棉隆与淡紫拟青霉联合防治番茄根结线虫病的效果评价

为明确土壤熏蒸与生防微生物对番茄根结线虫病的联合作用效果,采用移栽前棉隆熏蒸处理后穴施淡紫拟青霉Paecilomyces lilacinus YES-2-14生防菌剂的方法在温室大棚开展了联合防治试验。结果表明,棉隆用量为35 g/m~2时,24周拉秧时线虫数量减少90%以上,防效达到85.5%;移栽时穴施浓度10~7~10~8CFU/g的淡紫拟青霉菌剂,24周拉秧时防效为44.4%~59.6%;而当线虫初始密度达到674头/100 g土时,单一菌剂防效只有12.5%,但番茄长势和产量显著提高。棉隆熏蒸后再联合施用淡紫拟青霉菌剂,2个月和5个月时防效比单一棉隆处理分别提高14.1%和21.8%,比单一菌剂处理提高14.3倍和4.1倍,产量较对照、棉隆熏蒸和单一菌剂处理分别提高22.1%、9.5%和2.4%,且该处理地块线虫数量始终最低,与对照差异显著,而淡紫拟青霉数量则高于单一淡紫拟青霉菌剂处理。表明棉隆和淡紫拟青霉菌剂联合使用不仅能显著降低线虫数量,有效防治番茄根结线虫病,还能够促进植株生长并提高产量。     

剂型、灌水量和土壤疏松度对甲维盐在土壤中分布及防治根结线虫效果的影响

为明确剂型、灌水量等对杀线虫剂防治根结线虫效果的影响,采用土壤薄层层析和高效液相色谱法分析了乳油和微囊悬浮剂型及不同灌水量对甲维盐在不同疏松度土壤中的分布特点,并以番茄为材料进行了根结线虫田间防治试验。结果表明,微囊悬浮剂型甲维盐随水迁移能力较乳油剂型强。药量相同、单株灌水量为1 600 m L时,2种剂型在疏松土壤中分布较为均匀,其次是800m L;200 m L和400 m L时,乳油剂型的分布均匀度明显大于微囊悬浮剂型。单株灌水量800 m L时2种剂型在致密土壤中分布的均匀度显著低于疏松土壤,乳油剂型略高于微囊悬浮剂型。番茄定植后单株甲维盐有效成分为10 mg、灌水量为800 m L和1 600 m L时,乳油剂型防效分别为67.90%和79.62%,微囊悬浮剂型分别为65.00%和77.50%,差异不显著。表明田间使用甲维盐乳油或微囊悬浮剂型防治蔬菜根结线虫时应尽量在移栽后随水冲施,且单株灌水量不低于800 m L。     

我国蔬菜根结线虫发生、致害和绿色防控研究进展

根结线虫是威胁我国蔬菜生产的最重要病原物类群之一,寄主达3 000多种,每年造成的蔬菜损失价值高达5亿美元,目前缺乏安全高效的防治方法。近年来,随着保护地蔬菜种植面积的增加,根结线虫病对我国蔬菜生产的危害逐年加重,因此必须加强对蔬菜根结线虫病发生、致害和防治的深入研究。该文对近10来年我国根结线虫的发生分布和危害、主要种类、鉴定和快速诊断方法、成灾规律、与植物的互作及机理、绿色防控等方面的研究进展进行综述,并展望我国根结线虫的研究趋势。     

长枝木霉菌株TL16防治南方根结线虫的作用机理

为探明长枝木霉Trichoderma longibrachiatum菌株TL16防治南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita的作用机理,采用原生质体转化法获得绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein,GFP)标记菌株GFP-TL16,通过测定菌株TL16和GFP-TL16对南方根结线虫卵和2龄幼虫(2nd-stage juvenile,J2)的寄生与致死作用,其发酵液对卵孵化的抑制作用和对J2的致死作用,以及菌株GFP-TL16在黄瓜根系的定殖情况和菌株TL16对番茄根结形成的抑制作用来综合分析其作用机理。结果显示:菌株TL16菌丝对南方根结线虫卵无寄生作用,处理19 d后卵降解率为26.33%,致死作用较低;菌株TL16分生孢子悬浮液处理南方根结线虫J2后72 h的致死率为1.65%,且无寄生作用。菌株TL16发酵液处理南方根结线虫J2后48 h的校正死亡率为10.71%,处理卵15 d后对卵孵化的相对抑制率为77.11%。菌株GFP-TL16可定殖于黄瓜根系中,经菌株TL16处理后接种南方根结线虫J2,番茄根结减退率为55.88%。表明长枝木霉菌株TL16可通过抑制根结线虫卵孵化和诱导番茄产生抗病性来防治根结线虫病。     

云南省紫茎泽兰根结线虫病病原种类鉴定

为明确云南省紫茎泽兰根结线虫病的病原种类,于2019年2月在云南省澜沧县林下三七种植区采集根部带有明显根结的紫茎泽兰根系进行根结线虫分离,通过观察所分离根结线虫的2龄幼虫、雌成虫、会阴花纹特征对其进行形态学鉴定,并利用序列比对、系统发育树分析、序列特异性扩增区段(sequence characterized amplified region,SCAR)对其进行分子生物学鉴定。结果表明,该病原线虫雌成虫会阴花纹呈圆形至卵圆形,背弓中等高或低平,侧区一侧或两侧延伸形成翼状,尾区有刻点,2龄幼虫、雌成虫形态特征及形态测量指标与北方根结线虫Meloidogyne hapla相似;该病原线虫rDNA的ITS序列和mtDNA的COI序列与NCBI数据库中已登录的北方根结线虫相应序列相似度较高,分别达99.35%和98.05%以上;该病原线虫rDNA的ITS序列、mtDNA的COI序列分别以99%、100%的支持率与北方根结线虫聚为同一分支;利用SCAR特异性引物,该病原线虫均能扩增出大小约1 500 bp的基因特异性条带。综合形态学和分子生物学鉴定结果将云南省紫茎泽兰根结线虫病病原种类鉴定为北方根结线虫。     

Comparative effect of root-knot nematode on severity of verticillium and fusarium wilt in cotton

The effect of root-knot nematode (RKN) (Meloidogyne incognita) onVerticillium dahliae andFusarium oxysporum f.sp.vasinfectum in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) was investigated. Two different inoculation methods were used, one in which inoculum was added to the soil, so that nematode and fungal inoculum were in close proximity; the other, inoculation into the stem, whereby the two inocula were spatially separated. Invasion of the roots by RKN enhanced disease severity, as measured by the height of vascular browning in the stem, following inoculation with either wilt pathogen. The effect of RKN on Fusarium wilt was more pronounced than that on Verticillium wilt. Nematode-enhanced infection byF. oxysporum is a well known effect but there are few reports of enhanced infection byVerticillium due to RKN. Relative resistance of a number of cotton cultivars to both wilt diseases, as measured by height of vascular browning, was similar to the known field performance of the cultivars. The use of vascular browning as an estimate of disease severity was therefore validated. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Feb. 3, 2003.     

南方根结线虫中国分离群体种内变异分析

为调查我国不同地区和不同寄主上的根结线虫Meloidogyne spp.种类分布以及群体变异情况,基于酯酶和苹果酸脱氢酶同工酶图谱及SCAR分子标记技术对2017—2019年从6省19种植物根部组织分离到的40个根结线虫群体进行鉴定,针对南方根结线虫M. incognita群体分别通过寄主鉴别法进行生理小种鉴别,利用携带Mi抗性基因的番茄进行毒力测试,对2龄幼虫的口针长度和体长进行测量,并对核糖体ITS和线粒体Nad5基因序列进行比较分析。结果显示:根结线虫分离群体经鉴定包括38个南方根结线虫群体和2个象耳豆根结线虫M. erterolobii群体;38个南方根结线虫群体中有35个群体被鉴别为1号生理小种,其余3个群体被鉴别为2号生理小种;发现1个南方根结线虫群体CN19可在携带Mi抗性基因的番茄上侵染繁殖,为毒性群体,其余群体无法进行侵染和繁殖,为无毒群体。南方根结线虫群体2龄幼虫的口针长度和体长均差异较大,而不同寄主来源分离群体的ITS和Nad5基因序列也存在一定变异。基于ITS和Nad5基因序列构建的系统发育树将所有根结线虫群体归为南方根结线虫和象耳豆根结线虫组成的2个独立分支,...     

Effect of solarization and fumigant applications on soilborne pathogens and root-knot nematodes in greenhouse-grown tomato in Turkey

A study was conducted in two greenhouses with a history of Fusarium crown and root rot (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.radicis-lycopersici, Forl) and root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne javanica andM. incognita). During the 2005–06 growing season, the effectiveness of soil disinfestation by solarization in combination with low doses of metham-sodium (500, 750, 1000 and 1250l ha⁻¹) or dazomet (400 g ha⁻¹), was tested against soilborne pathogens and nematodes in an attempt to find a suitable alternative to methyl bromide, which is soon to be phased out. Solarization alone was not effective in the greenhouse with a high incidence ofForl. In the greenhouse with a low level ofForl, all the treatments tested reduced disease incidence, and were therefore considered to be applicable for soil disinfestation. In addition, root-knot nematode density decreased with all the treatments tested in both of the greenhouses.     

Photosynthesis is not impaired in healthy tissue of blighted potato plants

The net photosynthetic rates of green leaf tissue of potato plants of different cultivars were measured in the field and in a controlled environment after infection of the plants byPhytophthora infestans.Infection had no significant effect on the net photosynthetic rate at light saturation, the efficiency of light use at low light intensities, or dark respiration. The reported effect ofP. infestans on tuber yield seems to be caused solely by a reduction in the green leaf area. Therefore, a high rate of photosynthesis in green leaf tissue of infected plants is not a good selection criterion for potato genotypes.Samenvatting Bepalingen van netto fotosynthesesnelheden, bij verschillende aardappelrassen, werden uitgevoerd in het veld en onder geconditioneerde omstandigheden. De metingen werden gedaan aan groen blad van planten die in verschillende mate waren aangetast doorPhytophthora infestans.Infectie had geen significante invloed op de netto fotosynthesesnelheid bij lichtverzadiging, de efficiëntie van lichtbenutting bij lage lichtintensiteit, of de donkerademhaling. Het effect vanP. infestans op de knolopbrengst van aardappelrassen lijkt uitsluitend veroorzaakt te zijn door een vermindering van groen bladoppervlak. Daarom is selectie van aardappelgenotypen met superieure handhaving van fotosynthetische activiteit bij aantasting, geen kansrijk veredelingsdoel.     

Dry mycelium of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Penicillium chrysogenum</Emphasis> protects cucumber and tomato plants against the root-knot nematode<Emphasis Type="Italic">Meloidogyne javanica</Emphasis>

Incorporation into soil of dry mycelium ofPenicillium chrysogenum, a waste product of the pharmacological industry, enhanced plant growth and reduced root galling caused by the root-knot nematodeMeloidogyne javanica in cucumber and tomato plants. Incorporation into sandy loam soil in pots of dry mycelium at a concentration of 0.25% (w/w) resulted in complete protection of cucumber plants from the nematode. The number of juveniles recovered from soils containing dry mycelium was greatly reduced even at a concentration of 0.1% (w/w). In microplot studies conducted at two sites in two seasons, with three or four doses, dry mycelium caused a dose-dependent reduction in root galling index (GI) and promotion of plant growth of cucumber and tomato plants. Inin vitro studies, the water extract of dry mycelium immobilized nematode juveniles and reduced the egg hatching rate, but these effects were partly reversible after a rinse in water. Soil-drenching of cucumber and tomato seedlings with water extract of dry mycelium did not reduce GI or number of root-invading juveniles. The results show that dry mycelium promotes plant growth and protects plants against nematode infection. Protection, however, does not operatevia induced resistance. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting April 6, 2003.     

Effects of foliar sprayed calcium sources onTomato mosaic virus (ToMV) infection in tomato plants grown in greenhouses

Spray solutions containing 0.3% Ca which were prepared from four different calcium sources were foliar-sprayed on greenhouse-grown tomato plants, infected with theTomato mosaic virus Tobamovirus (ToMV) or not. ToMV-infected and uninfected control groups were sprayed with distilled water. Growth and macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) composition of tomato plants as well as virus concentration and its relative infectivity were investigated in treated and untreated plants. The Ca sprays were applied three times: on the same day as inoculation, and 15 and 30 days after inoculation. Virus concentration in tomato plants generally decreased with foliar-sprayed Ca. Virus concentration (DAS-ELISA absorbance) was reduced by foliar-sprayed Ca, but plants remained infected. At the same time, tissue Ca concentrations increased significantly with foliar-applied Ca, with the exception of CaNO₃·4H₂O+0.05M Na-EDTA. ToMV reduced the fresh and dry weights and Ca concentrations of tomato plants, but significantly raised P concentration in the tissue. Neither virus inoculation nor foliar Ca applications affected N and Mg concentrations in tomato plants. The foliar-applied Ca from all the sources gave K concentrations similar to those of control plants. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Jan. 26, 2007.     

高效新型杀松材线虫剂的筛选及其林间防效

为筛选出新型的高效松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus防治药剂,采用浸渍法室内测定了氯氟氰虫酰胺、阿维菌素、甲维盐、灭多威、特丁硫磷、甲基异柳磷和吡虫啉7种药剂对松材线虫的毒杀作用和对其繁殖能力的影响,采用高效液相色谱仪测定氯氟氰虫酰胺在马尾松体内的输导分布,并在林间开展树干注射氯氟氰虫酰胺抗松材线虫病试验。结果表明,7种药剂中氯氟氰虫酰胺对松材线虫的毒力最强,LC_(50)为0.019 mg/L,阿维菌素和甲维盐次之,LC_(50)分别为0.0213 mg/L和0.0214 mg/L。氯氟氰虫酰胺树干注射3个月内能迅速从马尾松基部传导至树梢顶部,树干边材东、南面的药剂含量显著高于西、北面,且树干不同高度的氯氟氰虫酰胺含量均高于其LC50;氯氟氰虫酰胺制剂在林间注干后,对人工接种病原松材线虫松树的防治效果为73.33%,自然感染松材线虫病松树的死亡率降至2.00%,而对照试验中人工接种松材线虫松树和自然感染松材线虫病松树的死亡率分别为93.33%和19.67%。表明氯氟氰虫酰胺制剂能有效预防松树个体的松材线虫病发生与为害,可以推广使用。     

Host-parasite relationships in tobacco plants infected with a root-knot nematode (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Meloidogyne incognita</Emphasis>) population from the Azores

During a nematode survey, severe infections of tobacco feeder roots and heavy soil infestations byMeloidogyne incognita race 1 were found in S. Miguel (Azores islands, Portugal). This is the first record ofM. incognita infection of tobacco in Azores. Morphology of various life stages, analysis of the esterase electrophoretic pattern and differential host tests were used for nematode characterization and identification. Nematode-induced mature galls were spherical and/or ellipsoidal and usually contained more than one female, males and egg masses with eggs. Feeding sites were characterized by the development of giant cells that contained granular cytoplasm and many hypertrophied nuclei. Giant cell cytoplasm was aggregated along a thickened cell wall. Vascular tissues within galls appeared disorganized. The relationship between the initial nematode population density and growth of tobacco plants was tested in a glasshouse experiment in which inoculum levels varied from 0 to 512 eggs and juveniles (J₂) cm⁻³ of soil. Seinhorst’s model was fitted to height and top fresh weight data of the inoculated and control plants. Tolerance limits with respect to plant height and fresh top weight of tobacco cv. ‘Erzegovina’ plants toM. incognita race 1 were estimated as 1.25 eggs and J₂ cm⁻³ of soil. The maximum nematode reproduction rate was 404.7 at an initial population density of 4 eggs and J₂ cm⁻³ of soil. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting March 2, 2004.     

南方根结线虫MiV901基因在拟南芥中的异源表达及其表型分析

为明确南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita效应蛋白MiV901在其寄生过程中的生物学功能,通过构建MiV901基因的植物表达载体,利用根癌农杆菌Agrobacterium tumefaciens介导的花序浸染法将其转化拟南芥Arabidopsis thaliana,并采用室内人工接种法测定转基因植株对灰葡萄孢 Botrytis cinerea侵染及南方根结线虫寄生的影响。结果显示：经Southern blot检测,MiV901基因以不同的拷贝数插入到转基因拟南芥株系901-6、901-8和901-12的基因组中,且qPCR检测结果证实 MiV901基因能够正常表达。3个转基因拟南芥株系901-6、901-8和901-12叶部接种灰葡萄孢3 d后,叶片上形成的病斑平均直径分别为1.00、1.06、1.05 cm,比野生型对照扩大了9.9%~16.5%。相比野生型对照,转基因拟南芥株系901-12、901-6和901-8接种南方根结线虫2龄幼虫后根系上产生了更多的雌虫和卵块,雌虫数分别显著增加了45.4%、34.4%和23.7%,卵块数分别显著增加了51.2%、 46.3%和31.7%。表明异源表达MiV901基因能够抑制植物免疫,增加拟南芥对灰葡萄孢和南方根结线虫侵染的敏感性。     

Distribution and multiplication of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ralstonia solanacearum</Emphasis> in tomato plants with resistance derived from different origins

The distribution and multiplication of Ralstonia solanacearum in tomato plants of 11 resistant cultivars derived from different genetic sources and susceptible cultivar Ponderosa were examined. Bacterial multiplication in stems of resistant tomato plants was suppressed owing to the limitation of pathogen movement from the protoxylem or the primary xylem to other xylem tissues. The limitation was most conspicuous in Hawaii 7996. Grafting experiments indicated that the percentage of wilting of Ponderosa scions was less on Hawaii 7996 rootstocks than that on the most resistant rootstock (LS-89) used in Japan. Hawaii 7996 could be an alternative genetic source for breeding for resistance to bacterial wilt.     

氟吡菌酰胺不同施药方式对水稻拟禾本科根结线虫的防治效果

为评价41.7%氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂防治水稻拟禾本科根结线虫Meloidogyne graminicola的应用潜力,将氟吡菌酰胺与吡虫啉种衣剂混合后采用种子包衣法及喷洒法研究其对水稻拟禾本科根结线虫的田间防效,并测定了不同施药方法对水稻生长和产量的影响。结果表明,氟吡菌酰胺4.2、8.3、12.5 g（a.i.）/kg种子与吡虫啉18.0 g（a.i.）/kg种子混合包衣处理,播种后35 d其根结抑制率和防效分别为41.0%~51.8%和47.4%~58.6%,土壤中2龄幼虫减退率为38.6%~40.4%,显著高于单施吡虫啉18.0 g（a.i.）/kg种子处理。水稻播种后连续3次以氟吡菌酰胺250.2、375.3、500.4 g（a.i.）/hm²进行土壤喷洒,最后1次施药后7 d,其根结抑制率和防效分别为81.0%~89.9%和65.9%~74.3%,土壤中2龄幼虫减退率为65.4%~73.4%,均显著高于对照药剂克百威1 800.0 g（a.i.）/hm²处理。氟吡菌酰胺各处理对水稻苗期生长均有较好的保护作用,能显著提高千粒重和有效穗数,产量比空白对照增加50.0%~61.2%,保产效果显著。水稻播种后35 d采用氟吡菌酰胺对稻田进行1次喷洒,对水稻具有一定的保护作用,保产效果不明显。表明采用氟吡菌酰胺与吡虫啉混合包衣种子处理及在水稻苗期进行喷洒处理对水稻拟禾本科根结线虫防效显著,具有显著的保产效果。     

Ornamental plants and thrips populations associated with tomato spotted wilt virus in Greece

A survey was conducted in order to record the ornamental plants that are hosts of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) in Greece. Polyclonal antibodies prepared against the N protein of a Greek isolate of TSWV fromGerbera jamesonii (GR-34) were used. Leaf samples were taken from plants showing typical symptoms of tospovirus infection such as chlorotic and necrotic rings on the leaves and malformation and necrosis of the flowers. The samples were tested by double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) using polyclonal antibodies to the N proteins of TSWV and INSV (NL-07). ELIS A-positive samples were mechanically transmitted to plants ofPetunia hybrida, Nicotiana rustica andN. benthamiana to confirm infection. Although none of the samples was found infected with INSV, TSWV presence was recorded in 42 botanical species that belong to 40 genera in 27 families. Among them the speciesBeloperone guttata, Coleus barbatus, Impatiens petersiana andLilium auratum are reported for the first time as hosts of TSWV, whereasBegonia sp.,Catharanthus roseus Celosia cristata, Dianthus chinensis, Fuchsia hybrida andStephanotis floribunda are found as new hosts of the virus in Greece. Thrips collected from TSWV-infected plants were in most cases identified asFrankliniella occidentalis, except from plants ofDendranthema sp. andDianthus caryophyllus whereThrips tabaci individuals were also identified. Different percentages of transmitters were noticed when the thrips populations collected from TSWV-infected ornamental hosts were tested for transmission of TSWV.     

Soil solarization as a substitute for methyl bromide fumigation in greenhouse tomato production in Cyprus

Preplant soil fumigation with methyl bromide (MB) is presently standard practice in greenhouse tomato production. Since this compound is scheduled to be phased out by 2005, the possibility of using solarization as an alternative soil disinfestation method was examined in four greenhouse tomato trials. Solarization was applied for 8 weeks in July-August, using transparent polyethylene sheets for soil mulching, and compared with MB fumigation applied in September, before planting, at 80 g/m². Solarization raised the maximum soil temperature by 9°C and reduced the population density ofFusarium spp. in soil by 91–98%. Similar reductions of soil inoculum (95–99%) were obtained with MB fumigation. Both methods provided effective control of Fusarium wilt, Verticillium wilt and corky root rot on tomato plants. MB fumigation was in addition highly effective against root-knot nematodes, whereas nematode control with solarization did not exceed 50%. Both treatments resulted in similar fruit yield increases, ranging within 90–140% compared with plants grown in untreated soil. During the second cropping season following soil treatment, solarization exhibited two times higher residual effectiveness against vascular wilt diseases compared with MB fumigation. The latter treatment, however, was superior to solarization in its residual effectiveness against root-knot nematodes and to a lesser extent against corky root rot. Fruit yields from solarized and MB-fumigated soil during the second cropping season were higher than those obtained from untreated soil by approximately 35% and 60%, respectively. In Cyprus, solarization appears to be an effective alternative to MB fumigation in greenhouse tomato production, especially if integrated with other approaches enabling more effective nematode control.     

Calcium silicate and organic mineral fertilizer increase the resistance of tomato plants to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Frankliniella schultzei</Emphasis>

Frankliniella schultzei Trybon (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is an important pest of tomato plants. The need for more healthful foods is stimulating the development of techniques to increase plant resistance to phytophagous insects. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of calcium silicate and an organic mineral fertilizer, alone or in combination, on the resistance of tomato plants to F. schultzei. The treatments consisted of: control (T1), calcium silicate (T2), organic mineral fertilizer (T3), and calcium silicate with organic mineral fertilizer (T4). The mortality of nymphs of this thrips and the number of lesions on tomato leaves were evaluated after three, six, nine and 12 applications of these products. The number of F. schultzei individuals and of lesions on tomato leaves was lower in treatments T2 and T4 than in T1 and T3, showing a possible increase in tomato resistance to this pest. The increase in the number of applications of calcium silicate and the organic mineral fertilizer increased the mortality of nymphs and reduced the damage by this insect on tomato leaves, mainly after nine applications.