中国南北样带上栲属树种叶功能性状与环境因子的关系

以南北样带上9种主要栲属树种为研究对象,分析了栲属树种的主要功能性状与环境因子的关系.结果表明:样带上栲属树种的单位面积最大净光合速率与年平均气温成显著负相关(r=-0.413,P＜0.05),与年光合有效辐射呈显著正相关(r=0.457,P＜0.05),与年均降水量相关性不显著.比叶面积与年平均气温和年降水量均成显著的正相关(r=0.418,P＜0.05;r=0.334,P＜0.05).在叶片养分含量方面,栲属树种的叶氮含量、叶磷含量与年平均气温、纬度均无明显的相关性.     

南北样带温带区栎属树种幼苗功能性状的变异研究

植物功能性状由生境条件和遗传因素共同决定,田间控制实验能够揭示植物功能性状在种内和种间的变异程度.采集南北样带温带区8个地点6种栎属树种的种子,通过田间栽培试验,以均一环境下1年生幼苗为对象,研究比较种内及种间比叶重、单位叶面积光合速率、单位叶重量光合速率、总干物质含量和根冠比5种功能性状的变化差异,并且分析幼苗功能性状与种子性状的关系.结果发现:栎属树种种间幼苗的功能性状变异系数高于种内,并且种内功能性状的差异较小,种间差异性较大,而比叶重和叶片光合速率无论在种间还是种内,其变异率都较小;总干物质量和根冠比与种子质量显著相关,随种子质量增加幼苗的总干物质量和根冠比呈现增加的趋势,比叶重和叶片光合速率与种子质量的相关性较小.     

四种省藤属植物的光合特征与叶片性状及生长的相关性

研究了种植在次生常绿阔叶林下的版纳省藤Calamus nambariensis var.xishuangbannaensis、盈江省藤C.nambariensis var.yingjianggensis、多穗白藤C.bonianus和小省藤C.gracilis幼苗叶片的光合特性、叶绿体色素含量、比叶面积(ASLA)、形态解剖特征以及幼苗生物量。结果表明:版纳省藤、盈江省藤和多穗白藤的最大净光合速率(Pmax)显著地大于小省藤的,并且光饱和点(DLSP)与最大净光合速率表现出相同的变化特点;多穗白藤和盈江省藤的光补偿点及暗呼吸速率显著大于版纳省藤和小省藤的(p0.05),并以小省藤的最低;单位面积最大净光合速率高的种,其叶片相对较厚、气孔密度较大、叶片单位面积的叶绿素含量及类胡萝卜素含量也相对较高,但比叶面积则较小;单位面积叶片光合速率与单位面积叶绿素含量成正相关,并随比叶面积的增大而减小;多穗白藤、盈江省藤和版纳省藤对弱光的适应能力较强,生长较快,适宜在次生常绿阔叶林下进行人工种植。     

天台山3种常绿阔叶树光合特性的季节变化

以天台山东南石栎、云锦杜鹃和甜槠3种常绿阔叶树为材料,对其光合特性的季节变化进行了研究,结果表明:(1)在夏季,东南石栎等3种常绿阔叶树的光合日变化均为双峰型,具有明显的光合午休现象.(2)日均净光合速率大小的季节顺序为夏季＞秋季＞春季＞冬季,树种顺序为东南石栎＞甜槠＞云锦杜鹃.(3)东南石栎等常绿树种日均净光合速率比大血藤等层间植物和七子花等落叶植物高.(4)在夏季,3种常绿树种的光补偿点最低,光饱和点最高.(5)3种常绿阔叶树叶绿素含量夏季最高,叶绿素a / b值夏季最低.同种植物叶绿素含量季节变化与净光合速率有一定的相关性,与光饱和点呈正相关,与光补偿点呈负相关.     

不同光环境下喜树与四川大头茶幼苗的表型可塑性

研究不同光环境对常绿阔叶林中喜树和四川大头茶幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:1)落叶阔叶树种喜树幼苗通过提高自遮荫程度、增大叶悬挂角、增加根生物量比和减小比叶面积适应旷地环境,在旷地中具有最大的相对生长速率,而常绿阔叶树种四川大头茶幼苗没有表现出对旷地光环境的良好适应;2)四川大头茶幼苗在林窗中通过增加叶片数、提高单叶面积、比叶面积和叶生物量比接受更多光能,相对于旷地和林下具有较快的高度生长,喜树幼苗比四川大头茶幼苗在林窗中具有更大的单叶面积、叶柄长度、总叶面积和总叶面积增长率;3)在3-8月,喜树在林窗中的株高增加约35.3 cm,约为四川大头茶(约6.6 cm)的5.3倍,喜树在林窗中具有明显的光资源竞争优势,表现出比常绿阔叶树种四川大头茶更高的相对生长速率,这就是喜树存在于常绿阔叶林的一个重要原因;4)郁闭林下的光资源有限,2个树种幼苗都不能在林下良好生长;5)喜树幼苗叶性状在不同光环境的可塑性指数远大于四川大头茶,这是喜树能够在常绿阔叶林中存在的另一重要原因.     

中国南部九连山常绿阔叶林的区系组成和林分结构

在中国南部的九连山研究了天然的和择伐过的常绿阔叶林的树种组成和林分结构.主要构成树种是常绿阔叶的栲树(Castanopsis fargesii)、罗浮栲(C.fabri)、甜槠栲(C.eyrei)、米槠栲(C.carlesii)、南岭栲(C.fordii)、鹿角栲(C.lamontii)和木荷(Schima superba).常绿针叶树种的马尾松(Pinus massoniana)和杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)也是主要成分.马尾松在坡脊和坡的上部占优势.许多落叶阔叶树种,如光皮桦(Betula luminifera)和拟赤杨(Alniphyllum fortunei)以较低的优势与常绿阔叶树种共同出现.它们补丁状分布在择伐过的林分中.种内的分布格局和种间的空间分布关系表明,主要构成种之间的空间集中分布地的分离是在一个小的尺度上.     

青栲育苗及造林技术

青栲又名细叶青冈、面槠,是壳斗科青冈栎属常绿高大乔木,为我国亚热带常绿阔叶林的重要组成树种,我省南部山区和大别山区皆视之为材质坚硬的上等用材.     

贵州喀斯特山地几种常见树种的光合特性比较

对喀斯特地区常见的7种树种(女贞、构树、白榆、猴樟、花椒、喜树、苦楝)幼苗的光合生理生态因子进行了对比研究.结果表明7种树种在净光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用率之间差异显著,用SPSS离差平方和法聚类分析可划分为2组:第1组包括女贞、构树、白榆和花椒;第2组包括猴樟、喜树和苦楝,后者的水分利用率较高,造林生产中可优先选择利用.净光合速率和蒸腾速率在树冠不同部位的变化规律为上部＞中部＞下部.解剖分析表明净光合速率和蒸腾速率同海绵组织厚度相关显著,同角质层、栅栏组织厚度和比叶重的相关不显著.单相关分析表明气孔导度与净光合速率、蒸腾速率呈显著正相关,胞间CO2浓度与水分利用率呈显著负相关.不同树种的净光合速率和蒸腾速率的主要生理生态影响因子不同.     

3种楸树1年生苗木叶片光合速率和光合功能的垂直梯度变化

对楸树、灰楸、滇楸3个树种1年生嫁接苗的净光合速率、叶面积和比叶重的垂直变化进行了测定,以探讨光合速率与苗木生长的关系。结果表明,楸树、灰楸、滇楸的净光合速率、叶面积和比叶重的垂直变化趋势基本相似,但树种之间的波动幅度上存在着差异,灰楸的总体光合速率较低,滇楸前期叶面积增加速度明显大于楸树和灰楸,而后期下降趋势明显低于楸树和灰楸,且下部叶片能维持较高的光合速率,最末叶序的比叶重都比刚展叶时的比叶重高。苗高生长量与除比叶重外的4个指标呈极显著正相关,光合指标与5个指标都呈极显著正相关。     

5种四倍体泡桐生长特性的研究

以2年生5种四倍体泡桐为材料，研究其光合作用、材积生长量、接干长度、比叶重（ SLW）等指标间的差异。结果表明，5种四倍体泡桐叶片的净光合速率（ Pn）、气孔导度（ Gs）、蒸腾速率（ Tr）、胞间CO2浓度（ Ci）光合因子的日变化规律相同。9月份叶片的Pn、 Gs、 Tr、 Ci日变化为单峰曲线，四倍体豫杂一号泡桐（ TF4）的最大净光合速率高于其余4个种。此外，四倍体毛泡桐（ T4）的树高生长量和接干高增长量、 TF4的胸径生长量和比叶重增长量、四倍体南方泡桐（ A4）的材积增长量最大。5种四倍体泡桐的树高、胸径、接干、材积的相关性表明，材积与胸径呈正相关关系，相关性显著；树高与比叶重呈正相关关系，但相关性不显著。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.