进行麻醉时宜采取肌肉注射陆眠宁的方式,剂量为0.2 mL/kg。     

脂多糖注射剂量与注射方式对家兔炎症反应及回肠形态结构的影响

为了探究脂多糖的注射剂量和注射方式对家兔炎症反应及回肠形态结构的影响，试验将70只体重相近的40日龄健康家兔随机分成7组，分别为对照组和J1、J2、J3、F1、F2、F3组，每组10个重复，每个重复1只，对照组肌肉注射1 mL生理盐水，J1、J2、J3组分别按体重50,100,200μg/kg肌肉注射1 mL脂多糖，F1、F2、F3组分别按体重50,100,200μg/kg腹腔注射1 mL脂多糖，分别于注射0,4,8,12,16,20,24小时时在家兔直肠处测量体温；并于注射24 h后对各组进行静脉采血，测定血清中的肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)和白细胞介素6(IL-6)的含量；安乐死后，采集回肠肠段，进行H.E.染色，对各组回肠形态结构进行观察，同时进行肠道病变评定，最后测定各组回肠绒毛高度、绒毛宽度和肠黏膜厚度。结果表明：注射50～200μg/kg脂多糖对家兔体温有不同程度的影响，其中J3、F3组在注射脂多糖4,12,16,20,24小时时体温均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);但除J2组在注射脂多糖4 h和24小时时体温显著高于F2组外，其余不同注射...     

舒泰50麻醉对家兔相关生理生化指标影响及家兔血流动力学变化机制的研究

为了探究舒泰50麻醉对家兔相关生理生化指标影响及家兔血流动力学变化机制,试验取12只健康家兔,按体重肌肉注射0.1 mL/kg舒泰50,建立舒泰50麻醉模型,并记录家兔麻醉相关时间(诱导、维持、苏醒和总麻醉时间).对舒泰50麻醉前(0分钟)、麻醉后5,10,15,20分钟及苏醒后10分钟的收缩压(SAP)、舒张压(DA...     

银杏叶复方干预大鼠脾虚证的代谢组学初步研究

试验基于大鼠脾虚证模型,经与传统固本方剂-四君子汤比较,初步揭示银杏叶复方干预大鼠脾虚证营养物质代谢方面的影响。选择24只雄性SD大鼠,随机分为对照组、脾虚模型组、四君子汤组和银杏叶复方组,每组6只。对照组给予生理盐水灌服(10 mL/kg)和皮下注射(0.6 mL/kg),脾虚模型组给予生理盐水灌胃(10 mL/kg)和皮下注射利血平(0.6 mL/kg),四君子汤组和银杏叶复方组分别灌服相应制剂(10 mL/kg)和皮下注射利血平(0.6 mL/kg),连续12 d。结果表明:PCA得分图显示,对照组和脾虚模型组的血浆样本散点完全分开,银杏叶复方组血浆样本散点较四君子汤组向对照组更紧凑聚集;经过筛选,银杏叶复方干预大鼠脾虚证的血浆相关差异代谢物主要为多巴胺、L-脯氨酸等29种物质[变量投影重要度(VIP)>1,P<0.05],与脾虚模型组相比,在银杏叶复方组中相关差异代谢物含量下调主要有胞嘧啶、多巴胺等,上调的主要有甜菜碱、棕榈酰溶血卵磷脂等;银杏叶复方干预大鼠脾虚证的代谢通路主要为酪氨酸代谢、精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢、缬氨酸和亮氨酸及异亮氨酸生物合成、花生四烯酸代谢[拓扑分析影响因子(Impact)>0.1]。综上所述,银杏叶复方主要通过氨基酸代谢和脂质代谢有效干预大鼠脾虚证病理状态。     

土鳖虫粉对家兔高脂血症的预防及相关基因的调控

本研究以家兔为试验动物,建立高脂血症模型和预防给药模型,以探讨土鳖虫预防高脂血症的作用机理。试验周期为40 d,将试验动物分为空白对照组、高脂模型组和高、中、低3个剂量的预防给药组。预防给药组分别给予含不同剂量土鳖虫的饲料(0.4 g/kg、0.2 g/kg、0.1 g/kg)预防给药40 d。通过对家兔血清的血脂水平[胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)]进行测定;采用荧光定量PCR技术对各组家兔肝脏中载脂蛋白E基因(Apo E)、低密度脂蛋白受体基因(LDL-R)2个基因的表达量的变化进行研究。结果表明:土鳖虫粉可以调节血脂,对高脂血症有一定的预防作用,高剂量组的(0.4 g/kg)预防效果最好,中剂量(0.2 g/kg)次之,低剂量(0.1 g/kg)最差。     

家兔氟乙酰胺中毒的血清生化指标变化

把 2 0只健康家兔随机分成 4组 ,第 组为对照组 ,正常饲喂 ,第 、 及 组作为中毒试验组 ,分别经口灌服 1 .5mg/ kg、2 .0 mg/ kg、1 0 .0 mg/ kg体重的氟乙酰胺溶液 ( 56 .8mg/m L) ;各中毒组家兔死亡前从心脏采取血样 ,未死亡家兔和对照组家兔在实验第 3天从心脏采取血样 ,测定血清中 AST、AL T、CK、L DH活力和 CRE、Urea含量。结果显示 :血清中 AST、AL T、CK、L DH活力明显升高 ( P <0 .0 5或 P<0 .0 1 ) ; 组家兔血清 Urea含量显著升高 ( P<0 .0 5) , 、 组与对照组差异极显著 ( P <0 .0 1 ) ;各中毒组家兔血清 CRE含量也有不同程度升高 ,但只有 组与对照组有显著性差异 ( P<0 .0 5)。实验说明家兔氟乙酰胺中毒后心脏、肝脏、肾脏等组织器官受到损伤     

血清中SDMA浓度与猫急、慢性肾功能损伤相关性

为了解对称性二甲基精氨酸(SDMA)与猫急、慢性肾功能损伤的相关性。根据病史、临床症状、临床化验及X线检测结果,选取各项指标均正常的猫49只为健康组,选取急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)猫20只为ARF组,选取慢性肾功能衰竭(CRF)猫20只为CRF组。分别采用ELISA、肌氨酸氧化酶法、尿素酶-谷氨酸脱氢酶法测定猫血清中SDMA、尿素氮(Urea)和肌酐(Crea)浓度,计算SDMA/Crea比值。结果显示:健康组、ARF组和CRF组的SDMA中位浓度分别为12μg/dL (6～14μg/dL)、 45μg/dL(40～100μg/dL)和37μg/dL(32～50μg/dL),ARF组、CRF组与健康组相比明显升高,差异极显著(P0.01); ARF组和CRF组SDMA/Crea比值的中位值分别为5.5(4.3～9.2)和10.8(5.8～12.6),二者相比差异极显著(P0.01),尽管ARF组和CRF组的SDMA/Crea比值有重叠,但CRF组的SDMA/Crea比值更高。表明SDMA值对慢性肾脏损伤的早期诊断具有重要的临床意义。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein